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Eliminate memory fragmentation with BLE event pool (#9101)

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J. Nick Koston 2025-06-18 11:57:49 +02:00 committed by Jesse Hills
parent 68f5144084
commit a1aebe6a2c
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GPG Key ID: BEAAE804EFD8E83A
5 changed files with 288 additions and 141 deletions
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55
esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.cpp
View File

@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
#ifdef USE_ESP32
#include "ble.h"
#include "ble_event_pool.h"
#include "esphome/core/application.h"
#include "esphome/core/log.h"
@ -23,9 +24,6 @@ namespace esp32_ble {
static const char *const TAG = "esp32_ble";
static RAMAllocator<BLEEvent> EVENT_ALLOCATOR( // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
RAMAllocator<BLEEvent>::ALLOW_FAILURE | RAMAllocator<BLEEvent>::ALLOC_INTERNAL);
void ESP32BLE::setup() {
global_ble = this;
ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Running setup");
@ -349,9 +347,8 @@ void ESP32BLE::loop() {
default:
break;
}
// Destructor will clean up external allocations for GATTC/GATTS
ble_event->~BLEEvent();
EVENT_ALLOCATOR.deallocate(ble_event, 1);
// Return the event to the pool
this->ble_event_pool_.release(ble_event);
ble_event = this->ble_events_.pop();
}
if (this->advertising_ != nullptr) {
@ -359,37 +356,41 @@ void ESP32BLE::loop() {
}
// Log dropped events periodically
size_t dropped = this->ble_events_.get_and_reset_dropped_count();
uint16_t dropped = this->ble_events_.get_and_reset_dropped_count();
if (dropped > 0) {
ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Dropped %zu BLE events due to buffer overflow", dropped);
ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Dropped %u BLE events due to buffer overflow", dropped);
}
}
// Helper function to load new event data based on type
void load_ble_event(BLEEvent *event, esp_gap_ble_cb_event_t e, esp_ble_gap_cb_param_t *p) {
event->load_gap_event(e, p);
}
void load_ble_event(BLEEvent *event, esp_gattc_cb_event_t e, esp_gatt_if_t i, esp_ble_gattc_cb_param_t *p) {
event->load_gattc_event(e, i, p);
}
void load_ble_event(BLEEvent *event, esp_gatts_cb_event_t e, esp_gatt_if_t i, esp_ble_gatts_cb_param_t *p) {
event->load_gatts_event(e, i, p);
}
template<typename... Args> void enqueue_ble_event(Args... args) {
// Check if queue is full before allocating
if (global_ble->ble_events_.full()) {
// Queue is full, drop the event
// Allocate an event from the pool
BLEEvent *event = global_ble->ble_event_pool_.allocate();
if (event == nullptr) {
// No events available - queue is full or we're out of memory
global_ble->ble_events_.increment_dropped_count();
return;
}
BLEEvent *new_event = EVENT_ALLOCATOR.allocate(1);
if (new_event == nullptr) {
// Memory too fragmented to allocate new event. Can only drop it until memory comes back
global_ble->ble_events_.increment_dropped_count();
return;
}
new (new_event) BLEEvent(args...);
// Load new event data (replaces previous event)
load_ble_event(event, args...);
// Push the event - since we're the only producer and we checked full() above,
// this should always succeed unless we have a bug
if (!global_ble->ble_events_.push(new_event)) {
// This should not happen in SPSC queue with single producer
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "BLE queue push failed unexpectedly");
new_event->~BLEEvent();
EVENT_ALLOCATOR.deallocate(new_event, 1);
}
} // NOLINT(clang-analyzer-unix.Malloc)
// Push the event to the queue
global_ble->ble_events_.push(event);
// Push always succeeds because we're the only producer and the pool ensures we never exceed queue size
}
// Explicit template instantiations for the friend function
template void enqueue_ble_event(esp_gap_ble_cb_event_t, esp_ble_gap_cb_param_t *);

2
esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.h
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@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
#include "ble_event.h"
#include "ble_event_pool.h"
#include "queue.h"
#ifdef USE_ESP32
@ -148,6 +149,7 @@ class ESP32BLE : public Component {
BLEComponentState state_{BLE_COMPONENT_STATE_OFF};
LockFreeQueue<BLEEvent, MAX_BLE_QUEUE_SIZE> ble_events_;
BLEEventPool<MAX_BLE_QUEUE_SIZE> ble_event_pool_;
BLEAdvertising *advertising_{};
esp_ble_io_cap_t io_cap_{ESP_IO_CAP_NONE};
uint32_t advertising_cycle_time_{};

275
esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble_event.h
View File

@ -51,6 +51,13 @@ static_assert(offsetof(esp_ble_gap_cb_param_t, scan_stop_cmpl.status) ==
// - GATTC/GATTS events: We heap-allocate and copy the entire param struct, ensuring
// the data remains valid even after the BLE callback returns. The original
// param pointer from ESP-IDF is only valid during the callback.
