Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/dev' into add_api_stats

.devcontainer/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+ARG BUILD_BASE_VERSION=2025.04.0
+
+
+FROM ghcr.io/esphome/docker-base:debian-${BUILD_BASE_VERSION} AS base
+
+RUN git config --system --add safe.directory "*"
+
+RUN apt update \
+    && apt install -y \
+      protobuf-compiler
+
+RUN pip install uv
+
+RUN useradd esphome -m
+
+USER esphome
+ENV VIRTUAL_ENV=/home/esphome/.local/esphome-venv
+RUN uv venv $VIRTUAL_ENV
+ENV PATH="$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin:$PATH"
+# Override this set to true in the docker-base image
+ENV UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON=false
+
+WORKDIR /tmp
+
+COPY requirements.txt ./
+RUN uv pip install -r requirements.txt
+COPY requirements_dev.txt requirements_test.txt ./
+RUN uv pip install -r requirements_dev.txt -r requirements_test.txt
+
+RUN \
+    platformio settings set enable_telemetry No \
+    && platformio settings set check_platformio_interval 1000000
+
+COPY script/platformio_install_deps.py platformio.ini ./
+RUN ./platformio_install_deps.py platformio.ini --libraries --platforms --tools
+
+WORKDIR /workspaces

.devcontainer/devcontainer.json

@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 {
   "name": "ESPHome Dev",
-  "image": "ghcr.io/esphome/esphome-lint:dev",
+  "context": "..",
+  "dockerFile": "Dockerfile",
   "postCreateCommand": [
     "script/devcontainer-post-create"
   ],
-  "containerEnv": {
+  "features": {
-    "DEVCONTAINER": "1",
+    "ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/github-cli:1": {}
-    "PIP_BREAK_SYSTEM_PACKAGES": "1",
-    "PIP_ROOT_USER_ACTION": "ignore"
   },
   "runArgs": [
     "--privileged",
     "-e",
-    "ESPHOME_DASHBOARD_USE_PING=1"
+    "GIT_EDITOR=code --wait"
     // uncomment and edit the path in order to pass though local USB serial to the conatiner
     // , "--device=/dev/ttyACM0"
   ],

.github/actions/build-image/action.yaml

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ runs:
 
     - name: Build and push to ghcr by digest
       id: build-ghcr
-      uses: docker/build-push-action@v6.16.0
+      uses: docker/build-push-action@v6.17.0
       env:
         DOCKER_BUILD_SUMMARY: false
         DOCKER_BUILD_RECORD_UPLOAD: false
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ runs:
 
     - name: Build and push to dockerhub by digest
       id: build-dockerhub
-      uses: docker/build-push-action@v6.16.0
+      uses: docker/build-push-action@v6.17.0
       env:
         DOCKER_BUILD_SUMMARY: false
         DOCKER_BUILD_RECORD_UPLOAD: false

.github/workflows/ci-docker.yml

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5.6.0
         with:
-          python-version: "3.9"
+          python-version: "3.10"
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
         uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3.10.0
 

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ permissions:
   contents: read
 
 env:
-  DEFAULT_PYTHON: "3.9"
+  DEFAULT_PYTHON: "3.10"
-  PYUPGRADE_TARGET: "--py39-plus"
+  PYUPGRADE_TARGET: "--py310-plus"
 
 concurrency:
   # yamllint disable-line rule:line-length
@@ -173,10 +173,10 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         python-version:
-          - "3.9"
           - "3.10"
           - "3.11"
           - "3.12"
+          - "3.13"
         os:
           - ubuntu-latest
           - macOS-latest
@@ -185,18 +185,18 @@ jobs:
           # Minimize CI resource usage
           # by only running the Python version
           # version used for docker images on Windows and macOS
+          - python-version: "3.13"
+            os: windows-latest
           - python-version: "3.12"
             os: windows-latest
           - python-version: "3.10"
             os: windows-latest
-          - python-version: "3.9"
+          - python-version: "3.13"
-            os: windows-latest
+            os: macOS-latest
           - python-version: "3.12"
             os: macOS-latest
           - python-version: "3.10"
             os: macOS-latest
-          - python-version: "3.9"
-            os: macOS-latest
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     needs:
       - common
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ jobs:
           . venv/bin/activate
           pytest -vv --cov-report=xml --tb=native tests
       - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5.4.2
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5.4.3
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
 

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ jobs:
     outputs:
       tag: ${{ steps.tag.outputs.tag }}
       branch_build: ${{ steps.tag.outputs.branch_build }}
+      deploy_env: ${{ steps.tag.outputs.deploy_env }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.7
       - name: Get tag
@@ -27,6 +28,11 @@ jobs:
           if [[ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "release" ]]; then
             TAG="${{ github.event.release.tag_name}}"
             BRANCH_BUILD="false"
+            if [[ "${{ github.event.release.prerelease }}" = "true" ]]; then
+              ENVIRONMENT="beta"
+            else
+              ENVIRONMENT="production"
+            fi
           else
             TAG=$(cat esphome/const.py | sed -n -E "s/^__version__\s+=\s+\"(.+)\"$/\1/p")
             today="$(date --utc '+%Y%m%d')"
@@ -35,12 +41,15 @@ jobs:
             if [[ "$BRANCH" != "dev" ]]; then
               TAG="${TAG}-${BRANCH}"
               BRANCH_BUILD="true"
+              ENVIRONMENT=""
             else
               BRANCH_BUILD="false"
+              ENVIRONMENT="dev"
             fi
           fi
           echo "tag=${TAG}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           echo "branch_build=${BRANCH_BUILD}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "deploy_env=${ENVIRONMENT}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
         # yamllint enable rule:line-length
 
   deploy-pypi:
@@ -87,7 +96,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5.6.0
         with:
-          python-version: "3.9"
+          python-version: "3.10"
 
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
         uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3.10.0
@@ -233,9 +242,8 @@ jobs:
   deploy-esphome-schema:
     if: github.repository == 'esphome/esphome' && needs.init.outputs.branch_build == 'false'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs:
+    needs: [init]
-      - init
+    environment: ${{ needs.init.outputs.deploy_env }}
-      - deploy-manifest
     steps:
       - name: Trigger Workflow
         uses: actions/github-script@v7.0.1

.github/workflows/sync-device-classes.yml

@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ jobs:
     if: github.repository == 'esphome/esphome'
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.7
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
 
       - name: Checkout Home Assistant
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.7
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
         with:
           repository: home-assistant/core
           path: lib/home-assistant
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5.6.0
         with:
-          python-version: 3.12
+          python-version: 3.13
 
       - name: Install Home Assistant
         run: |

.gitignore

@@ -143,3 +143,4 @@ sdkconfig.*
 /components
 /managed_components
 
+api-docs/

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
     # Ruff version.
-    rev: v0.11.9
+    rev: v0.11.10
     hooks:
       # Run the linter.
       - id: ruff
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ repos:
           - --branch=release
           - --branch=beta
   - repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
-    rev: v3.15.2
+    rev: v3.19.1
     hooks:
       - id: pyupgrade
-        args: [--py39-plus]
+        args: [--py310-plus]
   - repo: https://github.com/adrienverge/yamllint.git
     rev: v1.37.1
     hooks:

CODEOWNERS

@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ esphome/components/ch422g/* @clydebarrow @jesterret
 esphome/components/chsc6x/* @kkosik20
 esphome/components/climate/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/climate_ir/* @glmnet
+esphome/components/cm1106/* @andrewjswan
 esphome/components/color_temperature/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/combination/* @Cat-Ion @kahrendt
 esphome/components/const/* @esphome/core
@@ -478,6 +479,8 @@ esphome/components/ufire_ise/* @pvizeli
 esphome/components/ultrasonic/* @OttoWinter
 esphome/components/update/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/uponor_smatrix/* @kroimon
+esphome/components/usb_host/* @clydebarrow
+esphome/components/usb_uart/* @clydebarrow
 esphome/components/valve/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/vbus/* @ssieb
 esphome/components/veml3235/* @kbx81

docker/Dockerfile

@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ FROM base-source-${BUILD_TYPE} AS base
 
 RUN git config --system --add safe.directory "*"
 
-RUN pip install uv==0.6.14
+ENV PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK=1
+
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -U pip uv==0.6.14
 
 COPY requirements.txt /
 

esphome/components/api/api_connection.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "esphome/core/version.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_DEEP_SLEEP
 #include "esphome/components/deep_sleep/deep_sleep_component.h"
@@ -81,7 +82,11 @@ APIConnection::APIConnection(std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> sock, APIServer *pa
 #endif
 }
 void APIConnection::start() {
-  this->last_traffic_ = millis();
+  this->last_traffic_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
+
+  // Set next_ping_retry_ to prevent immediate ping
+  // This ensures the first ping happens after the keepalive period
+  this->next_ping_retry_ = this->last_traffic_ + KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS;
 
   APIError err = this->helper_->init();
   if (err != APIError::OK) {
@@ -167,7 +172,7 @@ void APIConnection::loop() {
     }
     return;
   } else {
-    this->last_traffic_ = now;
+    this->last_traffic_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
     // Section: Process Message
     start_time = millis();
@@ -198,17 +203,16 @@ void APIConnection::loop() {
 
   // Section: Keepalive
   start_time = millis();
-  static uint32_t keepalive = 60000;
   static uint8_t max_ping_retries = 60;
   static uint16_t ping_retry_interval = 1000;
-
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if (this->sent_ping_) {
     // Disconnect if not responded within 2.5*keepalive
-    if (now - this->last_traffic_ > (keepalive * 5) / 2) {
+    if (now - this->last_traffic_ > (KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS * 5) / 2) {
       on_fatal_error();
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "%s didn't respond to ping request in time. Disconnecting...", this->client_combined_info_.c_str());
     }
-  } else if (now - this->last_traffic_ > keepalive && now > this->next_ping_retry_) {
+  } else if (now - this->last_traffic_ > KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS && now > this->next_ping_retry_) {
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Sending keepalive PING...");
     this->sent_ping_ = this->send_ping_request(PingRequest());
     if (!this->sent_ping_) {
@@ -1716,10 +1720,9 @@ bool APIConnection::send_buffer(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, uint32_t message_type)
   }
 
   uint32_t write_start = millis();
-  APIError err = this->helper_->write_packet(message_type, buffer.get_buffer()->data(), buffer.get_buffer()->size());
+  APIError err = this->helper_->write_protobuf_packet(message_type, buffer);
   uint32_t write_duration = millis() - write_start;
   this->section_stats_["write_packet"].record_time(write_duration);
-
   if (err == APIError::WOULD_BLOCK)
     return false;
   if (err != APIError::OK) {

esphome/components/api/api_connection.h

@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace api {
 
+// Keepalive timeout in milliseconds
+static constexpr uint32_t KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS = 60000;
+
 using send_message_t = bool (APIConnection::*)(void *);
 
 /*
@@ -468,7 +471,14 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   ProtoWriteBuffer create_buffer(uint32_t reserve_size) override {
     // FIXME: ensure no recursive writes can happen
     this->proto_write_buffer_.clear();
-    this->proto_write_buffer_.reserve(reserve_size);
+    // Get header padding size - used for both reserve and insert
+    uint8_t header_padding = this->helper_->frame_header_padding();
+    // Reserve space for header padding + message + footer
+    // - Header padding: space for protocol headers (7 bytes for Noise, 6 for Plaintext)
+    // - Footer: space for MAC (16 bytes for Noise, 0 for Plaintext)
+    this->proto_write_buffer_.reserve(reserve_size + header_padding + this->helper_->frame_footer_size());
+    // Insert header padding bytes so message encoding starts at the correct position
+    this->proto_write_buffer_.insert(this->proto_write_buffer_.begin(), header_padding, 0);
     return {&this->proto_write_buffer_};
   }
   bool try_to_clear_buffer(bool log_out_of_space);

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper.cpp

@@ -7,20 +7,13 @@
 #include "proto.h"
 #include "api_pb2_size.h"
 #include <cstring>
+#include <cinttypes>
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace api {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "api.socket";
 
-/// Is the given return value (from write syscalls) a wouldblock error?
-bool is_would_block(ssize_t ret) {
-  if (ret == -1) {
-    return errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN;
-  }
-  return ret == 0;
-}
-
 const char *api_error_to_str(APIError err) {
   // not using switch to ensure compiler doesn't try to build a big table out of it
   if (err == APIError::OK) {
@@ -73,92 +66,154 @@ const char *api_error_to_str(APIError err) {
   return "UNKNOWN";
 }
 
-// Common implementation for writing raw data to socket
+// Helper method to buffer data from IOVs
-template<typename StateEnum>
+void APIFrameHelper::buffer_data_from_iov_(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, uint16_t total_write_len) {
-APIError APIFrameHelper::write_raw_(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, socket::Socket *socket,
+  SendBuffer buffer;
-                                    std::vector<uint8_t> &tx_buf, const std::string &info, StateEnum &state,
+  buffer.data.reserve(total_write_len);
-                                    StateEnum failed_state) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < iovcnt; i++) {
-  // This method writes data to socket or buffers it
+    const uint8_t *data = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(iov[i].iov_base);
+    buffer.data.insert(buffer.data.end(), data, data + iov[i].iov_len);
+  }
+  this->tx_buf_.push_back(std::move(buffer));
+}
+
+// This method writes data to socket or buffers it
+APIError APIFrameHelper::write_raw_(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt) {
   // Returns APIError::OK if successful (or would block, but data has been buffered)
-  // Returns APIError::SOCKET_WRITE_FAILED if socket write failed, and sets state to failed_state
+  // Returns APIError::SOCKET_WRITE_FAILED if socket write failed, and sets state to FAILED
 
   if (iovcnt == 0)
     return APIError::OK;  // Nothing to do, success
 
-  size_t total_write_len = 0;
+  uint16_t total_write_len = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i < iovcnt; i++) {
 #ifdef HELPER_LOG_PACKETS
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Sending raw: %s",
               format_hex_pretty(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(iov[i].iov_base), iov[i].iov_len).c_str());
 #endif
-    total_write_len += iov[i].iov_len;
+    total_write_len += static_cast<uint16_t>(iov[i].iov_len);
   }
 
-  if (!tx_buf.empty()) {
+  // Try to send any existing buffered data first if there is any
-    // try to empty tx_buf first
+  if (!this->tx_buf_.empty()) {
-    while (!tx_buf.empty()) {
+    APIError send_result = try_send_tx_buf_();
-      ssize_t sent = socket->write(tx_buf.data(), tx_buf.size());
+    // If real error occurred (not just WOULD_BLOCK), return it
-      if (is_would_block(sent)) {
+    if (send_result != APIError::OK && send_result != APIError::WOULD_BLOCK) {
-        break;
+      return send_result;
-      } else if (sent == -1) {
+    }
-        ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s: Socket write failed with errno %d", info.c_str(), errno);
+
-        state = failed_state;
+    // If there is still data in the buffer, we can't send, buffer
-        return APIError::SOCKET_WRITE_FAILED;  // Socket write failed
+    // the new data and return
-      }
+    if (!this->tx_buf_.empty()) {
-      // TODO: inefficient if multiple packets in txbuf
+      this->buffer_data_from_iov_(iov, iovcnt, total_write_len);
-      // replace with deque of buffers
+      return APIError::OK;  // Success, data buffered
-      tx_buf.erase(tx_buf.begin(), tx_buf.begin() + sent);
     }
   }
 
-  if (!tx_buf.empty()) {
+  // Try to send directly if no buffered data
-    // tx buf not empty, can't write now because then stream would be inconsistent
+  ssize_t sent = this->socket_->writev(iov, iovcnt);
-    // Reserve space upfront to avoid multiple reallocations
-    tx_buf.reserve(tx_buf.size() + total_write_len);
-    for (int i = 0; i < iovcnt; i++) {
-      tx_buf.insert(tx_buf.end(), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(iov[i].iov_base),
-                    reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(iov[i].iov_base) + iov[i].iov_len);
-    }
-    return APIError::OK;  // Success, data buffered
-  }
 
-  ssize_t sent = socket->writev(iov, iovcnt);
+  if (sent == -1) {
-  if (is_would_block(sent)) {
+    if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN) {
-    // operation would block, add buffer to tx_buf
+      // Socket would block, buffer the data
-    // Reserve space upfront to avoid multiple reallocations
+      this->buffer_data_from_iov_(iov, iovcnt, total_write_len);
-    tx_buf.reserve(tx_buf.size() + total_write_len);
+      return APIError::OK;  // Success, data buffered
-    for (int i = 0; i < iovcnt; i++) {
-      tx_buf.insert(tx_buf.end(), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(iov[i].iov_base),
-                    reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(iov[i].iov_base) + iov[i].iov_len);
     }
-    return APIError::OK;  // Success, data buffered
+    // Socket error
-  } else if (sent == -1) {
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s: Socket write failed with errno %d", this->info_.c_str(), errno);
-    // an error occurred
+    this->state_ = State::FAILED;
-    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s: Socket write failed with errno %d", info.c_str(), errno);
-    state = failed_state;
     return APIError::SOCKET_WRITE_FAILED;  // Socket write failed
-  } else if ((size_t) sent != total_write_len) {
+  } else if (static_cast<uint16_t>(sent) < total_write_len) {
-    // partially sent, add end to tx_buf
+    // Partially sent, buffer the remaining data
-    size_t remaining = total_write_len - sent;
+    SendBuffer buffer;
-    // Reserve space upfront to avoid multiple reallocations
+    uint16_t to_consume = static_cast<uint16_t>(sent);
-    tx_buf.reserve(tx_buf.size() + remaining);
+    uint16_t remaining = total_write_len - static_cast<uint16_t>(sent);
+
+    buffer.data.reserve(remaining);
 
