Move state length validation to StateMachine APIs (#143681)

* Move state length validation to StateMachine async_set method

We call validate_state to make sure we do not allow any states
into the state machine that have a length>255 so we do not break
the recorder. Since async_set_internal already requires callers
to pre-validate the state, we can move the check to async_set
instead of at State object creation time to avoid needing to
check it twice in the hot path (entity write state)

* move check in async_set_internal so it only happens on state change

* no need to check if same_state

tests/test_core.py

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ from homeassistant.const import (
     EVENT_STATE_CHANGED,
     EVENT_STATE_REPORTED,
     MATCH_ALL,
+    STATE_UNKNOWN,
 )
 from homeassistant.core import (
     CoreState,
@@ -1368,9 +1369,6 @@ def test_state_init() -> None:
     with pytest.raises(InvalidEntityFormatError):
         ha.State("invalid_entity_format", "test_state")
 
-    with pytest.raises(InvalidStateError):
-        ha.State("domain.long_state", "t" * 256)
-
 
 def test_state_domain() -> None:
     """Test domain."""
@@ -1440,6 +1438,38 @@ def test_state_repr() -> None:
     )
 
 
+async def test_statemachine_async_set_invalid_state(hass: HomeAssistant) -> None:
+    """Test setting an invalid state with the async_set method."""
+    with pytest.raises(
+        InvalidStateError,
+        match="Invalid state with length 256. State max length is 255 characters.",
+    ):
+        hass.states.async_set("light.bowl", "o" * 256, {})
+
+
+async def test_statemachine_async_set_internal_invalid_state(
+    hass: HomeAssistant, caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture
+) -> None:
+    """Test setting an invalid state with the async_set_internal method."""
+    long_state = "o" * 256
+    hass.states.async_set_internal(
+        "light.bowl",
+        long_state,
+        {},
+        force_update=False,
+        context=None,
+        state_info=None,
+        timestamp=time.time(),
+    )
+    assert hass.states.get("light.bowl").state == STATE_UNKNOWN
+    assert (
+        "homeassistant.core",
+        logging.ERROR,
+        f"State {long_state} for light.bowl is longer than 255, "
+        f"falling back to {STATE_UNKNOWN}",
+    ) in caplog.record_tuples
+
+
 async def test_statemachine_is_state(hass: HomeAssistant) -> None:
     """Test is_state method."""
     hass.states.async_set("light.bowl", "on", {})