//
// CRITICAL DESIGN NOTE:
// The heap allocations for GATTC/GATTS events are REQUIRED for memory safety.
// DO NOT attempt to optimize by removing these allocations or storing pointers
// to the original ESP-IDF data. The ESP-IDF callback data has a different lifetime
// than our event processing, and accessing it after the callback returns would
// result in use-after-free bugs and crashes.
class BLEEvent {
public:
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-identifier-naming)
@ -63,123 +70,72 @@ class BLEEvent {
// Constructor for GAP events - no external allocations needed
BLEEvent(esp_gap_ble_cb_event_t e, esp_ble_gap_cb_param_t *p) {
this->type_ = GAP;
this->event_.gap.gap_event = e;
if (p == nullptr) {
return; // Invalid event, but we can't log in header file
}
// Only copy the data we actually use for each GAP event type
switch (e) {
case ESP_GAP_BLE_SCAN_RESULT_EVT:
// Copy only the fields we use from scan results
memcpy(this->event_.gap.scan_result.bda, p->scan_rst.bda, sizeof(esp_bd_addr_t));
this->event_.gap.scan_result.ble_addr_type = p->scan_rst.ble_addr_type;
this->event_.gap.scan_result.rssi = p->scan_rst.rssi;
this->event_.gap.scan_result.adv_data_len = p->scan_rst.adv_data_len;
this->event_.gap.scan_result.scan_rsp_len = p->scan_rst.scan_rsp_len;
this->event_.gap.scan_result.search_evt = p->scan_rst.search_evt;
memcpy(this->event_.gap.scan_result.ble_adv, p->scan_rst.ble_adv,
ESP_BLE_ADV_DATA_LEN_MAX + ESP_BLE_SCAN_RSP_DATA_LEN_MAX);
break;
case ESP_GAP_BLE_SCAN_PARAM_SET_COMPLETE_EVT:
this->event_.gap.scan_complete.status = p->scan_param_cmpl.status;
break;
case ESP_GAP_BLE_SCAN_START_COMPLETE_EVT:
this->event_.gap.scan_complete.status = p->scan_start_cmpl.status;
break;
case ESP_GAP_BLE_SCAN_STOP_COMPLETE_EVT:
this->event_.gap.scan_complete.status = p->scan_stop_cmpl.status;
break;
default:
// We only handle 4 GAP event types, others are dropped
break;
}
this->init_gap_data_(e, p);
}
// Constructor for GATTC events - uses heap allocation
// Creates a copy of the param struct since the original is only valid during the callback
// IMPORTANT: The heap allocation is REQUIRED and must not be removed as an optimization.
// The param pointer from ESP-IDF is only valid during the callback execution.
// Since BLE events are processed asynchronously in the main loop, we must create
// our own copy to ensure the data remains valid until the event is processed.