-    size_t to_consume = sent;
     for (int i = 0; i < iovcnt; i++) {
       if (to_consume >= iov[i].iov_len) {
-        to_consume -= iov[i].iov_len;
+        // This segment was fully sent
+        to_consume -= static_cast<uint16_t>(iov[i].iov_len);
       } else {
-        tx_buf.insert(tx_buf.end(), reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(iov[i].iov_base) + to_consume,
+        // This segment was partially sent or not sent at all
-                      reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(iov[i].iov_base) + iov[i].iov_len);
+        const uint8_t *data = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(iov[i].iov_base) + to_consume;
+        uint16_t len = static_cast<uint16_t>(iov[i].iov_len) - to_consume;
+        buffer.data.insert(buffer.data.end(), data, data + len);
         to_consume = 0;
       }
     }
-    return APIError::OK;  // Success, data buffered
+
+    this->tx_buf_.push_back(std::move(buffer));
   }
-  return APIError::OK;  // Success, all data sent
+
+  return APIError::OK;  // Success, all data sent or buffered
 }
 
-#define HELPER_LOG(msg, ...) ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s: " msg, info_.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+// Common implementation for trying to send buffered data
+// IMPORTANT: Caller MUST ensure tx_buf_ is not empty before calling this method
+APIError APIFrameHelper::try_send_tx_buf_() {
+  // Try to send from tx_buf - we assume it's not empty as it's the caller's responsibility to check
+  bool tx_buf_empty = false;
+  while (!tx_buf_empty) {
+    // Get the first buffer in the queue
+    SendBuffer &front_buffer = this->tx_buf_.front();
+
+    // Try to send the remaining data in this buffer
+    ssize_t sent = this->socket_->write(front_buffer.current_data(), front_buffer.remaining());
+
+    if (sent == -1) {
+      if (errno != EWOULDBLOCK && errno != EAGAIN) {
+        // Real socket error (not just would block)
+        ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s: Socket write failed with errno %d", this->info_.c_str(), errno);
+        this->state_ = State::FAILED;
+        return APIError::SOCKET_WRITE_FAILED;  // Socket write failed
+      }
+      // Socket would block, we'll try again later
+      return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
+    } else if (sent == 0) {
+      // Nothing sent but not an error
+      return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
+    } else if (static_cast<uint16_t>(sent) < front_buffer.remaining()) {
+      // Partially sent, update offset
+      // Cast to ensure no overflow issues with uint16_t
+      front_buffer.offset += static_cast<uint16_t>(sent);
+      return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;  // Stop processing more buffers if we couldn't send a complete buffer
+    } else {
+      // Buffer completely sent, remove it from the queue
+      this->tx_buf_.pop_front();
+      // Update empty status for the loop condition
+      tx_buf_empty = this->tx_buf_.empty();
+      // Continue loop to try sending the next buffer
+    }
+  }
+
+  return APIError::OK;  // All buffers sent successfully
+}
+
+APIError APIFrameHelper::init_common_() {
+  if (state_ != State::INITIALIZE || this->socket_ == nullptr) {
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s: Bad state for init %d", this->info_.c_str(), (int) state_);
+    return APIError::BAD_STATE;
+  }
+  int err = this->socket_->setblocking(false);
+  if (err != 0) {
+    state_ = State::FAILED;
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s: Setting nonblocking failed with errno %d", this->info_.c_str(), errno);
+    return APIError::TCP_NONBLOCKING_FAILED;
+  }
+
+  int enable = 1;
+  err = this->socket_->setsockopt(IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &enable, sizeof(int));
+  if (err != 0) {
+    state_ = State::FAILED;
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s: Setting nodelay failed with errno %d", this->info_.c_str(), errno);
+    return APIError::TCP_NODELAY_FAILED;
+  }
+  return APIError::OK;
+}
+
+#define HELPER_LOG(msg, ...) ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s: " msg, this->info_.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
 // uncomment to log raw packets
 //#define HELPER_LOG_PACKETS
 
@@ -206,23 +261,9 @@ std::string noise_err_to_str(int err) {
 
 /// Initialize the frame helper, returns OK if successful.
 APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::init() {
-  if (state_ != State::INITIALIZE || socket_ == nullptr) {
+  APIError err = init_common_();
-    HELPER_LOG("Bad state for init %d", (int) state_);
+  if (err != APIError::OK) {
-    return APIError::BAD_STATE;
+    return err;
-  }
-  int err = socket_->setblocking(false);
-  if (err != 0) {
-    state_ = State::FAILED;
-    HELPER_LOG("Setting nonblocking failed with errno %d", errno);
-    return APIError::TCP_NONBLOCKING_FAILED;
-  }
-
-  int enable = 1;
-  err = socket_->setsockopt(IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &enable, sizeof(int));
-  if (err != 0) {
-    state_ = State::FAILED;
-    HELPER_LOG("Setting nodelay failed with errno %d", errno);
-    return APIError::TCP_NODELAY_FAILED;
   }
 
   // init prologue
@@ -234,17 +275,16 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::init() {
 /// Run through handshake messages (if in that phase)
 APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::loop() {
   APIError err = state_action_();
-  if (err == APIError::WOULD_BLOCK)
+  if (err != APIError::OK && err != APIError::WOULD_BLOCK) {
-    return APIError::OK;
-  if (err != APIError::OK)
     return err;
-  if (!tx_buf_.empty()) {
+  }
+  if (!this->tx_buf_.empty()) {
     err = try_send_tx_buf_();
-    if (err != APIError::OK) {
+    if (err != APIError::OK && err != APIError::WOULD_BLOCK) {
       return err;
     }
   }
-  return APIError::OK;
+  return APIError::OK;  // Convert WOULD_BLOCK to OK to avoid connection termination
 }
 
 /** Read a packet into the rx_buf_. If successful, stores frame data in the frame parameter
@@ -270,8 +310,8 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
   // read header
   if (rx_header_buf_len_ < 3) {
     // no header information yet
-    size_t to_read = 3 - rx_header_buf_len_;
+    uint8_t to_read = 3 - rx_header_buf_len_;
-    ssize_t received = socket_->read(&rx_header_buf_[rx_header_buf_len_], to_read);
+    ssize_t received = this->socket_->read(&rx_header_buf_[rx_header_buf_len_], to_read);
     if (received == -1) {
       if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN) {
         return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
@@ -284,8 +324,8 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
       HELPER_LOG("Connection closed");
       return APIError::CONNECTION_CLOSED;
     }
-    rx_header_buf_len_ += received;
+    rx_header_buf_len_ += static_cast<uint8_t>(received);
-    if ((size_t) received != to_read) {
+    if (static_cast<uint8_t>(received) != to_read) {
       // not a full read
       return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
     }
@@ -317,8 +357,8 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
 
   if (rx_buf_len_ < msg_size) {
     // more data to read
-    size_t to_read = msg_size - rx_buf_len_;
+    uint16_t to_read = msg_size - rx_buf_len_;
-    ssize_t received = socket_->read(&rx_buf_[rx_buf_len_], to_read);
+    ssize_t received = this->socket_->read(&rx_buf_[rx_buf_len_], to_read);
     if (received == -1) {
       if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN) {
         return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
@@ -331,8 +371,8 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
       HELPER_LOG("Connection closed");
       return APIError::CONNECTION_CLOSED;
     }
-    rx_buf_len_ += received;
+    rx_buf_len_ += static_cast<uint16_t>(received);
-    if ((size_t) received != to_read) {
+    if (static_cast<uint16_t>(received) != to_read) {
       // not all read
       return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
     }
@@ -381,6 +421,8 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::state_action_() {
     if (aerr != APIError::OK)
       return aerr;
     // ignore contents, may be used in future for flags
+    // Reserve space for: existing prologue + 2 size bytes + frame data
+    prologue_.reserve(prologue_.size() + 2 + frame.msg.size());
     prologue_.push_back((uint8_t) (frame.msg.size() >> 8));
     prologue_.push_back((uint8_t) frame.msg.size());
     prologue_.insert(prologue_.end(), frame.msg.begin(), frame.msg.end());
@@ -389,16 +431,20 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::state_action_() {
   }
   if (state_ == State::SERVER_HELLO) {
     // send server hello
+    const std::string &name = App.get_name();
+    const std::string &mac = get_mac_address();
+
     std::vector<uint8_t> msg;
+    // Reserve space for: 1 byte proto + name + null + mac + null
+    msg.reserve(1 + name.size() + 1 + mac.size() + 1);
+
     // chosen proto
     msg.push_back(0x01);
 
     // node name, terminated by null byte
-    const std::string &name = App.get_name();
     const uint8_t *name_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(name.c_str());
     msg.insert(msg.end(), name_ptr, name_ptr + name.size() + 1);
     // node mac, terminated by null byte
-    const std::string &mac = get_mac_address();
     const uint8_t *mac_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(mac.c_str());
     msg.insert(msg.end(), mac_ptr, mac_ptr + mac.size() + 1);
 
@@ -493,16 +539,18 @@ void APINoiseFrameHelper::send_explicit_handshake_reject_(const std::string &rea
   std::vector<uint8_t> data;
   data.resize(reason.length() + 1);
   data[0] = 0x01;  // failure
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < reason.length(); i++) {
+
-    data[i + 1] = (uint8_t) reason[i];
+  // Copy error message in bulk
+  if (!reason.empty()) {
+    std::memcpy(data.data() + 1, reason.c_str(), reason.length());
   }
+
   // temporarily remove failed state
   auto orig_state = state_;
   state_ = State::EXPLICIT_REJECT;
   write_frame_(data.data(), data.size());
   state_ = orig_state;
 }
-
 APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) {
   int err;
   APIError aerr;
@@ -530,7 +578,7 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) {
     return APIError::CIPHERSTATE_DECRYPT_FAILED;
   }
 
-  size_t msg_size = mbuf.size;
+  uint16_t msg_size = mbuf.size;
   uint8_t *msg_data = frame.msg.data();
   if (msg_size < 4) {
     state_ = State::FAILED;
@@ -556,8 +604,7 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) {
   buffer->type = type;
   return APIError::OK;
 }
-bool APINoiseFrameHelper::can_write_without_blocking() { return state_ == State::DATA && tx_buf_.empty(); }
+APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packet(uint16_t type, ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) {
-APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_packet(uint16_t type, const uint8_t *payload, size_t payload_len) {
   int err;
   APIError aerr;
   aerr = state_action_();
@@ -569,31 +616,36 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_packet(uint16_t type, const uint8_t *payload
     return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
   }
 
-  size_t padding = 0;
+  std::vector<uint8_t> *raw_buffer = buffer.get_buffer();
-  size_t msg_len = 4 + payload_len + padding;
+  // Message data starts after padding
-  size_t frame_len = 3 + msg_len + noise_cipherstate_get_mac_length(send_cipher_);
+  uint16_t payload_len = raw_buffer->size() - frame_header_padding_;
-  auto tmpbuf = std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]>{new (std::nothrow) uint8_t[frame_len]};
+  uint16_t padding = 0;
-  if (tmpbuf == nullptr) {
+  uint16_t msg_len = 4 + payload_len + padding;
-    HELPER_LOG("Could not allocate for writing packet");
-    return APIError::OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-  }
 
-  tmpbuf[0] = 0x01;  // indicator
+  // We need to resize to include MAC space, but we already reserved it in create_buffer
-  // tmpbuf[1], tmpbuf[2] to be set later
+  raw_buffer->resize(raw_buffer->size() + frame_footer_size_);
+
+  // Write the noise header in the padded area
+  // Buffer layout:
+  // [0]    - 0x01 indicator byte
+  // [1-2]  - Size of encrypted payload (filled after encryption)
+  // [3-4]  - Message type (encrypted)
+  // [5-6]  - Payload length (encrypted)
+  // [7...] - Actual payload data (encrypted)
+  uint8_t *buf_start = raw_buffer->data();
+  buf_start[0] = 0x01;  // indicator
+  // buf_start[1], buf_start[2] to be set later after encryption
   const uint8_t msg_offset = 3;
-  const uint8_t payload_offset = msg_offset + 4;
+  buf_start[msg_offset + 0] = (uint8_t) (type >> 8);         // type high byte
-  tmpbuf[msg_offset + 0] = (uint8_t) (type >> 8);  // type
+  buf_start[msg_offset + 1] = (uint8_t) type;                // type low byte
-  tmpbuf[msg_offset + 1] = (uint8_t) type;
+  buf_start[msg_offset + 2] = (uint8_t) (payload_len >> 8);  // data_len high byte
-  tmpbuf[msg_offset + 2] = (uint8_t) (payload_len >> 8);  // data_len
+  buf_start[msg_offset + 3] = (uint8_t) payload_len;         // data_len low byte
-  tmpbuf[msg_offset + 3] = (uint8_t) payload_len;
+  // payload data is already in the buffer starting at position 7
-  // copy data
-  std::copy(payload, payload + payload_len, &tmpbuf[payload_offset]);
-  // fill padding with zeros
-  std::fill(&tmpbuf[payload_offset + payload_len], &tmpbuf[frame_len], 0);
 
   NoiseBuffer mbuf;
   noise_buffer_init(mbuf);
-  noise_buffer_set_inout(mbuf, &tmpbuf[msg_offset], msg_len, frame_len - msg_offset);
+  // The capacity parameter should be msg_len + frame_footer_size_ (MAC length) to allow space for encryption
+  noise_buffer_set_inout(mbuf, buf_start + msg_offset, msg_len, msg_len + frame_footer_size_);
   err = noise_cipherstate_encrypt(send_cipher_, &mbuf);
   if (err != 0) {
     state_ = State::FAILED;
@@ -601,38 +653,20 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_packet(uint16_t type, const uint8_t *payload
     return APIError::CIPHERSTATE_ENCRYPT_FAILED;
   }
 
-  size_t total_len = 3 + mbuf.size;
+  uint16_t total_len = 3 + mbuf.size;
-  tmpbuf[1] = (uint8_t) (mbuf.size >> 8);
+  buf_start[1] = (uint8_t) (mbuf.size >> 8);
-  tmpbuf[2] = (uint8_t) mbuf.size;
+  buf_start[2] = (uint8_t) mbuf.size;
 
   struct iovec iov;
-  iov.iov_base = &tmpbuf[0];
+  // Point iov_base to the beginning of the buffer (no unused padding in Noise)
+  // We send the entire frame: indicator + size + encrypted(type + data_len + payload + MAC)
+  iov.iov_base = buf_start;
   iov.iov_len = total_len;
 
   // write raw to not have two packets sent if NAGLE disabled
-  return write_raw_(&iov, 1);
+  return this->write_raw_(&iov, 1);
 }
-APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::try_send_tx_buf_() {
+APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_frame_(const uint8_t *data, uint16_t len) {
-  // try send from tx_buf
-  while (state_ != State::CLOSED && !tx_buf_.empty()) {
-    ssize_t sent = socket_->write(tx_buf_.data(), tx_buf_.size());
-    if (sent == -1) {
-      if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN)
-        break;
-      state_ = State::FAILED;
-      HELPER_LOG("Socket write failed with errno %d", errno);
-      return APIError::SOCKET_WRITE_FAILED;
-    } else if (sent == 0) {
-      break;
-    }
-    // TODO: inefficient if multiple packets in txbuf
-    // replace with deque of buffers
-    tx_buf_.erase(tx_buf_.begin(), tx_buf_.begin() + sent);
-  }
-
-  return APIError::OK;
-}
-APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_frame_(const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
   uint8_t header[3];
   header[0] = 0x01;  // indicator
   header[1] = (uint8_t) (len >> 8);
@@ -642,12 +676,12 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_frame_(const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
   iov[0].iov_base = header;
   iov[0].iov_len = 3;
   if (len == 0) {
-    return write_raw_(iov, 1);
+    return this->write_raw_(iov, 1);
   }
   iov[1].iov_base = const_cast<uint8_t *>(data);
   iov[1].iov_len = len;
 
-  return write_raw_(iov, 2);
+  return this->write_raw_(iov, 2);
 }
 
 /** Initiate the data structures for the handshake.
@@ -718,6 +752,8 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::check_handshake_finished_() {
     return APIError::HANDSHAKESTATE_SPLIT_FAILED;
   }
 
+  frame_footer_size_ = noise_cipherstate_get_mac_length(send_cipher_);
+
   HELPER_LOG("Handshake complete!");
   noise_handshakestate_free(handshake_);
   handshake_ = nullptr;
@@ -740,22 +776,6 @@ APINoiseFrameHelper::~APINoiseFrameHelper() {
   }
 }
 
-APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::close() {
-  state_ = State::CLOSED;
-  int err = socket_->close();
-  if (err == -1)
-    return APIError::CLOSE_FAILED;
-  return APIError::OK;
-}
-APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::shutdown(int how) {
-  int err = socket_->shutdown(how);
-  if (err == -1)
-    return APIError::SHUTDOWN_FAILED;
-  if (how == SHUT_RDWR) {
-    state_ = State::CLOSED;
-  }
-  return APIError::OK;
-}
 extern "C" {
 // declare how noise generates random bytes (here with a good HWRNG based on the RF system)
 void noise_rand_bytes(void *output, size_t len) {
@@ -766,32 +786,15 @@ void noise_rand_bytes(void *output, size_t len) {
 }
 }
 
-// Explicit template instantiation for Noise
-template APIError APIFrameHelper::write_raw_<APINoiseFrameHelper::State>(
-    const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, socket::Socket *socket, std::vector<uint8_t> &tx_buf_, const std::string &info,
-    APINoiseFrameHelper::State &state, APINoiseFrameHelper::State failed_state);
 #endif  // USE_API_NOISE
 
 #ifdef USE_API_PLAINTEXT
 
 /// Initialize the frame helper, returns OK if successful.
 APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::init() {
-  if (state_ != State::INITIALIZE || socket_ == nullptr) {
+  APIError err = init_common_();
-    HELPER_LOG("Bad state for init %d", (int) state_);
+  if (err != APIError::OK) {
-    return APIError::BAD_STATE;
+    return err;
-  }
-  int err = socket_->setblocking(false);
-  if (err != 0) {
-    state_ = State::FAILED;
-    HELPER_LOG("Setting nonblocking failed with errno %d", errno);
-    return APIError::TCP_NONBLOCKING_FAILED;
-  }
-  int enable = 1;
-  err = socket_->setsockopt(IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &enable, sizeof(int));
-  if (err != 0) {
-    state_ = State::FAILED;
-    HELPER_LOG("Setting nodelay failed with errno %d", errno);
-    return APIError::TCP_NODELAY_FAILED;
   }
 
   state_ = State::DATA;
@@ -802,14 +805,13 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::loop() {
   if (state_ != State::DATA) {
     return APIError::BAD_STATE;
   }
-  // try send pending TX data
+  if (!this->tx_buf_.empty()) {
-  if (!tx_buf_.empty()) {
     APIError err = try_send_tx_buf_();
-    if (err != APIError::OK) {
+    if (err != APIError::OK && err != APIError::WOULD_BLOCK) {
       return err;
     }
   }
-  return APIError::OK;
+  return APIError::OK;  // Convert WOULD_BLOCK to OK to avoid connection termination
 }
 
 /** Read a packet into the rx_buf_. If successful, stores frame data in the frame parameter
@@ -834,7 +836,7 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
     // there is no data on the wire (which is the common case).
     // This results in faster failure detection compared to
     // attempting to read multiple bytes at once.
-    ssize_t received = socket_->read(&data, 1);
+    ssize_t received = this->socket_->read(&data, 1);
     if (received == -1) {
       if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN) {
         return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
@@ -898,14 +900,24 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
       continue;
     }
 
-    rx_header_parsed_len_ = msg_size_varint->as_uint32();
+    if (msg_size_varint->as_uint32() > 65535) {
+      state_ = State::FAILED;
+      HELPER_LOG("Bad packet: message size %" PRIu32 " exceeds maximum 65535", msg_size_varint->as_uint32());
+      return APIError::BAD_DATA_PACKET;
+    }
+    rx_header_parsed_len_ = msg_size_varint->as_uint16();
 
     auto msg_type_varint = ProtoVarInt::parse(&rx_header_buf_[consumed], rx_header_buf_pos_ - 1 - consumed, &consumed);
     if (!msg_type_varint.has_value()) {
       // not enough data there yet
       continue;
     }
-    rx_header_parsed_type_ = msg_type_varint->as_uint32();
+    if (msg_type_varint->as_uint32() > 65535) {
+      state_ = State::FAILED;
+      HELPER_LOG("Bad packet: message type %" PRIu32 " exceeds maximum 65535", msg_type_varint->as_uint32());
+      return APIError::BAD_DATA_PACKET;
+    }
+    rx_header_parsed_type_ = msg_type_varint->as_uint16();
     rx_header_parsed_ = true;
   }
   // header reading done
@@ -917,8 +929,8 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
 
   if (rx_buf_len_ < rx_header_parsed_len_) {
     // more data to read
-    size_t to_read = rx_header_parsed_len_ - rx_buf_len_;
+    uint16_t to_read = rx_header_parsed_len_ - rx_buf_len_;
-    ssize_t received = socket_->read(&rx_buf_[rx_buf_len_], to_read);
+    ssize_t received = this->socket_->read(&rx_buf_[rx_buf_len_], to_read);
     if (received == -1) {
       if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN) {
         return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
@@ -931,8 +943,8 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
       HELPER_LOG("Connection closed");
       return APIError::CONNECTION_CLOSED;
     }
-    rx_buf_len_ += received;
+    rx_buf_len_ += static_cast<uint16_t>(received);
-    if ((size_t) received != to_read) {
+    if (static_cast<uint16_t>(received) != to_read) {
       // not all read
       return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
     }
@@ -950,7 +962,6 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
   rx_header_parsed_ = false;
   return APIError::OK;
 }
-
 APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) {
   APIError aerr;
 
@@ -978,7 +989,7 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) {
                          "Bad indicator byte";
       iov[0].iov_base = (void *) msg;
       iov[0].iov_len = 19;
-      write_raw_(iov, 1);
+      this->write_raw_(iov, 1);
     }
     return aerr;
   }
@@ -989,70 +1000,68 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) {
   buffer->type = rx_header_parsed_type_;
   return APIError::OK;
 }
-bool APIPlaintextFrameHelper::can_write_without_blocking() { return state_ == State::DATA && tx_buf_.empty(); }
+APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packet(uint16_t type, ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) {
-APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::write_packet(uint16_t type, const uint8_t *payload, size_t payload_len) {
   if (state_ != State::DATA) {
     return APIError::BAD_STATE;
   }
 
-  std::vector<uint8_t> header;
+  std::vector<uint8_t> *raw_buffer = buffer.get_buffer();
-  header.reserve(1 + api::ProtoSize::varint(static_cast<uint32_t>(payload_len)) +
+  // Message data starts after padding (frame_header_padding_ = 6)
-                 api::ProtoSize::varint(static_cast<uint32_t>(type)));
+  uint16_t payload_len = static_cast<uint16_t>(raw_buffer->size() - frame_header_padding_);
-  header.push_back(0x00);
-  ProtoVarInt(payload_len).encode(header);
-  ProtoVarInt(type).encode(header);
 
-  struct iovec iov[2];
+  // Calculate varint sizes for header components
-  iov[0].iov_base = &header[0];
+  uint8_t size_varint_len = api::ProtoSize::varint(static_cast<uint32_t>(payload_len));
-  iov[0].iov_len = header.size();
+  uint8_t type_varint_len = api::ProtoSize::varint(static_cast<uint32_t>(type));
-  if (payload_len == 0) {
+  uint8_t total_header_len = 1 + size_varint_len + type_varint_len;
-    return write_raw_(iov, 1);
-  }
-  iov[1].iov_base = const_cast<uint8_t *>(payload);
-  iov[1].iov_len = payload_len;
 
-  return write_raw_(iov, 2);
+  if (total_header_len > frame_header_padding_) {
-}
+    // Header is too large to fit in the padding
-APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::try_send_tx_buf_() {
+    return APIError::BAD_ARG;
-  // try send from tx_buf
-  while (state_ != State::CLOSED && !tx_buf_.empty()) {
-    ssize_t sent = socket_->write(tx_buf_.data(), tx_buf_.size());
-    if (is_would_block(sent)) {
-      break;
-    } else if (sent == -1) {
-      state_ = State::FAILED;
-      HELPER_LOG("Socket write failed with errno %d", errno);
-      return APIError::SOCKET_WRITE_FAILED;
-    }
-    // TODO: inefficient if multiple packets in txbuf
-    // replace with deque of buffers
-    tx_buf_.erase(tx_buf_.begin(), tx_buf_.begin() + sent);
   }
 
-  return APIError::OK;
+  // Calculate where to start writing the header
+  // The header starts at the latest possible position to minimize unused padding
+  //
+  // Example 1 (small values): total_header_len = 3, header_offset = 6 - 3 = 3
+  // [0-2]  - Unused padding
+  // [3]    - 0x00 indicator byte
+  // [4]    - Payload size varint (1 byte, for sizes 0-127)
+  // [5]    - Message type varint (1 byte, for types 0-127)
+  // [6...] - Actual payload data
+  //
+  // Example 2 (medium values): total_header_len = 4, header_offset = 6 - 4 = 2
+  // [0-1]  - Unused padding
+  // [2]    - 0x00 indicator byte
+  // [3-4]  - Payload size varint (2 bytes, for sizes 128-16383)
+  // [5]    - Message type varint (1 byte, for types 0-127)
+  // [6...] - Actual payload data
+  //
+  // Example 3 (large values): total_header_len = 6, header_offset = 6 - 6 = 0
+  // [0]    - 0x00 indicator byte
+  // [1-3]  - Payload size varint (3 bytes, for sizes 16384-2097151)
+  // [4-5]  - Message type varint (2 bytes, for types 128-32767)
+  // [6...] - Actual payload data
+  uint8_t *buf_start = raw_buffer->data();
+  uint8_t header_offset = frame_header_padding_ - total_header_len;
+
+  // Write the plaintext header
+  buf_start[header_offset] = 0x00;  // indicator
+
+  // Encode size varint directly into buffer
+  ProtoVarInt(payload_len).encode_to_buffer_unchecked(buf_start + header_offset + 1, size_varint_len);
+
+  // Encode type varint directly into buffer
+  ProtoVarInt(type).encode_to_buffer_unchecked(buf_start + header_offset + 1 + size_varint_len, type_varint_len);
+
+  struct iovec iov;
+  // Point iov_base to the beginning of our header (skip unused padding)
+  // This ensures we only send the actual header and payload, not the empty padding bytes
+  iov.iov_base = buf_start + header_offset;
+  iov.iov_len = total_header_len + payload_len;
+
+  return write_raw_(&iov, 1);
 }
 
-APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::close() {
-  state_ = State::CLOSED;
-  int err = socket_->close();
-  if (err == -1)
-    return APIError::CLOSE_FAILED;
-  return APIError::OK;
-}
-APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::shutdown(int how) {
-  int err = socket_->shutdown(how);
-  if (err == -1)
-    return APIError::SHUTDOWN_FAILED;
-  if (how == SHUT_RDWR) {
-    state_ = State::CLOSED;
-  }
-  return APIError::OK;
-}
-
-// Explicit template instantiation for Plaintext
-template APIError APIFrameHelper::write_raw_<APIPlaintextFrameHelper::State>(
-    const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, socket::Socket *socket, std::vector<uint8_t> &tx_buf_, const std::string &info,
-    APIPlaintextFrameHelper::State &state, APIPlaintextFrameHelper::State failed_state);
 #endif  // USE_API_PLAINTEXT
 
 }  // namespace api

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper.h

@@ -16,18 +16,13 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace api {
 
+class ProtoWriteBuffer;
+
 struct ReadPacketBuffer {
   std::vector<uint8_t> container;
   uint16_t type;
-  size_t data_offset;
+  uint16_t data_offset;
-  size_t data_len;
+  uint16_t data_len;
-};
-
-struct PacketBuffer {
-  const std::vector<uint8_t> container;
-  uint16_t type;
-  uint8_t data_offset;
-  uint8_t data_len;
 };
 
 enum class APIError : int {
@@ -60,74 +55,147 @@ const char *api_error_to_str(APIError err);
 
 class APIFrameHelper {
  public:
+  APIFrameHelper() = default;
+  explicit APIFrameHelper(std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket) : socket_owned_(std::move(socket)) {
+    socket_ = socket_owned_.get();
+  }
   virtual ~APIFrameHelper() = default;
   virtual APIError init() = 0;
   virtual APIError loop() = 0;
   virtual APIError read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) = 0;
-  virtual bool can_write_without_blocking() = 0;
+  bool can_write_without_blocking() { return state_ == State::DATA && tx_buf_.empty(); }
-  virtual APIError write_packet(uint16_t type, const uint8_t *data, size_t len) = 0;
+  std::string getpeername() { return socket_->getpeername(); }
-  virtual std::string getpeername() = 0;
+  int getpeername(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen) { return socket_->getpeername(addr, addrlen); }
-  virtual int getpeername(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen) = 0;
+  APIError close() {
-  virtual APIError close() = 0;
+    state_ = State::CLOSED;
-  virtual APIError shutdown(int how) = 0;
+    int err = this->socket_->close();
+    if (err == -1)
+      return APIError::CLOSE_FAILED;
+    return APIError::OK;
+  }
+  APIError shutdown(int how) {
+    int err = this->socket_->shutdown(how);
+    if (err == -1)
+      return APIError::SHUTDOWN_FAILED;
+    if (how == SHUT_RDWR) {
+      state_ = State::CLOSED;
+    }
+    return APIError::OK;
+  }
   // Give this helper a name for logging
-  virtual void set_log_info(std::string info) = 0;
+  void set_log_info(std::string info) { info_ = std::move(info); }
+  virtual APIError write_protobuf_packet(uint16_t type, ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) = 0;
+  // Get the frame header padding required by this protocol
+  virtual uint8_t frame_header_padding() = 0;
+  // Get the frame footer size required by this protocol
+  virtual uint8_t frame_footer_size() = 0;
 
  protected:
+  // Struct for holding parsed frame data
+  struct ParsedFrame {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> msg;
+  };
+
+  // Buffer containing data to be sent
+  struct SendBuffer {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> data;
+    uint16_t offset{0};  // Current offset within the buffer (uint16_t to reduce memory usage)
+
+    // Using uint16_t reduces memory usage since ESPHome API messages are limited to 64KB max
+    uint16_t remaining() const { return static_cast<uint16_t>(data.size()) - offset; }
+    const uint8_t *current_data() const { return data.data() + offset; }
+  };
+
+  // Queue of data buffers to be sent
+  std::deque<SendBuffer> tx_buf_;
+
+  // Common state enum for all frame helpers
+  // Note: Not all states are used by all implementations
+  // - INITIALIZE: Used by both Noise and Plaintext
+  // - CLIENT_HELLO, SERVER_HELLO, HANDSHAKE: Only used by Noise protocol
+  // - DATA: Used by both Noise and Plaintext
+  // - CLOSED: Used by both Noise and Plaintext
+  // - FAILED: Used by both Noise and Plaintext
+  // - EXPLICIT_REJECT: Only used by Noise protocol
+  enum class State {
+    INITIALIZE = 1,
+    CLIENT_HELLO = 2,  // Noise only
+    SERVER_HELLO = 3,  // Noise only
+    HANDSHAKE = 4,     // Noise only
+    DATA = 5,
+    CLOSED = 6,
+    FAILED = 7,
+    EXPLICIT_REJECT = 8,  // Noise only
+  };
+
+  // Current state of the frame helper
+  State state_{State::INITIALIZE};
+
+  // Helper name for logging
+  std::string info_;
+
+  // Socket for communication
+  socket::Socket *socket_{nullptr};
+  std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket_owned_;
+
   // Common implementation for writing raw data to socket
+  APIError write_raw_(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt);
+
+  // Try to send data from the tx buffer
+  APIError try_send_tx_buf_();
+
+  // Helper method to buffer data from IOVs
+  void buffer_data_from_iov_(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, uint16_t total_write_len);
   template<typename StateEnum>
   APIError write_raw_(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, socket::Socket *socket, std::vector<uint8_t> &tx_buf,
                       const std::string &info, StateEnum &state, StateEnum failed_state);
+
+  uint8_t frame_header_padding_{0};
+  uint8_t frame_footer_size_{0};
+
+  // Receive buffer for reading frame data
+  std::vector<uint8_t> rx_buf_;
+  uint16_t rx_buf_len_ = 0;
+
+  // Common initialization for both plaintext and noise protocols
+  APIError init_common_();
 };
 
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
 class APINoiseFrameHelper : public APIFrameHelper {
  public:
   APINoiseFrameHelper(std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket, std::shared_ptr<APINoiseContext> ctx)
-      : socket_(std::move(socket)), ctx_(std::move(std::move(ctx))) {}
+      : APIFrameHelper(std::move(socket)), ctx_(std::move(ctx)) {
+    // Noise header structure:
+    // Pos 0: indicator (0x01)
+    // Pos 1-2: encrypted payload size (16-bit big-endian)
+    // Pos 3-6: encrypted type (16-bit) + data_len (16-bit)
+    // Pos 7+: actual payload data
+    frame_header_padding_ = 7;
+  }
   ~APINoiseFrameHelper() override;
   APIError init() override;
   APIError loop() override;
   APIError read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) override;
-  bool can_write_without_blocking() override;
+  APIError write_protobuf_packet(uint16_t type, ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) override;
-  APIError write_packet(uint16_t type, const uint8_t *payload, size_t len) override;
+  // Get the frame header padding required by this protocol
-  std::string getpeername() override { return this->socket_->getpeername(); }
+  uint8_t frame_header_padding() override { return frame_header_padding_; }
-  int getpeername(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen) override {
+  // Get the frame footer size required by this protocol
-    return this->socket_->getpeername(addr, addrlen);
+  uint8_t frame_footer_size() override { return frame_footer_size_; }
-  }
-  APIError close() override;
-  APIError shutdown(int how) override;
-  // Give this helper a name for logging
-  void set_log_info(std::string info) override { info_ = std::move(info); }
 
  protected:
-  struct ParsedFrame {
-    std::vector<uint8_t> msg;
-  };
-
   APIError state_action_();
   APIError try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame);
-  APIError try_send_tx_buf_();
+  APIError write_frame_(const uint8_t *data, uint16_t len);
-  APIError write_frame_(const uint8_t *data, size_t len);
-  inline APIError write_raw_(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt) {
-    return APIFrameHelper::write_raw_(iov, iovcnt, socket_.get(), tx_buf_, info_, state_, State::FAILED);
-  }
   APIError init_handshake_();
   APIError check_handshake_finished_();
   void send_explicit_handshake_reject_(const std::string &reason);
-
-  std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket_;
-
-  std::string info_;
   // Fixed-size header buffer for noise protocol:
   // 1 byte for indicator + 2 bytes for message size (16-bit value, not varint)
   // Note: Maximum message size is 65535, with a limit of 128 bytes during handshake phase
   uint8_t rx_header_buf_[3];
-  size_t rx_header_buf_len_ = 0;
+  uint8_t rx_header_buf_len_ = 0;
-  std::vector<uint8_t> rx_buf_;
-  size_t rx_buf_len_ = 0;
 