BLEEvent(esp_gattc_cb_event_t e, esp_gatt_if_t i, esp_ble_gattc_cb_param_t *p) {
this->type_ = GATTC;
this->event_.gattc.gattc_event = e;
this->event_.gattc.gattc_if = i;
if (p == nullptr) {
this->event_.gattc.gattc_param = nullptr;
this->event_.gattc.data = nullptr;
return; // Invalid event, but we can't log in header file
}
// Heap-allocate param and data
// Heap allocation is used because GATTC/GATTS events are rare (<1% of events)
// while GAP events (99%) are stored inline to minimize memory usage
this->event_.gattc.gattc_param = new esp_ble_gattc_cb_param_t(*p);
// Copy data for events that need it
switch (e) {
case ESP_GATTC_NOTIFY_EVT:
this->event_.gattc.data = new std::vector<uint8_t>(p->notify.value, p->notify.value + p->notify.value_len);
this->event_.gattc.gattc_param->notify.value = this->event_.gattc.data->data();
break;
case ESP_GATTC_READ_CHAR_EVT:
case ESP_GATTC_READ_DESCR_EVT:
this->event_.gattc.data = new std::vector<uint8_t>(p->read.value, p->read.value + p->read.value_len);
this->event_.gattc.gattc_param->read.value = this->event_.gattc.data->data();
break;
default:
this->event_.gattc.data = nullptr;
break;
}
this->init_gattc_data_(e, i, p);
}
// Constructor for GATTS events - uses heap allocation
// Creates a copy of the param struct since the original is only valid during the callback
// IMPORTANT: The heap allocation is REQUIRED and must not be removed as an optimization.
// The param pointer from ESP-IDF is only valid during the callback execution.
// Since BLE events are processed asynchronously in the main loop, we must create
// our own copy to ensure the data remains valid until the event is processed.
BLEEvent(esp_gatts_cb_event_t e, esp_gatt_if_t i, esp_ble_gatts_cb_param_t *p) {
this->type_ = GATTS;
this->event_.gatts.gatts_event = e;
this->event_.gatts.gatts_if = i;
if (p == nullptr) {
this->event_.gatts.gatts_param = nullptr;
this->event_.gatts.data = nullptr;
return; // Invalid event, but we can't log in header file
}
// Heap-allocate param and data
// Heap allocation is used because GATTC/GATTS events are rare (<1% of events)
// while GAP events (99%) are stored inline to minimize memory usage
this->event_.gatts.gatts_param = new esp_ble_gatts_cb_param_t(*p);
// Copy data for events that need it
switch (e) {
case ESP_GATTS_WRITE_EVT:
this->event_.gatts.data = new std::vector<uint8_t>(p->write.value, p->write.value + p->write.len);
this->event_.gatts.gatts_param->write.value = this->event_.gatts.data->data();
break;
default:
this->event_.gatts.data = nullptr;
break;
}
this->init_gatts_data_(e, i, p);
}
// Destructor to clean up heap allocations
~BLEEvent() {
switch (this->type_) {
case GATTC:
delete this->event_.gattc.gattc_param;
delete this->event_.gattc.data;
break;
case GATTS:
delete this->event_.gatts.gatts_param;
delete this->event_.gatts.data;
break;
default:
break;
~BLEEvent() { this->cleanup_heap_data(); }
// Default constructor for pre-allocation in pool
BLEEvent() : type_(GAP) {}
// Clean up any heap-allocated data
void cleanup_heap_data() {
if (this->type_ == GAP) {
return;
}
if (this->type_ == GATTC) {
delete this->event_.gattc.gattc_param;
delete this->event_.gattc.data;
this->event_.gattc.gattc_param = nullptr;
this->event_.gattc.data = nullptr;
return;
}
if (this->type_ == GATTS) {
delete this->event_.gatts.gatts_param;
delete this->event_.gatts.data;
this->event_.gatts.gatts_param = nullptr;
this->event_.gatts.data = nullptr;
}
}
// Load new event data for reuse (replaces previous event data)
void load_gap_event(esp_gap_ble_cb_event_t e, esp_ble_gap_cb_param_t *p) {
this->cleanup_heap_data();
this->type_ = GAP;
this->init_gap_data_(e, p);
}
void load_gattc_event(esp_gattc_cb_event_t e, esp_gatt_if_t i, esp_ble_gattc_cb_param_t *p) {
this->cleanup_heap_data();
this->type_ = GATTC;
this->init_gattc_data_(e, i, p);
}
void load_gatts_event(esp_gatts_cb_event_t e, esp_gatt_if_t i, esp_ble_gatts_cb_param_t *p) {