-  std::vector<uint8_t> tx_buf_;
   std::vector<uint8_t> prologue_;
 
   std::shared_ptr<APINoiseContext> ctx_;
@@ -135,53 +203,31 @@ class APINoiseFrameHelper : public APIFrameHelper {
   NoiseCipherState *send_cipher_{nullptr};
   NoiseCipherState *recv_cipher_{nullptr};
   NoiseProtocolId nid_;
-
-  enum class State {
-    INITIALIZE = 1,
-    CLIENT_HELLO = 2,
-    SERVER_HELLO = 3,
-    HANDSHAKE = 4,
-    DATA = 5,
-    CLOSED = 6,
-    FAILED = 7,
-    EXPLICIT_REJECT = 8,
-  } state_ = State::INITIALIZE;
 };
 #endif  // USE_API_NOISE
 
 #ifdef USE_API_PLAINTEXT
 class APIPlaintextFrameHelper : public APIFrameHelper {
  public:
-  APIPlaintextFrameHelper(std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket) : socket_(std::move(socket)) {}
+  APIPlaintextFrameHelper(std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket) : APIFrameHelper(std::move(socket)) {
+    // Plaintext header structure (worst case):
+    // Pos 0: indicator (0x00)
+    // Pos 1-3: payload size varint (up to 3 bytes)
+    // Pos 4-5: message type varint (up to 2 bytes)
+    // Pos 6+: actual payload data
+    frame_header_padding_ = 6;
+  }
   ~APIPlaintextFrameHelper() override = default;
   APIError init() override;
   APIError loop() override;
   APIError read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) override;
-  bool can_write_without_blocking() override;
+  APIError write_protobuf_packet(uint16_t type, ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) override;
-  APIError write_packet(uint16_t type, const uint8_t *payload, size_t len) override;
+  uint8_t frame_header_padding() override { return frame_header_padding_; }
-  std::string getpeername() override { return this->socket_->getpeername(); }
+  // Get the frame footer size required by this protocol
-  int getpeername(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen) override {
+  uint8_t frame_footer_size() override { return frame_footer_size_; }
-    return this->socket_->getpeername(addr, addrlen);
-  }
-  APIError close() override;
-  APIError shutdown(int how) override;
-  // Give this helper a name for logging
-  void set_log_info(std::string info) override { info_ = std::move(info); }
 
  protected:
-  struct ParsedFrame {
-    std::vector<uint8_t> msg;
-  };
-
   APIError try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame);
-  APIError try_send_tx_buf_();
-  inline APIError write_raw_(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt) {
-    return APIFrameHelper::write_raw_(iov, iovcnt, socket_.get(), tx_buf_, info_, state_, State::FAILED);
-  }
-
-  std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket_;
-
-  std::string info_;
   // Fixed-size header buffer for plaintext protocol:
   // We only need space for the two varints since we validate the indicator byte separately.
   // To match noise protocol's maximum message size (65535), we need:
@@ -193,20 +239,8 @@ class APIPlaintextFrameHelper : public APIFrameHelper {
   uint8_t rx_header_buf_[5];  // 5 bytes for varints (3 for size + 2 for type)
   uint8_t rx_header_buf_pos_ = 0;
   bool rx_header_parsed_ = false;
-  uint32_t rx_header_parsed_type_ = 0;
+  uint16_t rx_header_parsed_type_ = 0;
-  uint32_t rx_header_parsed_len_ = 0;
+  uint16_t rx_header_parsed_len_ = 0;
-
-  std::vector<uint8_t> rx_buf_;
-  size_t rx_buf_len_ = 0;
-
-  std::vector<uint8_t> tx_buf_;
-
-  enum class State {
-    INITIALIZE = 1,
-    DATA = 2,
-    CLOSED = 3,
-    FAILED = 4,
-  } state_ = State::INITIALIZE;
 };
 #endif
 

esphome/components/api/proto.h

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ class ProtoVarInt {
     return {};  // Incomplete or invalid varint
   }
 
+  uint16_t as_uint16() const { return this->value_; }
   uint32_t as_uint32() const { return this->value_; }
   uint64_t as_uint64() const { return this->value_; }
   bool as_bool() const { return this->value_; }
@@ -83,6 +84,34 @@ class ProtoVarInt {
       return static_cast<int64_t>(this->value_ >> 1);
     }
   }
+  /**
+   * Encode the varint value to a pre-allocated buffer without bounds checking.
+   *
+   * @param buffer The pre-allocated buffer to write the encoded varint to
+   * @param len The size of the buffer in bytes
+   *
+   * @note The caller is responsible for ensuring the buffer is large enough
+   *       to hold the encoded value. Use ProtoSize::varint() to calculate
+   *       the exact size needed before calling this method.
+   * @note No bounds checking is performed for performance reasons.
+   */
+  void encode_to_buffer_unchecked(uint8_t *buffer, size_t len) {
+    uint64_t val = this->value_;
+    if (val <= 0x7F) {
+      buffer[0] = val;
+      return;
+    }
+    size_t i = 0;
+    while (val && i < len) {
+      uint8_t temp = val & 0x7F;
+      val >>= 7;
+      if (val) {
+        buffer[i++] = temp | 0x80;
+      } else {
+        buffer[i++] = temp;
+      }
+    }
+  }
   void encode(std::vector<uint8_t> &out) {
     uint64_t val = this->value_;
     if (val <= 0x7F) {

esphome/components/at581x/at581x.h

@@ -14,11 +14,8 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace at581x {
 
 class AT581XComponent : public Component, public i2c::I2CDevice {
-#ifdef USE_SWITCH
- protected:
-  switch_::Switch *rf_power_switch_{nullptr};
-
  public:
+#ifdef USE_SWITCH
   void set_rf_power_switch(switch_::Switch *s) {
     this->rf_power_switch_ = s;
     s->turn_on();
@@ -48,6 +45,9 @@ class AT581XComponent : public Component, public i2c::I2CDevice {
   bool i2c_read_reg(uint8_t addr, uint8_t &data);
 
  protected:
+#ifdef USE_SWITCH
+  switch_::Switch *rf_power_switch_{nullptr};
+#endif
   int freq_;
   int self_check_time_ms_;   /*!< Power-on self-test time, range: 0 ~ 65536 ms */
   int protect_time_ms_;      /*!< Protection time, recommended 1000 ms */

esphome/components/ballu/climate.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ CODEOWNERS = ["@bazuchan"]
 ballu_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("ballu")
 BalluClimate = ballu_ns.class_("BalluClimate", climate_ir.ClimateIR)
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(BalluClimate)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(BalluClimate)
 
 
 async def to_code(config):

esphome/components/bedjet/bedjet_hub.cpp

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "bedjet_hub.h"
 #include "bedjet_child.h"
 #include "bedjet_const.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include <cinttypes>
 
 namespace esphome {

esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.cpp

@@ -15,17 +15,21 @@ void BinarySensor::publish_state(bool state) {
   if (!this->publish_dedup_.next(state))
     return;
   if (this->filter_list_ == nullptr) {
-    this->send_state_internal(state);
+    this->send_state_internal(state, false);
   } else {
-    this->filter_list_->input(state);
+    this->filter_list_->input(state, false);
   }
 }
 void BinarySensor::publish_initial_state(bool state) {
-  this->has_state_ = false;
+  if (!this->publish_dedup_.next(state))
-  this->publish_state(state);
+    return;
+  if (this->filter_list_ == nullptr) {
+    this->send_state_internal(state, true);
+  } else {
+    this->filter_list_->input(state, true);
+  }
 }
-void BinarySensor::send_state_internal(bool state) {
+void BinarySensor::send_state_internal(bool state, bool is_initial) {
-  bool is_initial = !this->has_state_;
   if (is_initial) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending initial state %s", this->get_name().c_str(), ONOFF(state));
   } else {

esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.h

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class BinarySensor : public EntityBase, public EntityBase_DeviceClass {
 
   // ========== INTERNAL METHODS ==========
   // (In most use cases you won't need these)
-  void send_state_internal(bool state);
+  void send_state_internal(bool state, bool is_initial);
 
   /// Return whether this binary sensor has outputted a state.
   virtual bool has_state() const;

esphome/components/binary_sensor/filter.cpp

@@ -9,37 +9,37 @@ namespace binary_sensor {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "sensor.filter";
 
-void Filter::output(bool value) {
+void Filter::output(bool value, bool is_initial) {
   if (!this->dedup_.next(value))
     return;
 
   if (this->next_ == nullptr) {
-    this->parent_->send_state_internal(value);
+    this->parent_->send_state_internal(value, is_initial);
   } else {
-    this->next_->input(value);
+    this->next_->input(value, is_initial);
   }
 }
-void Filter::input(bool value) {
+void Filter::input(bool value, bool is_initial) {
-  auto b = this->new_value(value);
+  auto b = this->new_value(value, is_initial);
   if (b.has_value()) {
-    this->output(*b);
+    this->output(*b, is_initial);
   }
 }
 
-optional<bool> DelayedOnOffFilter::new_value(bool value) {
+optional<bool> DelayedOnOffFilter::new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) {
   if (value) {
-    this->set_timeout("ON_OFF", this->on_delay_.value(), [this]() { this->output(true); });
+    this->set_timeout("ON_OFF", this->on_delay_.value(), [this, is_initial]() { this->output(true, is_initial); });
   } else {
-    this->set_timeout("ON_OFF", this->off_delay_.value(), [this]() { this->output(false); });
+    this->set_timeout("ON_OFF", this->off_delay_.value(), [this, is_initial]() { this->output(false, is_initial); });
   }
   return {};
 }
 
 float DelayedOnOffFilter::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-optional<bool> DelayedOnFilter::new_value(bool value) {
+optional<bool> DelayedOnFilter::new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) {
   if (value) {
-    this->set_timeout("ON", this->delay_.value(), [this]() { this->output(true); });
+    this->set_timeout("ON", this->delay_.value(), [this, is_initial]() { this->output(true, is_initial); });
     return {};
   } else {
     this->cancel_timeout("ON");
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ optional<bool> DelayedOnFilter::new_value(bool value) {
 
 float DelayedOnFilter::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-optional<bool> DelayedOffFilter::new_value(bool value) {
+optional<bool> DelayedOffFilter::new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) {
   if (!value) {
-    this->set_timeout("OFF", this->delay_.value(), [this]() { this->output(false); });
+    this->set_timeout("OFF", this->delay_.value(), [this, is_initial]() { this->output(false, is_initial); });
     return {};
   } else {
     this->cancel_timeout("OFF");
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ optional<bool> DelayedOffFilter::new_value(bool value) {
 
 float DelayedOffFilter::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-optional<bool> InvertFilter::new_value(bool value) { return !value; }
+optional<bool> InvertFilter::new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) { return !value; }
 
 AutorepeatFilter::AutorepeatFilter(std::vector<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings) : timings_(std::move(timings)) {}
 
-optional<bool> AutorepeatFilter::new_value(bool value) {
+optional<bool> AutorepeatFilter::new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) {
   if (value) {
     // Ignore if already running
     if (this->active_timing_ != 0)
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ void AutorepeatFilter::next_timing_() {
 
 void AutorepeatFilter::next_value_(bool val) {
   const AutorepeatFilterTiming &timing = this->timings_[this->active_timing_ - 2];
-  this->output(val);
+  this->output(val, false);  // This is at least the second one so not initial
   this->set_timeout("ON_OFF", val ? timing.time_on : timing.time_off, [this, val]() { this->next_value_(!val); });
 }
 
@@ -109,18 +109,18 @@ float AutorepeatFilter::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARD
 
 LambdaFilter::LambdaFilter(std::function<optional<bool>(bool)> f) : f_(std::move(f)) {}
 
-optional<bool> LambdaFilter::new_value(bool value) { return this->f_(value); }
+optional<bool> LambdaFilter::new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) { return this->f_(value); }
 
-optional<bool> SettleFilter::new_value(bool value) {
+optional<bool> SettleFilter::new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) {
   if (!this->steady_) {
-    this->set_timeout("SETTLE", this->delay_.value(), [this, value]() {
+    this->set_timeout("SETTLE", this->delay_.value(), [this, value, is_initial]() {
       this->steady_ = true;
-      this->output(value);
+      this->output(value, is_initial);
     });
     return {};
   } else {
     this->steady_ = false;
-    this->output(value);
+    this->output(value, is_initial);
     this->set_timeout("SETTLE", this->delay_.value(), [this]() { this->steady_ = true; });
     return value;
   }

esphome/components/binary_sensor/filter.h

@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ class BinarySensor;
 
 class Filter {
  public:
-  virtual optional<bool> new_value(bool value) = 0;
+  virtual optional<bool> new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) = 0;
 
-  void input(bool value);
+  void input(bool value, bool is_initial);
 
-  void output(bool value);
+  void output(bool value, bool is_initial);
 
  protected:
   friend BinarySensor;
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class Filter {
 
 class DelayedOnOffFilter : public Filter, public Component {
  public:
-  optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override;
+  optional<bool> new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) override;
 
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class DelayedOnOffFilter : public Filter, public Component {
 
 class DelayedOnFilter : public Filter, public Component {
  public:
-  optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override;
+  optional<bool> new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) override;
 
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class DelayedOnFilter : public Filter, public Component {
 
 class DelayedOffFilter : public Filter, public Component {
  public:
-  optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override;
+  optional<bool> new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) override;
 
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class DelayedOffFilter : public Filter, public Component {
 
 class InvertFilter : public Filter {
  public:
-  optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override;
+  optional<bool> new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) override;
 };
 
 struct AutorepeatFilterTiming {
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class AutorepeatFilter : public Filter, public Component {
  public:
   explicit AutorepeatFilter(std::vector<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings);
 
-  optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override;
+  optional<bool> new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) override;
 
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class LambdaFilter : public Filter {
  public:
   explicit LambdaFilter(std::function<optional<bool>(bool)> f);
 
-  optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override;
+  optional<bool> new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) override;
 
  protected:
   std::function<optional<bool>(bool)> f_;
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class LambdaFilter : public Filter {
 
 class SettleFilter : public Filter, public Component {
  public:
-  optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override;
+  optional<bool> new_value(bool value, bool is_initial) override;
 
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
 

esphome/components/bluetooth_proxy/bluetooth_proxy.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "esphome/core/macros.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
 
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ void BluetoothProxy::loop() {
   // Flush any pending BLE advertisements that have been accumulated but not yet sent
   if (this->raw_advertisements_) {
     static uint32_t last_flush_time = 0;
-    uint32_t now = millis();
+    uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
     // Flush accumulated advertisements every 100ms
     if (now - last_flush_time >= 100) {

esphome/components/climate_ir/__init__.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def climate_ir_schema(
     )
 
 
-def climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(
+def climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(
     class_: MockObjClass,
 ) -> cv.Schema:
     return climate_ir_schema(class_).extend(
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def deprecated_schema_constant(config):
         type = str(id.type).split("::", maxsplit=1)[0]
     _LOGGER.warning(
         "Using `climate_ir.CLIMATE_IR_WITH_RECEIVER_SCHEMA` is deprecated and will be removed in ESPHome 2025.11.0. "
-        "Please use `climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(...)` instead. "
+        "Please use `climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(...)` instead. "
         "If you are seeing this, report an issue to the external_component author and ask them to update it. "
         "https://developers.esphome.io/blog/2025/05/14/_schema-deprecations/. "
         "Component using this schema: %s",
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def deprecated_schema_constant(config):
     return config
 
 
-CLIMATE_IR_WITH_RECEIVER_SCHEMA = climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(ClimateIR)
+CLIMATE_IR_WITH_RECEIVER_SCHEMA = climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(ClimateIR)
 CLIMATE_IR_WITH_RECEIVER_SCHEMA.add_extra(deprecated_schema_constant)
 
 

esphome/components/climate_ir_lg/climate.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ CONF_BIT_HIGH = "bit_high"
 CONF_BIT_ONE_LOW = "bit_one_low"
 CONF_BIT_ZERO_LOW = "bit_zero_low"
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(LgIrClimate).extend(
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(LgIrClimate).extend(
     {
         cv.Optional(
             CONF_HEADER_HIGH, default="8000us"

esphome/components/cm1106/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""CM1106 component for ESPHome."""

esphome/components/cm1106/cm1106.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+#include "cm1106.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+
+#include <cinttypes>
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace cm1106 {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "cm1106";
+static const uint8_t C_M1106_CMD_GET_CO2[4] = {0x11, 0x01, 0x01, 0xED};
+static const uint8_t C_M1106_CMD_SET_CO2_CALIB[6] = {0x11, 0x03, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
+static const uint8_t C_M1106_CMD_SET_CO2_CALIB_RESPONSE[4] = {0x16, 0x01, 0x03, 0xE6};
+
+uint8_t cm1106_checksum(const uint8_t *response, size_t len) {
+  uint8_t crc = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < len - 1; i++) {
+    crc -= response[i];
+  }
+  return crc;
+}
+
+void CM1106Component::setup() {
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Setting up CM1106...");
+  uint8_t response[8] = {0};
+  if (!this->cm1106_write_command_(C_M1106_CMD_GET_CO2, sizeof(C_M1106_CMD_GET_CO2), response, sizeof(response))) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Communication with CM1106 failed!");
+    this->mark_failed();
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+void CM1106Component::update() {
+  uint8_t response[8] = {0};
+  if (!this->cm1106_write_command_(C_M1106_CMD_GET_CO2, sizeof(C_M1106_CMD_GET_CO2), response, sizeof(response))) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Reading data from CM1106 failed!");
+    this->status_set_warning();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (response[0] != 0x16 || response[1] != 0x05 || response[2] != 0x01) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Got wrong UART response from CM1106: %02X %02X %02X %02X...", response[0], response[1], response[2],
+             response[3]);
+    this->status_set_warning();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  uint8_t checksum = cm1106_checksum(response, sizeof(response));
+  if (response[7] != checksum) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "CM1106 Checksum doesn't match: 0x%02X!=0x%02X", response[7], checksum);
+    this->status_set_warning();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  this->status_clear_warning();
+
+  uint16_t ppm = response[3] << 8 | response[4];
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "CM1106 Received CO₂=%uppm DF3=%02X DF4=%02X", ppm, response[5], response[6]);
+  if (this->co2_sensor_ != nullptr)
+    this->co2_sensor_->publish_state(ppm);
+}
+
+void CM1106Component::calibrate_zero(uint16_t ppm) {
+  uint8_t cmd[6];
+  memcpy(cmd, C_M1106_CMD_SET_CO2_CALIB, sizeof(cmd));
+  cmd[3] = ppm >> 8;
+  cmd[4] = ppm & 0xFF;
+  uint8_t response[4] = {0};
+
+  if (!this->cm1106_write_command_(cmd, sizeof(cmd), response, sizeof(response))) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Reading data from CM1106 failed!");
+    this->status_set_warning();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // check if correct response received
+  if (memcmp(response, C_M1106_CMD_SET_CO2_CALIB_RESPONSE, sizeof(response)) != 0) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Got wrong UART response from CM1106: %02X %02X %02X %02X", response[0], response[1], response[2],
+             response[3]);
+    this->status_set_warning();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  this->status_clear_warning();
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "CM1106 Successfully calibrated sensor to %uppm", ppm);
+}
+
+bool CM1106Component::cm1106_write_command_(const uint8_t *command, size_t command_len, uint8_t *response,
+                                            size_t response_len) {
+  // Empty RX Buffer
+  while (this->available())
+    this->read();
+  this->write_array(command, command_len - 1);
+  this->write_byte(cm1106_checksum(command, command_len));
+  this->flush();
+
+  if (response == nullptr)
+    return true;
+
+  return this->read_array(response, response_len);
+}
+
+void CM1106Component::dump_config() {
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "CM1106:");
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "CO2", this->co2_sensor_);
+  this->check_uart_settings(9600);
+  if (this->is_failed()) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Communication with CM1106 failed!");
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace cm1106
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/cm1106/cm1106.h

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/automation.h"
+#include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
+#include "esphome/components/uart/uart.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace cm1106 {
+
+class CM1106Component : public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDevice {
+ public:
+  float get_setup_priority() const override { return esphome::setup_priority::DATA; }
+
+  void setup() override;
+  void update() override;
+  void dump_config() override;
+
+  void calibrate_zero(uint16_t ppm);
+
+  void set_co2_sensor(sensor::Sensor *co2_sensor) { this->co2_sensor_ = co2_sensor; }
+
+ protected:
+  sensor::Sensor *co2_sensor_{nullptr};
+
+  bool cm1106_write_command_(const uint8_t *command, size_t command_len, uint8_t *response, size_t response_len);
+};
+
+template<typename... Ts> class CM1106CalibrateZeroAction : public Action<Ts...> {
+ public:
+  CM1106CalibrateZeroAction(CM1106Component *cm1106) : cm1106_(cm1106) {}
+
+  void play(Ts... x) override { this->cm1106_->calibrate_zero(400); }
+
+ protected:
+  CM1106Component *cm1106_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace cm1106
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/cm1106/sensor.py

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+"""CM1106 Sensor component for ESPHome."""
+
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome import automation
+from esphome.automation import maybe_simple_id
+from esphome.components import sensor, uart
+from esphome.const import (
+    CONF_CO2,
+    CONF_ID,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_CARBON_DIOXIDE,
+    ICON_MOLECULE_CO2,
+    STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT,
+    UNIT_PARTS_PER_MILLION,
+)
+
+DEPENDENCIES = ["uart"]
+CODEOWNERS = ["@andrewjswan"]
+
+cm1106_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("cm1106")
+CM1106Component = cm1106_ns.class_(
+    "CM1106Component", cg.PollingComponent, uart.UARTDevice
+)
+CM1106CalibrateZeroAction = cm1106_ns.class_(
+    "CM1106CalibrateZeroAction",
+    automation.Action,
+)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
+    cv.Schema(
+        {
+            cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(CM1106Component),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_CO2): sensor.sensor_schema(
+                unit_of_measurement=UNIT_PARTS_PER_MILLION,
+                icon=ICON_MOLECULE_CO2,
+                accuracy_decimals=0,
+                device_class=DEVICE_CLASS_CARBON_DIOXIDE,
+                state_class=STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT,
+            ),
+        },
+    )
+    .extend(cv.polling_component_schema("60s"))
+    .extend(uart.UART_DEVICE_SCHEMA)
+)
+
+
+async def to_code(config) -> None:
+    """Code generation entry point."""
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)
+    await uart.register_uart_device(var, config)
+    if co2_config := config.get(CONF_CO2):
+        sens = await sensor.new_sensor(co2_config)
+        cg.add(var.set_co2_sensor(sens))
+
+
+CALIBRATION_ACTION_SCHEMA = maybe_simple_id(
+    {
+        cv.GenerateID(): cv.use_id(CM1106Component),
+    },
+)
+
+
+@automation.register_action(
+    "cm1106.calibrate_zero",
+    CM1106CalibrateZeroAction,
+    CALIBRATION_ACTION_SCHEMA,
+)
+async def cm1106_calibration_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args) -> None:
+    """Service code generation entry point."""
+    paren = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_ID])
+    return cg.new_Pvariable(action_id, template_arg, paren)

esphome/components/coolix/climate.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ CODEOWNERS = ["@glmnet"]
 coolix_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("coolix")
 CoolixClimate = coolix_ns.class_("CoolixClimate", climate_ir.ClimateIR)
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(CoolixClimate)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(CoolixClimate)
 
 
 async def to_code(config):

esphome/components/cse7766/cse7766.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "cse7766.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace cse7766 {
@@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ namespace cse7766 {
 static const char *const TAG = "cse7766";
 
 void CSE7766Component::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if (now - this->last_transmission_ >= 500) {
     // last transmission too long ago. Reset RX index.
     this->raw_data_index_ = 0;

esphome/components/current_based/current_based_cover.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "current_based_cover.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include <cfloat>
 
 namespace esphome {
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ void CurrentBasedCover::loop() {
   if (this->current_operation == COVER_OPERATION_IDLE)
     return;
 
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
   if (this->current_operation == COVER_OPERATION_OPENING) {
     if (this->malfunction_detection_ && this->is_closing_()) {  // Malfunction

esphome/components/daikin/climate.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ AUTO_LOAD = ["climate_ir"]
 daikin_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("daikin")
 DaikinClimate = daikin_ns.class_("DaikinClimate", climate_ir.ClimateIR)
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(DaikinClimate)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(DaikinClimate)
 
 
 async def to_code(config):

esphome/components/daikin_arc/climate.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ AUTO_LOAD = ["climate_ir"]
 daikin_arc_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("daikin_arc")
 DaikinArcClimate = daikin_arc_ns.class_("DaikinArcClimate", climate_ir.ClimateIR)
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(DaikinArcClimate)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(DaikinArcClimate)
 
 
 async def to_code(config):

esphome/components/daikin_brc/climate.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ daikin_brc_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("daikin_brc")
 DaikinBrcClimate = daikin_brc_ns.class_("DaikinBrcClimate", climate_ir.ClimateIR)
 
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(DaikinBrcClimate).extend(
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(DaikinBrcClimate).extend(
     {
         cv.Optional(CONF_USE_FAHRENHEIT, default=False): cv.boolean,
     }

esphome/components/daly_bms/daly_bms.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "daly_bms.h"
 #include <vector>
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace daly_bms {
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ void DalyBmsComponent::update() {
 }
 
 void DalyBmsComponent::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if (this->receiving_ && (now - this->last_transmission_ >= 200)) {
     // last transmission too long ago. Reset RX index.
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Last transmission too long ago. Reset RX index.");

esphome/components/dashboard_import/__init__.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import base64
 from pathlib import Path
 import re
 import secrets
-from typing import Optional
 
 import requests
 from ruamel.yaml import YAML
@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
 def import_config(
     path: str,
     name: str,
-    friendly_name: Optional[str],
+    friendly_name: str | None,
     project_name: str,
     import_url: str,
     network: str = CONF_WIFI,

esphome/components/debug/debug_component.cpp

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ void DebugComponent::loop() {
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
   // calculate loop time - from last call to this one
   if (this->loop_time_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    uint32_t now = millis();
+    uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
     uint32_t loop_time = now - this->last_loop_timetag_;
     this->max_loop_time_ = std::max(this->max_loop_time_, loop_time);
     this->last_loop_timetag_ = now;

esphome/components/debug/debug_component.h

@@ -34,13 +34,15 @@ class DebugComponent : public PollingComponent {
 #endif
   void set_loop_time_sensor(sensor::Sensor *loop_time_sensor) { loop_time_sensor_ = loop_time_sensor; }
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
-  void on_shutdown() override;
   void set_psram_sensor(sensor::Sensor *psram_sensor) { this->psram_sensor_ = psram_sensor; }
 #endif  // USE_ESP32
   void set_cpu_frequency_sensor(sensor::Sensor *cpu_frequency_sensor) {
     this->cpu_frequency_sensor_ = cpu_frequency_sensor;
   }
 #endif  // USE_SENSOR
+#ifdef USE_ESP32
+  void on_shutdown() override;
+#endif  // USE_ESP32
  protected:
   uint32_t free_heap_{};
 

esphome/components/delonghi/climate.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ AUTO_LOAD = ["climate_ir"]
 delonghi_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("delonghi")
 DelonghiClimate = delonghi_ns.class_("DelonghiClimate", climate_ir.ClimateIR)
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(DelonghiClimate)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(DelonghiClimate)
 
 
 async def to_code(config):

esphome/components/emmeti/climate.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ AUTO_LOAD = ["climate_ir"]
 emmeti_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("emmeti")
 EmmetiClimate = emmeti_ns.class_("EmmetiClimate", climate_ir.ClimateIR)
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(EmmetiClimate)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(EmmetiClimate)
 
 
 async def to_code(config):

esphome/components/endstop/endstop_cover.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "endstop_cover.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace endstop {
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ void EndstopCover::loop() {
   if (this->current_operation == COVER_OPERATION_IDLE)
     return;
 
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
   if (this->current_operation == COVER_OPERATION_OPENING && this->is_open_()) {
     float dur = (now - this->start_dir_time_) / 1e3f;

esphome/components/esp32/__init__.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import itertools
 import logging
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional, Union
 
 from esphome import git
 import esphome.codegen as cg
@@ -60,6 +59,7 @@ from .const import (  # noqa
     VARIANT_ESP32C3,
     VARIANT_ESP32C6,
     VARIANT_ESP32H2,
+    VARIANT_ESP32P4,
     VARIANT_ESP32S2,
     VARIANT_ESP32S3,
     VARIANT_FRIENDLY,
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ CPU_FREQUENCIES = {
     VARIANT_ESP32C3: get_cpu_frequencies(80, 160),
     VARIANT_ESP32C6: get_cpu_frequencies(80, 120, 160),
     VARIANT_ESP32H2: get_cpu_frequencies(16, 32, 48, 64, 96),
+    VARIANT_ESP32P4: get_cpu_frequencies(40, 360, 400),
 }
 
 # Make sure not missed here if a new variant added.
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ class RawSdkconfigValue:
     value: str
 
 
-SdkconfigValueType = Union[bool, int, HexInt, str, RawSdkconfigValue]
+SdkconfigValueType = bool | int | HexInt | str | RawSdkconfigValue
 
 
 def add_idf_sdkconfig_option(name: str, value: SdkconfigValueType):
@@ -206,8 +207,8 @@ def add_idf_component(
     ref: str = None,
     path: str = None,
     refresh: TimePeriod = None,
-    components: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    components: list[str] | None = None,
-    submodules: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    submodules: list[str] | None = None,
 ):
     """Add an esp-idf component to the project."""
     if not CORE.using_esp_idf:
@@ -296,11 +297,11 @@ ARDUINO_PLATFORM_VERSION = cv.Version(5, 4, 0)
 # The default/recommended esp-idf framework version
 #  - https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/releases
 #  - https://api.registry.platformio.org/v3/packages/platformio/tool/framework-espidf
-RECOMMENDED_ESP_IDF_FRAMEWORK_VERSION = cv.Version(5, 1, 6)
+RECOMMENDED_ESP_IDF_FRAMEWORK_VERSION = cv.Version(5, 3, 2)
 # The platformio/espressif32 version to use for esp-idf frameworks
 #  - https://github.com/platformio/platform-espressif32/releases
 #  - https://api.registry.platformio.org/v3/packages/platformio/platform/espressif32
-ESP_IDF_PLATFORM_VERSION = cv.Version(51, 3, 7)
+ESP_IDF_PLATFORM_VERSION = cv.Version(53, 3, 13)
 
 # List based on https://registry.platformio.org/tools/platformio/framework-espidf/versions
 SUPPORTED_PLATFORMIO_ESP_IDF_5X = [
@@ -369,8 +370,8 @@ def _arduino_check_versions(value):
 def _esp_idf_check_versions(value):
     value = value.copy()
     lookups = {
-        "dev": (cv.Version(5, 1, 6), "https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf.git"),
+        "dev": (cv.Version(5, 3, 2), "https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf.git"),
-        "latest": (cv.Version(5, 1, 6), None),
+        "latest": (cv.Version(5, 3, 2), None),
         "recommended": (RECOMMENDED_ESP_IDF_FRAMEWORK_VERSION, None),
     }
 

esphome/components/esp32/boards.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from .const import (
     VARIANT_ESP32C3,
     VARIANT_ESP32C6,
     VARIANT_ESP32H2,
+    VARIANT_ESP32P4,
     VARIANT_ESP32S2,
     VARIANT_ESP32S3,
 )
@@ -1632,6 +1633,14 @@ BOARDS = {
         "name": "Espressif ESP32-H2-DevKit",
         "variant": VARIANT_ESP32H2,
     },
+    "esp32-p4": {
+        "name": "Espressif ESP32-P4 generic",
+        "variant": VARIANT_ESP32P4,
+    },
+    "esp32-p4-evboard": {
+        "name": "Espressif ESP32-P4 Function EV Board",
+        "variant": VARIANT_ESP32P4,
+    },
     "esp32-pico-devkitm-2": {
         "name": "Espressif ESP32-PICO-DevKitM-2",
         "variant": VARIANT_ESP32,

esphome/components/esp32/const.py

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ VARIANT_ESP32C2 = "ESP32C2"
 VARIANT_ESP32C3 = "ESP32C3"
 VARIANT_ESP32C6 = "ESP32C6"
 VARIANT_ESP32H2 = "ESP32H2"
+VARIANT_ESP32P4 = "ESP32P4"
 VARIANTS = [
     VARIANT_ESP32,
     VARIANT_ESP32S2,
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ VARIANTS = [
     VARIANT_ESP32C3,
     VARIANT_ESP32C6,
     VARIANT_ESP32H2,
+    VARIANT_ESP32P4,
 ]
 
 VARIANT_FRIENDLY = {
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ VARIANT_FRIENDLY = {
     VARIANT_ESP32C3: "ESP32-C3",
     VARIANT_ESP32C6: "ESP32-C6",
     VARIANT_ESP32H2: "ESP32-H2",
+    VARIANT_ESP32P4: "ESP32-P4",
 }
 
 esp32_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("esp32")

esphome/components/esp32/gpio.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 import logging
-from typing import Any, Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 from esphome import pins
 import esphome.codegen as cg
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ from .const import (
     VARIANT_ESP32C3,
     VARIANT_ESP32C6,
     VARIANT_ESP32H2,
+    VARIANT_ESP32P4,
     VARIANT_ESP32S2,
     VARIANT_ESP32S3,
     esp32_ns,
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ from .gpio_esp32_c2 import esp32_c2_validate_gpio_pin, esp32_c2_validate_support
 from .gpio_esp32_c3 import esp32_c3_validate_gpio_pin, esp32_c3_validate_supports
 from .gpio_esp32_c6 import esp32_c6_validate_gpio_pin, esp32_c6_validate_supports
 from .gpio_esp32_h2 import esp32_h2_validate_gpio_pin, esp32_h2_validate_supports
+from .gpio_esp32_p4 import esp32_p4_validate_gpio_pin, esp32_p4_validate_supports
 from .gpio_esp32_s2 import esp32_s2_validate_gpio_pin, esp32_s2_validate_supports
 from .gpio_esp32_s3 import esp32_s3_validate_gpio_pin, esp32_s3_validate_supports
 
@@ -105,6 +108,10 @@ _esp32_validations = {
         pin_validation=esp32_h2_validate_gpio_pin,
         usage_validation=esp32_h2_validate_supports,
     ),
+    VARIANT_ESP32P4: ESP32ValidationFunctions(
+        pin_validation=esp32_p4_validate_gpio_pin,
+        usage_validation=esp32_p4_validate_supports,
+    ),
     VARIANT_ESP32S2: ESP32ValidationFunctions(
         pin_validation=esp32_s2_validate_gpio_pin,
         usage_validation=esp32_s2_validate_supports,

esphome/components/esp32/gpio_esp32_p4.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import logging
+
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.const import CONF_INPUT, CONF_MODE, CONF_NUMBER
+
+_ESP32P4_USB_JTAG_PINS = {24, 25}
+
+_ESP32P4_STRAPPING_PINS = {34, 35, 36, 37, 38}
+
+_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def esp32_p4_validate_gpio_pin(value):
+    if value < 0 or value > 54:
+        raise cv.Invalid(f"Invalid pin number: {value} (must be 0-54)")
+    if value in _ESP32P4_STRAPPING_PINS:
+        _LOGGER.warning(
+            "GPIO%d is a Strapping PIN and should be avoided.\n"
+            "Attaching external pullup/down resistors to strapping pins can cause unexpected failures.\n"
+            "See https://esphome.io/guides/faq.html#why-am-i-getting-a-warning-about-strapping-pins",
+            value,
+        )
+    if value in _ESP32P4_USB_JTAG_PINS:
+        _LOGGER.warning(
+            "GPIO%d is reserved for the USB-Serial-JTAG interface.\n"
+            "To use this pin as GPIO, USB-Serial-JTAG will be disabled.",
+            value,
+        )
+
+    return value
+
+
+def esp32_p4_validate_supports(value):
+    num = value[CONF_NUMBER]
+    mode = value[CONF_MODE]
+    is_input = mode[CONF_INPUT]
+
+    if num < 0 or num > 54:
+        raise cv.Invalid(f"Invalid pin number: {value} (must be 0-54)")
+    if is_input:
+        # All ESP32 pins support input mode
+        pass
+    return value

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble_advertising.cpp

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <cstring>
 #include "ble_uuid.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace esp32_ble {
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ void BLEAdvertising::loop() {
   if (this->raw_advertisements_callbacks_.empty()) {
     return;
   }
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if (now - this->last_advertisement_time_ > this->advertising_cycle_time_) {
     this->stop();
     this->current_adv_index_ += 1;

esphome/components/esp32_ble_tracker/__init__.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from collections.abc import MutableMapping
+from collections.abc import Callable, MutableMapping
 import logging
-from typing import Any, Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 from esphome import automation
 import esphome.codegen as cg

esphome/components/esp32_camera/__init__.py

@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
         add_idf_component(
             name="esp32-camera",
             repo="https://github.com/espressif/esp32-camera.git",
-            ref="v2.0.9",
+            ref="v2.0.15",
         )
 
     for conf in config.get(CONF_ON_STREAM_START, []):

esphome/components/esp32_camera/esp32_camera.cpp

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "esp32_camera.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 #include <freertos/task.h>
 
@@ -54,11 +55,7 @@ void ESP32Camera::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  HREF Pin: %d", conf.pin_href);
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Pixel Clock Pin: %d", conf.pin_pclk);
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  External Clock: Pin:%d Frequency:%u", conf.pin_xclk, conf.xclk_freq_hz);
-#ifdef USE_ESP_IDF  // Temporary until the espressif/esp32-camera library is updated
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  I2C Pins: SDA:%d SCL:%d", conf.pin_sscb_sda, conf.pin_sscb_scl);
-#else
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  I2C Pins: SDA:%d SCL:%d", conf.pin_sccb_sda, conf.pin_sccb_scl);
-#endif
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Reset Pin: %d", conf.pin_reset);
   switch (this->config_.frame_size) {
     case FRAMESIZE_QQVGA:
@@ -162,7 +159,7 @@ void ESP32Camera::loop() {
   }
 
   // request idle image every idle_update_interval
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if (this->idle_update_interval_ != 0 && now - this->last_idle_request_ > this->idle_update_interval_) {
     this->last_idle_request_ = now;
     this->request_image(IDLE);
@@ -238,13 +235,8 @@ void ESP32Camera::set_external_clock(uint8_t pin, uint32_t frequency) {
   this->config_.xclk_freq_hz = frequency;
 }
 void ESP32Camera::set_i2c_pins(uint8_t sda, uint8_t scl) {
-#ifdef USE_ESP_IDF  // Temporary until the espressif/esp32-camera library is updated
-  this->config_.pin_sscb_sda = sda;
-  this->config_.pin_sscb_scl = scl;
-#else
   this->config_.pin_sccb_sda = sda;
   this->config_.pin_sccb_scl = scl;
-#endif
 }
 void ESP32Camera::set_reset_pin(uint8_t pin) { this->config_.pin_reset = pin; }
 void ESP32Camera::set_power_down_pin(uint8_t pin) { this->config_.pin_pwdn = pin; }

esphome/components/esp32_improv/esp32_improv_component.cpp

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ void ESP32ImprovComponent::loop() {
 
   if (!this->incoming_data_.empty())
     this->process_incoming_data_();
-  uint32_t now = millis();
+  uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
   switch (this->state_) {
     case improv::STATE_STOPPED:

esphome/components/esp32_touch/esp32_touch.cpp

@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ uint32_t ESP32TouchComponent::component_touch_pad_read(touch_pad_t tp) {
 }
 
 void ESP32TouchComponent::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   bool should_print = this->setup_mode_ && now - this->setup_mode_last_log_print_ > 250;
   for (auto *child : this->children_) {
     child->value_ = this->component_touch_pad_read(child->get_touch_pad());

esphome/components/esphome/ota/ota_esphome.cpp

@@ -111,6 +111,8 @@ void ESPHomeOTAComponent::handle_() {
   int err = client_->setsockopt(IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &enable, sizeof(int));
   if (err != 0) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Socket could not enable TCP nodelay, errno %d", errno);
+    client_->close();
+    client_ = nullptr;
     return;
   }
 

esphome/components/ethernet/ethernet_component.cpp

@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ void EthernetComponent::setup() {
 }
 
 void EthernetComponent::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
   switch (this->state_) {
     case EthernetComponentState::STOPPED:

esphome/components/feedback/feedback_cover.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "feedback_cover.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace feedback {
@@ -220,7 +221,7 @@ void FeedbackCover::set_open_obstacle_sensor(binary_sensor::BinarySensor *open_o
 void FeedbackCover::loop() {
   if (this->current_operation == COVER_OPERATION_IDLE)
     return;
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
   // Recompute position every loop cycle
   this->recompute_position_();

esphome/components/fujitsu_general/climate.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ FujitsuGeneralClimate = fujitsu_general_ns.class_(
     "FujitsuGeneralClimate", climate_ir.ClimateIR
 )
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(FujitsuGeneralClimate)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(FujitsuGeneralClimate)
 
 
 async def to_code(config):

esphome/components/gcja5/gcja5.cpp

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
  */
 #include "gcja5.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include <cstring>
 
 namespace esphome {
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ static const char *const TAG = "gcja5";
 void GCJA5Component::setup() { ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Setting up gcja5..."); }
 
 void GCJA5Component::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if (now - this->last_transmission_ >= 500) {
     // last transmission too long ago. Reset RX index.
     this->rx_message_.clear();

esphome/components/gree/climate.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ MODELS = {
     "yag": Model.GREE_YAG,
 }
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(GreeClimate).extend(
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(GreeClimate).extend(
     {
         cv.Required(CONF_MODEL): cv.enum(MODELS),
     }

esphome/components/growatt_solar/growatt_solar.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "growatt_solar.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace growatt_solar {
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ void GrowattSolar::loop() {
 
 void GrowattSolar::update() {
   // If our last send has had no reply yet, and it wasn't that long ago, do nothing.
-  uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if (now - this->last_send_ < this->get_update_interval() / 2) {
     return;
   }

esphome/components/heatpumpir/climate.py

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ VERTICAL_DIRECTIONS = {
 }
 
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
-    climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(HeatpumpIRClimate).extend(
+    climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(HeatpumpIRClimate).extend(
         {
             cv.Required(CONF_PROTOCOL): cv.enum(PROTOCOLS),
             cv.Required(CONF_HORIZONTAL_DEFAULT): cv.enum(HORIZONTAL_DIRECTIONS),

esphome/components/hitachi_ac344/climate.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ AUTO_LOAD = ["climate_ir"]
 hitachi_ac344_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("hitachi_ac344")
 HitachiClimate = hitachi_ac344_ns.class_("HitachiClimate", climate_ir.ClimateIR)
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(HitachiClimate)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(HitachiClimate)
 
 
 async def to_code(config):

esphome/components/hitachi_ac424/climate.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ AUTO_LOAD = ["climate_ir"]
 hitachi_ac424_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("hitachi_ac424")
 HitachiClimate = hitachi_ac424_ns.class_("HitachiClimate", climate_ir.ClimateIR)
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(HitachiClimate)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(HitachiClimate)
 
 
 async def to_code(config):

esphome/components/kuntze/kuntze.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "kuntze.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace kuntze {
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ void Kuntze::on_modbus_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
 }
 
 void Kuntze::loop() {
-  uint32_t now = millis();
+  uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   // timeout after 15 seconds
   if (this->waiting_ && (now - this->last_send_ > 15000)) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "timed out waiting for response");

esphome/components/libretiny/const.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Callable
 
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 

esphome/components/logger/__init__.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from esphome.components.esp32.const import (
     VARIANT_ESP32C3,
     VARIANT_ESP32C6,
     VARIANT_ESP32H2,
+    VARIANT_ESP32P4,
     VARIANT_ESP32S2,
     VARIANT_ESP32S3,
 )
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@ UART_SELECTION_ESP32 = {
     VARIANT_ESP32C2: [UART0, UART1],
     VARIANT_ESP32C6: [UART0, UART1, USB_CDC, USB_SERIAL_JTAG],
     VARIANT_ESP32H2: [UART0, UART1, USB_CDC, USB_SERIAL_JTAG],
+    VARIANT_ESP32P4: [UART0, UART1, USB_CDC, USB_SERIAL_JTAG],
 }
 
 UART_SELECTION_ESP8266 = [UART0, UART0_SWAP, UART1]
@@ -206,6 +208,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
                 esp32_c3_idf=USB_SERIAL_JTAG,
                 esp32_c6_arduino=USB_CDC,
                 esp32_c6_idf=USB_SERIAL_JTAG,
+                esp32_p4_idf=USB_SERIAL_JTAG,
                 rp2040=USB_CDC,
                 bk72xx=DEFAULT,
                 rtl87xx=DEFAULT,

esphome/components/logger/logger.cpp

@@ -16,9 +16,14 @@ static const char *const TAG = "logger";
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
 // Implementation for ESP32 (multi-task platform with task-specific tracking)
 // Main task always uses direct buffer access for console output and callbacks
-// Other tasks:
+//
-//  - With task log buffer: stack buffer for console output, async buffer for callbacks
+// For non-main tasks:
-//  - Without task log buffer: only console output, no callbacks
+//  - WITH task log buffer: Prefer sending to ring buffer for async processing
+//    - Avoids allocating stack memory for console output in normal operation
+//    - Prevents console corruption from concurrent writes by multiple tasks
+//    - Messages are serialized through main loop for proper console output
+//    - Fallback to emergency console logging only if ring buffer is full
+//  - WITHOUT task log buffer: Only emergency console output, no callbacks
 void HOT Logger::log_vprintf_(int level, const char *tag, int line, const char *format, va_list args) {  // NOLINT
   if (level > this->level_for(tag))
     return;
@@ -38,8 +43,18 @@ void HOT Logger::log_vprintf_(int level, const char *tag, int line, const char *
     return;
   }
 
-  // For non-main tasks: use stack-allocated buffer only for console output
+  bool message_sent = false;
-  if (this->baud_rate_ > 0) {  // If logging is enabled, write to console
+#ifdef USE_ESPHOME_TASK_LOG_BUFFER
+  // For non-main tasks, queue the message for callbacks - but only if we have any callbacks registered
+  message_sent = this->log_buffer_->send_message_thread_safe(static_cast<uint8_t>(level), tag,
+                                                             static_cast<uint16_t>(line), current_task, format, args);
+#endif  // USE_ESPHOME_TASK_LOG_BUFFER
+
+  // Emergency console logging for non-main tasks when ring buffer is full or disabled
+  // This is a fallback mechanism to ensure critical log messages are visible
+  // Note: This may cause interleaved/corrupted console output if multiple tasks
+  // log simultaneously, but it's better than losing important messages entirely
+  if (!message_sent && this->baud_rate_ > 0) {  // If logging is enabled, write to console
     // Maximum size for console log messages (includes null terminator)
     static const size_t MAX_CONSOLE_LOG_MSG_SIZE = 144;
     char console_buffer[MAX_CONSOLE_LOG_MSG_SIZE];  // MUST be stack allocated for thread safety
@@ -49,15 +64,6 @@ void HOT Logger::log_vprintf_(int level, const char *tag, int line, const char *
     this->write_msg_(console_buffer);
   }
 
-#ifdef USE_ESPHOME_TASK_LOG_BUFFER
-  // For non-main tasks, queue the message for callbacks - but only if we have any callbacks registered
-  if (this->log_callback_.size() > 0) {
-    // This will be processed in the main loop
-    this->log_buffer_->send_message_thread_safe(static_cast<uint8_t>(level), tag, static_cast<uint16_t>(line),
-                                                current_task, format, args);
-  }
-#endif  // USE_ESPHOME_TASK_LOG_BUFFER
-
   // Reset the recursion guard for this task
   this->reset_task_log_recursion_(is_main_task);
 }
@@ -184,7 +190,17 @@ void Logger::loop() {
       this->write_footer_to_buffer_(this->tx_buffer_, &this->tx_buffer_at_, this->tx_buffer_size_);
       this->tx_buffer_[this->tx_buffer_at_] = '\0';
       this->call_log_callbacks_(message->level, message->tag, this->tx_buffer_);
+      // At this point all the data we need from message has been transferred to the tx_buffer
+      // so we can release the message to allow other tasks to use it as soon as possible.
       this->log_buffer_->release_message_main_loop(received_token);
+
+      // Write to console from the main loop to prevent corruption from concurrent writes
+      // This ensures all log messages appear on the console in a clean, serialized manner
+      // Note: Messages may appear slightly out of order due to async processing, but
+      // this is preferred over corrupted/interleaved console output
+      if (this->baud_rate_ > 0) {
+        this->write_msg_(this->tx_buffer_);
+      }
     }
   }
 #endif

esphome/components/logger/logger_esp32.cpp

@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@
 #endif
 #endif
 
-#include "freertos/FreeRTOS.h"
 #include "esp_idf_version.h"
+#include "freertos/FreeRTOS.h"
 
+#include <fcntl.h>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstdio>
-#include <fcntl.h>
 
 #endif  // USE_ESP_IDF
 
@@ -174,11 +174,11 @@ void Logger::pre_setup() {
 #ifdef USE_ESP_IDF
 void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) {
   if (
-#if defined(USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S2)
+#if defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_CDC) && !defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_SERIAL_JTAG)
       this->uart_ == UART_SELECTION_USB_CDC
-#elif defined(USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3) || defined(USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C6) || defined(USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2)
+#elif defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_SERIAL_JTAG) && !defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_CDC)
       this->uart_ == UART_SELECTION_USB_SERIAL_JTAG
-#elif defined(USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3)
+#elif defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_CDC) && defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_SERIAL_JTAG)
       this->uart_ == UART_SELECTION_USB_CDC || this->uart_ == UART_SELECTION_USB_SERIAL_JTAG
 #else
       /* DISABLES CODE */ (false)  // NOLINT

esphome/components/lvgl/__init__.py

@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ async def to_code(configs):
             frac = 2
         elif frac > 0.19:
             frac = 4
-        else:
+        elif frac != 0:
             frac = 8
         displays = [
             await cg.get_variable(display) for display in config[df.CONF_DISPLAYS]
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ LVGL_SCHEMA = cv.All(
                 ): lvalid.lv_font,
                 cv.Optional(df.CONF_FULL_REFRESH, default=False): cv.boolean,
                 cv.Optional(CONF_DRAW_ROUNDING, default=2): cv.positive_int,
-                cv.Optional(CONF_BUFFER_SIZE, default="100%"): cv.percentage,
+                cv.Optional(CONF_BUFFER_SIZE, default=0): cv.percentage,
                 cv.Optional(df.CONF_LOG_LEVEL, default="WARN"): cv.one_of(
                     *df.LV_LOG_LEVELS, upper=True
                 ),

esphome/components/lvgl/automation.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from typing import Any, Callable
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 from esphome import automation
 import esphome.codegen as cg

esphome/components/lvgl/lv_validation.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Union
-
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import image
 from esphome.components.color import CONF_HEX, ColorStruct, from_rgbw
@@ -361,7 +359,7 @@ lv_image_list = LValidator(
 lv_bool = LValidator(cv.boolean, cg.bool_, retmapper=literal)
 
 
-def lv_pct(value: Union[int, float]):
+def lv_pct(value: int | float):
     if isinstance(value, float):
         value = int(value * 100)
     return literal(f"lv_pct({value})")

esphome/components/lvgl/lvcode.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import abc
-from typing import Union
 
 from esphome import codegen as cg
 from esphome.config import Config
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ class CodeContext(abc.ABC):
     code_context = None
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
-    def add(self, expression: Union[Expression, Statement]):
+    def add(self, expression: Expression | Statement):
         pass
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -89,13 +88,13 @@ class CodeContext(abc.ABC):
         CodeContext.append(RawStatement("}"))
 
     @staticmethod
-    def append(expression: Union[Expression, Statement]):
+    def append(expression: Expression | Statement):
         if CodeContext.code_context is not None:
             CodeContext.code_context.add(expression)
         return expression
 
     def __init__(self):
-        self.previous: Union[CodeContext | None] = None
+        self.previous: CodeContext | None = None
         self.indent_level = 0
 
     async def __aenter__(self):
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ class MainContext(CodeContext):
     Code generation into the main() function
     """
 
-    def add(self, expression: Union[Expression, Statement]):
+    def add(self, expression: Expression | Statement):
         return cg.add(self.indented_statement(expression))
 
 
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ class LambdaContext(CodeContext):
         self.capture = capture
         self.where = where
 
-    def add(self, expression: Union[Expression, Statement]):
+    def add(self, expression: Expression | Statement):
         self.code_list.append(self.indented_statement(expression))
         return expression
 
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ class LvContext(LambdaContext):
     async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
         await super().__aexit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
 
-    def add(self, expression: Union[Expression, Statement]):
+    def add(self, expression: Expression | Statement):
         cg.add(expression)
         return expression
 
@@ -303,7 +302,7 @@ lvgl_static = MockObj("LvglComponent", "::")
 
 
 # equivalent to cg.add() for the current code context
-def lv_add(expression: Union[Expression, Statement]):
+def lv_add(expression: Expression | Statement):
     return CodeContext.append(expression)
 
 

esphome/components/lvgl/lvgl_esphome.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace lvgl {
 static const char *const TAG = "lvgl";
 
+static const size_t MIN_BUFFER_FRAC = 8;
+
 static const char *const EVENT_NAMES[] = {
     "NONE",
     "PRESSED",
@@ -85,6 +87,7 @@ lv_event_code_t lv_update_event;  // NOLINT
 void LvglComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "LVGL:");
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Display width/height: %d x %d", this->disp_drv_.hor_res, this->disp_drv_.ver_res);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Buffer size: %zu%%", 100 / this->buffer_frac_);
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Rotation: %d", this->rotation);
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Draw rounding: %d", (int) this->draw_rounding);
 }
@@ -432,18 +435,28 @@ void LvglComponent::setup() {
   auto *display = this->displays_[0];
   auto width = display->get_width();
   auto height = display->get_height();
-  size_t buffer_pixels = width * height / this->buffer_frac_;
+  auto frac = this->buffer_frac_;
+  if (frac == 0)
+    frac = 1;
+  size_t buffer_pixels = width * height / frac;
   auto buf_bytes = buffer_pixels * LV_COLOR_DEPTH / 8;
   void *buffer = nullptr;
-  if (this->buffer_frac_ >= 4)
+  if (this->buffer_frac_ >= MIN_BUFFER_FRAC / 2)
     buffer = malloc(buf_bytes);  // NOLINT
   if (buffer == nullptr)
     buffer = lv_custom_mem_alloc(buf_bytes);  // NOLINT
+  // if specific buffer size not set and can't get 100%, try for a smaller one
+  if (buffer == nullptr && this->buffer_frac_ == 0) {
+    frac = MIN_BUFFER_FRAC;
+    buffer_pixels /= MIN_BUFFER_FRAC;
+    buffer = lv_custom_mem_alloc(buf_bytes / MIN_BUFFER_FRAC);  // NOLINT
+  }
   if (buffer == nullptr) {
-    this->mark_failed();
     this->status_set_error("Memory allocation failure");
+    this->mark_failed();
     return;
   }
+  this->buffer_frac_ = frac;
   lv_disp_draw_buf_init(&this->draw_buf_, buffer, nullptr, buffer_pixels);
   this->disp_drv_.hor_res = width;
   this->disp_drv_.ver_res = height;
@@ -453,8 +466,8 @@ void LvglComponent::setup() {
   if (this->rotation != display::DISPLAY_ROTATION_0_DEGREES) {
     this->rotate_buf_ = static_cast<lv_color_t *>(lv_custom_mem_alloc(buf_bytes));  // NOLINT
     if (this->rotate_buf_ == nullptr) {
-      this->mark_failed();
       this->status_set_error("Memory allocation failure");
+      this->mark_failed();
       return;
     }
   }

esphome/components/lvgl/schemas.py

@@ -36,29 +36,43 @@ from .types import (
 # this will be populated later, in __init__.py to avoid circular imports.
 WIDGET_TYPES: dict = {}
 
+TIME_TEXT_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.Required(CONF_TIME_FORMAT): cv.string,
+        cv.GenerateID(CONF_TIME): cv.templatable(cv.use_id(RealTimeClock)),
+    }
+)
+
+PRINTF_TEXT_SCHEMA = cv.All(
+    cv.Schema(
+        {
+            cv.Required(CONF_FORMAT): cv.string,
+            cv.Optional(CONF_ARGS, default=list): cv.ensure_list(cv.lambda_),
+        },
+    ),
+    validate_printf,
+)
+
+
+def _validate_text(value):
+    """
+    Do some sanity checking of the format to get better error messages
+    than using cv.Any
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        raise cv.Invalid("No text specified")
+    if isinstance(value, dict):
+        if CONF_TIME_FORMAT in value:
+            return TIME_TEXT_SCHEMA(value)
+        return PRINTF_TEXT_SCHEMA(value)
+
+    return cv.templatable(cv.string)(value)
+
+
 # A schema for text properties
 TEXT_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
     {
-        cv.Optional(CONF_TEXT): cv.Any(
+        cv.Optional(CONF_TEXT): _validate_text,
-            cv.All(
-                cv.Schema(
-                    {
-                        cv.Required(CONF_FORMAT): cv.string,
-                        cv.Optional(CONF_ARGS, default=list): cv.ensure_list(
-                            cv.lambda_
-                        ),
-                    },
-                ),
-                validate_printf,
-            ),
-            cv.Schema(
-                {
-                    cv.Required(CONF_TIME_FORMAT): cv.string,
-                    cv.GenerateID(CONF_TIME): cv.templatable(cv.use_id(RealTimeClock)),
-                }
-            ),
-            cv.templatable(cv.string),
-        )
     }
 )
 
@@ -247,11 +261,13 @@ FLAG_LIST = cv.ensure_list(df.LvConstant("LV_OBJ_FLAG_", *df.OBJ_FLAGS).one_of)
 def part_schema(parts):
     """
     Generate a schema for the various parts (e.g. main:, indicator:) of a widget type
-    :param parts:  The parts to include in the schema
+    :param parts:  The parts to include
     :return: The schema
     """
-    return cv.Schema({cv.Optional(part): STATE_SCHEMA for part in parts}).extend(
+    return (
-        STATE_SCHEMA
+        cv.Schema({cv.Optional(part): STATE_SCHEMA for part in parts})
+        .extend(STATE_SCHEMA)
+        .extend(FLAG_SCHEMA)
     )
 
 
@@ -288,22 +304,18 @@ def base_update_schema(widget_type, parts):
     :param parts:  The allowable parts to specify
     :return:
     """
-    return (
+    return part_schema(parts).extend(
-        part_schema(parts)
+        {
-        .extend(
+            cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.ensure_list(
-            {
+                cv.maybe_simple_value(
-                cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.ensure_list(
+                    {
-                    cv.maybe_simple_value(
+                        cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.use_id(widget_type),
-                        {
+                    },
-                            cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.use_id(widget_type),
+                    key=CONF_ID,
-                        },
+                )
-                        key=CONF_ID,
+            ),
-                    )
+            cv.Optional(CONF_STATE): SET_STATE_SCHEMA,
-                ),
+        }
-                cv.Optional(CONF_STATE): SET_STATE_SCHEMA,
-            }
-        )
-        .extend(FLAG_SCHEMA)
     )
 
 
@@ -321,7 +333,6 @@ def obj_schema(widget_type: WidgetType):
     """
     return (
         part_schema(widget_type.parts)
-        .extend(FLAG_SCHEMA)
         .extend(LAYOUT_SCHEMA)
         .extend(ALIGN_TO_SCHEMA)
         .extend(automation_schema(widget_type.w_type))

esphome/components/lvgl/widgets/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import sys
-from typing import Any, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 from esphome import codegen as cg, config_validation as cv
 from esphome.config_validation import Invalid
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ async def wait_for_widgets():
     await FakeAwaitable(widgets_wait_generator())
 
 
-async def get_widgets(config: Union[dict, list], id: str = CONF_ID) -> list[Widget]:
+async def get_widgets(config: dict | list, id: str = CONF_ID) -> list[Widget]:
     if not config:
         return []
     if not isinstance(config, list):

esphome/components/lvgl/widgets/tabview.py

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ from .obj import obj_spec
 
 CONF_TABVIEW = "tabview"
 CONF_TAB_STYLE = "tab_style"
+CONF_CONTENT_STYLE = "content_style"
 
 lv_tab_t = LvType("lv_obj_t")
 
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ TABVIEW_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
             )
         ),
         cv.Optional(CONF_TAB_STYLE): part_schema(buttonmatrix_spec.parts),
+        cv.Optional(CONF_CONTENT_STYLE): part_schema(obj_spec.parts),
         cv.Optional(CONF_POSITION, default="top"): DIRECTIONS.one_of,
         cv.Optional(CONF_SIZE, default="10%"): size,
     }
@@ -79,6 +81,11 @@ class TabviewType(WidgetType):
                 "tabview_btnmatrix", lv_obj_t, rhs=lv_expr.tabview_get_tab_btns(w.obj)
             ) as btnmatrix_obj:
                 await set_obj_properties(Widget(btnmatrix_obj, obj_spec), button_style)
+        if content_style := config.get(CONF_CONTENT_STYLE):
+            with LocalVariable(
+                "tabview_content", lv_obj_t, rhs=lv_expr.tabview_get_content(w.obj)
+            ) as content_obj:
+                await set_obj_properties(Widget(content_obj, obj_spec), content_style)
 
     def obj_creator(self, parent: MockObjClass, config: dict):
         return lv_expr.call(

esphome/components/matrix_keypad/matrix_keypad.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "matrix_keypad.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace matrix_keypad {
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ void MatrixKeypad::setup() {
 void MatrixKeypad::loop() {
   static uint32_t active_start = 0;
   static int active_key = -1;
-  uint32_t now = millis();
+  uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   int key = -1;
   bool error = false;
   int pos = 0, row, col;

esphome/components/max7219digit/max7219digit.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "max7219font.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ void MAX7219Component::dump_config() {
 }
 
 void MAX7219Component::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   const uint32_t millis_since_last_scroll = now - this->last_scroll_;
   const size_t first_line_size = this->max_displaybuffer_[0].size();
   // check if the buffer has shrunk past the current position since last update

esphome/components/micro_wake_word/streaming_model.cpp

@@ -147,7 +147,11 @@ bool StreamingModel::perform_streaming_inference(const int8_t features[PREPROCES
       this->recent_streaming_probabilities_[this->last_n_index_] = output->data.uint8[0];  // probability;
       this->unprocessed_probability_status_ = true;
     }
-    this->ignore_windows_ = std::min(this->ignore_windows_ + 1, 0);
+    if (this->recent_streaming_probabilities_[this->last_n_index_] < this->probability_cutoff_) {
+      // Only increment ignore windows if less than the probability cutoff; this forces the model to "cool-off" from a
+      // previous detection and calling ``reset_probabilities`` so it avoids duplicate detections
+      this->ignore_windows_ = std::min(this->ignore_windows_ + 1, 0);
+    }
   }
   return true;
 }

esphome/components/midea_ir/climate.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ midea_ir_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("midea_ir")
 MideaIR = midea_ir_ns.class_("MideaIR", climate_ir.ClimateIR)
 
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(MideaIR).extend(
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(MideaIR).extend(
     {
         cv.Optional(CONF_USE_FAHRENHEIT, default=False): cv.boolean,
     }

esphome/components/mitsubishi/climate.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ VERTICAL_DIRECTIONS = {
 }
 
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(MitsubishiClimate).extend(
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(MitsubishiClimate).extend(
     {
         cv.Optional(CONF_SET_FAN_MODE, default="3levels"): cv.enum(SETFANMODE),
         cv.Optional(CONF_SUPPORTS_DRY, default=False): cv.boolean,

esphome/components/modbus/modbus.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "modbus.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace modbus {
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ void Modbus::setup() {
   }
 }
 void Modbus::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
   while (this->available()) {
     uint8_t byte;

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.cpp

@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ void MQTTClientComponent::loop() {
     this->disconnect_reason_.reset();
   }
 
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
   switch (this->state_) {
     case MQTT_CLIENT_DISABLED:

esphome/components/noblex/climate.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ AUTO_LOAD = ["climate_ir"]
 noblex_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("noblex")
 NoblexClimate = noblex_ns.class_("NoblexClimate", climate_ir.ClimateIR)
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climare_ir_with_receiver_schema(NoblexClimate)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(NoblexClimate)
 
 
 async def to_code(config):

esphome/components/number/__init__.py

@@ -21,8 +21,10 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_WEB_SERVER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_APPARENT_POWER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_AQI,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_AREA,
     DEVICE_CLASS_ATMOSPHERIC_PRESSURE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_BATTERY,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_BLOOD_GLUCOSE_CONCENTRATION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_CARBON_DIOXIDE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_CARBON_MONOXIDE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_CONDUCTIVITY,
@@ -33,6 +35,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     DEVICE_CLASS_DURATION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_EMPTY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_ENERGY,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_ENERGY_DISTANCE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_ENERGY_STORAGE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_FREQUENCY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_GAS,
@@ -54,6 +57,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     DEVICE_CLASS_PRECIPITATION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_PRECIPITATION_INTENSITY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_PRESSURE,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_REACTIVE_ENERGY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_REACTIVE_POWER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_SIGNAL_STRENGTH,
     DEVICE_CLASS_SOUND_PRESSURE,
@@ -68,6 +72,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     DEVICE_CLASS_VOLUME_STORAGE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_WATER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_WEIGHT,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_WIND_DIRECTION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_WIND_SPEED,
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE, coroutine_with_priority
@@ -78,8 +83,10 @@ CODEOWNERS = ["@esphome/core"]
 DEVICE_CLASSES = [
     DEVICE_CLASS_APPARENT_POWER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_AQI,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_AREA,
     DEVICE_CLASS_ATMOSPHERIC_PRESSURE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_BATTERY,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_BLOOD_GLUCOSE_CONCENTRATION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_CARBON_DIOXIDE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_CARBON_MONOXIDE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_CONDUCTIVITY,
@@ -90,6 +97,7 @@ DEVICE_CLASSES = [
     DEVICE_CLASS_DURATION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_EMPTY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_ENERGY,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_ENERGY_DISTANCE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_ENERGY_STORAGE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_FREQUENCY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_GAS,
@@ -111,6 +119,7 @@ DEVICE_CLASSES = [
     DEVICE_CLASS_PRECIPITATION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_PRECIPITATION_INTENSITY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_PRESSURE,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_REACTIVE_ENERGY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_REACTIVE_POWER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_SIGNAL_STRENGTH,
     DEVICE_CLASS_SOUND_PRESSURE,
@@ -125,6 +134,7 @@ DEVICE_CLASSES = [
     DEVICE_CLASS_VOLUME_STORAGE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_WATER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_WEIGHT,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_WIND_DIRECTION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_WIND_SPEED,
 ]
 IS_PLATFORM_COMPONENT = True

esphome/components/online_image/__init__.py

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class PNGFormat(Format):
 
     def actions(self):
         cg.add_define("USE_ONLINE_IMAGE_PNG_SUPPORT")
-        cg.add_library("pngle", "1.0.2")
+        cg.add_library("pngle", "1.1.0")
 
 
 IMAGE_FORMATS = {

esphome/components/online_image/png_image.cpp

@@ -34,12 +34,32 @@ static void init_callback(pngle_t *pngle, uint32_t w, uint32_t h) {
  * @param h The height of the rectangle to draw.
  * @param rgba The color to paint the rectangle in.
  */
-static void draw_callback(pngle_t *pngle, uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t w, uint32_t h, uint8_t rgba[4]) {
+static void draw_callback(pngle_t *pngle, uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t w, uint32_t h, const uint8_t rgba[4]) {
   PngDecoder *decoder = (PngDecoder *) pngle_get_user_data(pngle);
   Color color(rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2], rgba[3]);
   decoder->draw(x, y, w, h, color);
 }
 
+PngDecoder::PngDecoder(OnlineImage *image) : ImageDecoder(image) {
+  {
+    pngle_t *pngle = this->allocator_.allocate(1, PNGLE_T_SIZE);
+    if (!pngle) {
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to allocate memory for PNGLE engine!");
+      return;
+    }
+    memset(pngle, 0, PNGLE_T_SIZE);
+    pngle_reset(pngle);
+    this->pngle_ = pngle;
+  }
+}
+
+PngDecoder::~PngDecoder() {
+  if (this->pngle_) {
+    pngle_reset(this->pngle_);
+    this->allocator_.deallocate(this->pngle_, PNGLE_T_SIZE);
+  }
+}
+
 int PngDecoder::prepare(size_t download_size) {
   ImageDecoder::prepare(download_size);
   if (!this->pngle_) {

esphome/components/online_image/png_image.h

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "image_decoder.h"
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
+#include "image_decoder.h"
 #ifdef USE_ONLINE_IMAGE_PNG_SUPPORT
 #include <pngle.h>
 
@@ -18,13 +19,14 @@ class PngDecoder : public ImageDecoder {
    *
    * @param display The image to decode the stream into.
    */
-  PngDecoder(OnlineImage *image) : ImageDecoder(image), pngle_(pngle_new()) {}
+  PngDecoder(OnlineImage *image);
-  ~PngDecoder() override { pngle_destroy(this->pngle_); }
+  ~PngDecoder() override;
 
   int prepare(size_t download_size) override;
   int HOT decode(uint8_t *buffer, size_t size) override;
 
  protected:
+  RAMAllocator<pngle_t> allocator_;
   pngle_t *pngle_;
 };
 

esphome/components/opentherm/generate.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
-from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.const import CONF_ID
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def define_setting_readers(component_type: str, keys: list[str]) -> None:
 
 
 def add_messages(hub: cg.MockObj, keys: list[str], schemas: dict[str, TSchema]):
-    messages: dict[str, tuple[bool, Optional[int]]] = {}
+    messages: dict[str, tuple[bool, int | None]] = {}
     for key in keys:
         messages[schemas[key].message] = (
             schemas[key].keep_updated,

esphome/components/opentherm/schema.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # inputs of the OpenTherm component.
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Any, Optional, TypeVar
+from typing import Any, TypeVar
 
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ TSchema = TypeVar("TSchema", bound=EntitySchema)
 class SensorSchema(EntitySchema):
     accuracy_decimals: int
     state_class: str
-    unit_of_measurement: Optional[str] = None
+    unit_of_measurement: str | None = None
-    icon: Optional[str] = None
+    icon: str | None = None
-    device_class: Optional[str] = None
+    device_class: str | None = None
     disabled_by_default: bool = False
-    order: Optional[int] = None
+    order: int | None = None
 
 
 SENSORS: dict[str, SensorSchema] = {
@@ -461,9 +461,9 @@ SENSORS: dict[str, SensorSchema] = {
 
 @dataclass
 class BinarySensorSchema(EntitySchema):
-    icon: Optional[str] = None
+    icon: str | None = None
-    device_class: Optional[str] = None
+    device_class: str | None = None
-    order: Optional[int] = None
+    order: int | None = None
 
 
 BINARY_SENSORS: dict[str, BinarySensorSchema] = {
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ BINARY_SENSORS: dict[str, BinarySensorSchema] = {
 
 @dataclass
 class SwitchSchema(EntitySchema):
-    default_mode: Optional[str] = None
+    default_mode: str | None = None
 
 
 SWITCHES: dict[str, SwitchSchema] = {
@@ -721,9 +721,9 @@ class InputSchema(EntitySchema):
     unit_of_measurement: str
     step: float
     range: tuple[int, int]
-    icon: Optional[str] = None
+    icon: str | None = None
-    auto_max_value: Optional[AutoConfigure] = None
+    auto_max_value: AutoConfigure | None = None
-    auto_min_value: Optional[AutoConfigure] = None
+    auto_min_value: AutoConfigure | None = None
 
 
 INPUTS: dict[str, InputSchema] = {
@@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ class SettingSchema(EntitySchema):
     backing_type: str
     validation_schema: cv.Schema
     default_value: Any
-    order: Optional[int] = None
+    order: int | None = None
 
 
 SETTINGS: dict[str, SettingSchema] = {

esphome/components/opentherm/validate.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Callable
+from collections.abc import Callable
 
 from voluptuous import Schema
 

esphome/components/pmsx003/pmsx003.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "pmsx003.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace pmsx003 {
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ void PMSX003Component::dump_config() {
 }
 
 void PMSX003Component::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
   // If we update less often than it takes the device to stabilise, spin the fan down
   // rather than running it constantly. It does take some time to stabilise, so we

esphome/components/psram/__init__.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import logging
 
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components.esp32 import (
+    CONF_CPU_FREQUENCY,
     CONF_ENABLE_IDF_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES,
     VARIANT_ESP32,
     add_idf_sdkconfig_option,
@@ -50,18 +51,23 @@ SPIRAM_SPEEDS = {
 
 
 def validate_psram_mode(config):
-    if config[CONF_MODE] == TYPE_OCTAL and config[CONF_SPEED] == 120e6:
+    esp32_config = fv.full_config.get()[PLATFORM_ESP32]
-        esp32_config = fv.full_config.get()[PLATFORM_ESP32]
+    if config[CONF_SPEED] == 120e6:
-        if (
+        if esp32_config[CONF_CPU_FREQUENCY] != "240MHZ":
-            esp32_config[CONF_FRAMEWORK]
+            raise cv.Invalid(
-            .get(CONF_ADVANCED, {})
+                "PSRAM 120MHz requires 240MHz CPU frequency (set in esp32 component)"
-            .get(CONF_ENABLE_IDF_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES)
-        ):
-            _LOGGER.warning(
-                "120MHz PSRAM in octal mode is an experimental feature - use at your own risk"
             )
-        else:
+        if config[CONF_MODE] == TYPE_OCTAL:
-            raise cv.Invalid("PSRAM 120MHz is not supported in octal mode")
+            if (
+                esp32_config[CONF_FRAMEWORK]
+                .get(CONF_ADVANCED, {})
+                .get(CONF_ENABLE_IDF_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES)
+            ):
+                _LOGGER.warning(
+                    "120MHz PSRAM in octal mode is an experimental feature - use at your own risk"
+                )
+            else:
+                raise cv.Invalid("PSRAM 120MHz is not supported in octal mode")
     if config[CONF_MODE] != TYPE_OCTAL and config[CONF_ENABLE_ECC]:
         raise cv.Invalid("ECC is only available in octal mode.")
     if config[CONF_MODE] == TYPE_OCTAL:
@@ -112,7 +118,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
         add_idf_sdkconfig_option(f"{SPIRAM_MODES[config[CONF_MODE]]}", True)
         add_idf_sdkconfig_option(f"{SPIRAM_SPEEDS[config[CONF_SPEED]]}", True)
         if config[CONF_MODE] == TYPE_OCTAL and config[CONF_SPEED] == 120e6:
-            add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_ESP_DEFAULT_CPU_FREQ_MHZ_240", True)
+            add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_ESPTOOLPY_FLASHFREQ_120M", True)
             if CORE.data[KEY_CORE][KEY_FRAMEWORK_VERSION] >= cv.Version(5, 4, 0):
                 add_idf_sdkconfig_option(
                     "CONFIG_SPIRAM_TIMING_TUNING_POINT_VIA_TEMPERATURE_SENSOR", True

esphome/components/pzem004t/pzem004t.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "pzem004t.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include <cinttypes>
 
 namespace esphome {
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ void PZEM004T::setup() {
 }
 
 void PZEM004T::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if (now - this->last_read_ > 500 && this->available() < 7) {
     while (this->available())
       this->read();

esphome/components/rf_bridge/rf_bridge.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "rf_bridge.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <cstring>
 
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ void RFBridgeComponent::write_byte_str_(const std::string &codes) {
 }
 
 void RFBridgeComponent::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if (now - this->last_bridge_byte_ > 50) {
     this->rx_buffer_.clear();
     this->last_bridge_byte_ = now;

esphome/components/sds011/sds011.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "sds011.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace sds011 {
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ void SDS011Component::dump_config() {
 }
 
 void SDS011Component::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if ((now - this->last_transmission_ >= 500) && this->data_index_) {
     // last transmission too long ago. Reset RX index.
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Last transmission too long ago. Reset RX index.");

esphome/components/sen5x/sen5x.cpp

@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ static const uint16_t SEN5X_CMD_TEMPERATURE_COMPENSATION = 0x60B2;
 static const uint16_t SEN5X_CMD_VOC_ALGORITHM_STATE = 0x6181;
 static const uint16_t SEN5X_CMD_VOC_ALGORITHM_TUNING = 0x60D0;
 
+static const int8_t SEN5X_INDEX_SCALE_FACTOR = 10;                            // used for VOC and NOx index values
+static const int8_t SEN5X_MIN_INDEX_VALUE = 1 * SEN5X_INDEX_SCALE_FACTOR;     // must be adjusted by the scale factor
+static const int16_t SEN5X_MAX_INDEX_VALUE = 500 * SEN5X_INDEX_SCALE_FACTOR;  // must be adjusted by the scale factor
+
 void SEN5XComponent::setup() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Setting up sen5x...");
 
@@ -88,8 +92,9 @@ void SEN5XComponent::setup() {
           product_name_.push_back(current_char);
           // second char
           current_char = *current_int & 0xFF;
-          if (current_char)
+          if (current_char) {
             product_name_.push_back(current_char);
+          }
         }
         current_int++;
       } while (current_char && --max);
@@ -271,10 +276,10 @@ void SEN5XComponent::dump_config() {
         ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Low RH/T acceleration mode");
         break;
       case MEDIUM_ACCELERATION:
-        ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Medium RH/T accelertion mode");
+        ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Medium RH/T acceleration mode");
         break;
       case HIGH_ACCELERATION:
-        ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  High RH/T accelertion mode");
+        ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  High RH/T acceleration mode");
         break;
     }
   }
@@ -337,47 +342,61 @@ void SEN5XComponent::update() {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "read data error (%d)", this->last_error_);
       return;
     }
-    float pm_1_0 = measurements[0] / 10.0;
-    if (measurements[0] == 0xFFFF)
-      pm_1_0 = NAN;
-    float pm_2_5 = measurements[1] / 10.0;
-    if (measurements[1] == 0xFFFF)
-      pm_2_5 = NAN;
-    float pm_4_0 = measurements[2] / 10.0;
-    if (measurements[2] == 0xFFFF)
-      pm_4_0 = NAN;
-    float pm_10_0 = measurements[3] / 10.0;
-    if (measurements[3] == 0xFFFF)
-      pm_10_0 = NAN;
-    float humidity = measurements[4] / 100.0;
-    if (measurements[4] == 0xFFFF)
-      humidity = NAN;
-    float temperature = (int16_t) measurements[5] / 200.0;
-    if (measurements[5] == 0xFFFF)
-      temperature = NAN;
-    float voc = measurements[6] / 10.0;
-    if (measurements[6] == 0xFFFF)
-      voc = NAN;
-    float nox = measurements[7] / 10.0;
-    if (measurements[7] == 0xFFFF)
-      nox = NAN;
 
-    if (this->pm_1_0_sensor_ != nullptr)
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "pm_1_0 = 0x%.4x", measurements[0]);
+    float pm_1_0 = measurements[0] == UINT16_MAX ? NAN : measurements[0] / 10.0f;
+
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "pm_2_5 = 0x%.4x", measurements[1]);
+    float pm_2_5 = measurements[1] == UINT16_MAX ? NAN : measurements[1] / 10.0f;
+
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "pm_4_0 = 0x%.4x", measurements[2]);
+    float pm_4_0 = measurements[2] == UINT16_MAX ? NAN : measurements[2] / 10.0f;
+
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "pm_10_0 = 0x%.4x", measurements[3]);
+    float pm_10_0 = measurements[3] == UINT16_MAX ? NAN : measurements[3] / 10.0f;
+
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "humidity = 0x%.4x", measurements[4]);
+    float humidity = measurements[4] == INT16_MAX ? NAN : static_cast<int16_t>(measurements[4]) / 100.0f;
+
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "temperature = 0x%.4x", measurements[5]);
+    float temperature = measurements[5] == INT16_MAX ? NAN : static_cast<int16_t>(measurements[5]) / 200.0f;
+
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "voc = 0x%.4x", measurements[6]);
+    int16_t voc_idx = static_cast<int16_t>(measurements[6]);
+    float voc = (voc_idx < SEN5X_MIN_INDEX_VALUE || voc_idx > SEN5X_MAX_INDEX_VALUE)
+                    ? NAN
+                    : static_cast<float>(voc_idx) / 10.0f;
+
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "nox = 0x%.4x", measurements[7]);
+    int16_t nox_idx = static_cast<int16_t>(measurements[7]);
+    float nox = (nox_idx < SEN5X_MIN_INDEX_VALUE || nox_idx > SEN5X_MAX_INDEX_VALUE)
+                    ? NAN
+                    : static_cast<float>(nox_idx) / 10.0f;
+
+    if (this->pm_1_0_sensor_ != nullptr) {
       this->pm_1_0_sensor_->publish_state(pm_1_0);
-    if (this->pm_2_5_sensor_ != nullptr)
+    }
+    if (this->pm_2_5_sensor_ != nullptr) {
       this->pm_2_5_sensor_->publish_state(pm_2_5);
-    if (this->pm_4_0_sensor_ != nullptr)
+    }
+    if (this->pm_4_0_sensor_ != nullptr) {
       this->pm_4_0_sensor_->publish_state(pm_4_0);
-    if (this->pm_10_0_sensor_ != nullptr)
+    }
+    if (this->pm_10_0_sensor_ != nullptr) {
       this->pm_10_0_sensor_->publish_state(pm_10_0);
-    if (this->temperature_sensor_ != nullptr)
+    }
+    if (this->temperature_sensor_ != nullptr) {
       this->temperature_sensor_->publish_state(temperature);
-    if (this->humidity_sensor_ != nullptr)
+    }
+    if (this->humidity_sensor_ != nullptr) {
       this->humidity_sensor_->publish_state(humidity);
-    if (this->voc_sensor_ != nullptr)
+    }
+    if (this->voc_sensor_ != nullptr) {
       this->voc_sensor_->publish_state(voc);
-    if (this->nox_sensor_ != nullptr)
+    }
+    if (this->nox_sensor_ != nullptr) {
       this->nox_sensor_->publish_state(nox);
+    }
     this->status_clear_warning();
   });
 }

esphome/components/sensor/__init__.py

@@ -43,8 +43,10 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_WINDOW_SIZE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_APPARENT_POWER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_AQI,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_AREA,
     DEVICE_CLASS_ATMOSPHERIC_PRESSURE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_BATTERY,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_BLOOD_GLUCOSE_CONCENTRATION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_CARBON_DIOXIDE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_CARBON_MONOXIDE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_CONDUCTIVITY,
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     DEVICE_CLASS_DURATION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_EMPTY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_ENERGY,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_ENERGY_DISTANCE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_ENERGY_STORAGE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_FREQUENCY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_GAS,
@@ -77,6 +80,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     DEVICE_CLASS_PRECIPITATION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_PRECIPITATION_INTENSITY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_PRESSURE,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_REACTIVE_ENERGY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_REACTIVE_POWER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_SIGNAL_STRENGTH,
     DEVICE_CLASS_SOUND_PRESSURE,
@@ -92,6 +96,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     DEVICE_CLASS_VOLUME_STORAGE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_WATER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_WEIGHT,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_WIND_DIRECTION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_WIND_SPEED,
     ENTITY_CATEGORY_CONFIG,
 )
@@ -104,8 +109,10 @@ CODEOWNERS = ["@esphome/core"]
 DEVICE_CLASSES = [
     DEVICE_CLASS_APPARENT_POWER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_AQI,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_AREA,
     DEVICE_CLASS_ATMOSPHERIC_PRESSURE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_BATTERY,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_BLOOD_GLUCOSE_CONCENTRATION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_CARBON_DIOXIDE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_CARBON_MONOXIDE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_CONDUCTIVITY,
@@ -117,6 +124,7 @@ DEVICE_CLASSES = [
     DEVICE_CLASS_DURATION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_EMPTY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_ENERGY,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_ENERGY_DISTANCE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_ENERGY_STORAGE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_FREQUENCY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_GAS,
@@ -138,6 +146,7 @@ DEVICE_CLASSES = [
     DEVICE_CLASS_PRECIPITATION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_PRECIPITATION_INTENSITY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_PRESSURE,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_REACTIVE_ENERGY,
     DEVICE_CLASS_REACTIVE_POWER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_SIGNAL_STRENGTH,
     DEVICE_CLASS_SOUND_PRESSURE,
@@ -153,6 +162,7 @@ DEVICE_CLASSES = [
     DEVICE_CLASS_VOLUME_STORAGE,
     DEVICE_CLASS_WATER,
     DEVICE_CLASS_WEIGHT,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_WIND_DIRECTION,
     DEVICE_CLASS_WIND_SPEED,
 ]