this->cleanup_heap_data();
this->type_ = GATTS;
this->init_gatts_data_(e, i, p);
}
// Disable copy to prevent double-delete
@ -224,6 +180,119 @@ class BLEEvent {
esp_gap_ble_cb_event_t gap_event_type() const { return event_.gap.gap_event; }
const BLEScanResult &scan_result() const { return event_.gap.scan_result; }
esp_bt_status_t scan_complete_status() const { return event_.gap.scan_complete.status; }
private:
// Initialize GAP event data
void init_gap_data_(esp_gap_ble_cb_event_t e, esp_ble_gap_cb_param_t *p) {
this->event_.gap.gap_event = e;
if (p == nullptr) {
return; // Invalid event, but we can't log in header file
}
// Copy data based on event type
switch (e) {
case ESP_GAP_BLE_SCAN_RESULT_EVT:
memcpy(this->event_.gap.scan_result.bda, p->scan_rst.bda, sizeof(esp_bd_addr_t));
this->event_.gap.scan_result.ble_addr_type = p->scan_rst.ble_addr_type;
this->event_.gap.scan_result.rssi = p->scan_rst.rssi;
this->event_.gap.scan_result.adv_data_len = p->scan_rst.adv_data_len;
this->event_.gap.scan_result.scan_rsp_len = p->scan_rst.scan_rsp_len;
this->event_.gap.scan_result.search_evt = p->scan_rst.search_evt;
memcpy(this->event_.gap.scan_result.ble_adv, p->scan_rst.ble_adv,
ESP_BLE_ADV_DATA_LEN_MAX + ESP_BLE_SCAN_RSP_DATA_LEN_MAX);
break;
case ESP_GAP_BLE_SCAN_PARAM_SET_COMPLETE_EVT:
this->event_.gap.scan_complete.status = p->scan_param_cmpl.status;
break;
case ESP_GAP_BLE_SCAN_START_COMPLETE_EVT:
this->event_.gap.scan_complete.status = p->scan_start_cmpl.status;
break;
case ESP_GAP_BLE_SCAN_STOP_COMPLETE_EVT:
this->event_.gap.scan_complete.status = p->scan_stop_cmpl.status;
break;
default:
// We only handle 4 GAP event types, others are dropped
break;
}
}
// Initialize GATTC event data
void init_gattc_data_(esp_gattc_cb_event_t e, esp_gatt_if_t i, esp_ble_gattc_cb_param_t *p) {
this->event_.gattc.gattc_event = e;
this->event_.gattc.gattc_if = i;
if (p == nullptr) {
this->event_.gattc.gattc_param = nullptr;
this->event_.gattc.data = nullptr;
return; // Invalid event, but we can't log in header file
}
// Heap-allocate param and data
// Heap allocation is used because GATTC/GATTS events are rare (<1% of events)
// while GAP events (99%) are stored inline to minimize memory usage
// IMPORTANT: This heap allocation provides clear ownership semantics:
// - The BLEEvent owns the allocated memory for its lifetime
// - The data remains valid from the BLE callback context until processed in the main loop
// - Without this copy, we'd have use-after-free bugs as ESP-IDF reuses the callback memory
this->event_.gattc.gattc_param = new esp_ble_gattc_cb_param_t(*p);
// Copy data for events that need it
// The param struct contains pointers (e.g., notify.value) that point to temporary buffers.
// We must copy this data to ensure it remains valid when the event is processed later.
switch (e) {
case ESP_GATTC_NOTIFY_EVT:
this->event_.gattc.data = new std::vector<uint8_t>(p->notify.value, p->notify.value + p->notify.value_len);
this->event_.gattc.gattc_param->notify.value = this->event_.gattc.data->data();
break;
case ESP_GATTC_READ_CHAR_EVT:
case ESP_GATTC_READ_DESCR_EVT:
this->event_.gattc.data = new std::vector<uint8_t>(p->read.value, p->read.value + p->read.value_len);
this->event_.gattc.gattc_param->read.value = this->event_.gattc.data->data();
break;
default:
this->event_.gattc.data = nullptr;
break;
}
}
// Initialize GATTS event data
void init_gatts_data_(esp_gatts_cb_event_t e, esp_gatt_if_t i, esp_ble_gatts_cb_param_t *p) {
this->event_.gatts.gatts_event = e;
this->event_.gatts.gatts_if = i;
if (p == nullptr) {
this->event_.gatts.gatts_param = nullptr;
this->event_.gatts.data = nullptr;
return; // Invalid event, but we can't log in header file
}
// Heap-allocate param and data
// Heap allocation is used because GATTC/GATTS events are rare (<1% of events)
// while GAP events (99%) are stored inline to minimize memory usage
// IMPORTANT: This heap allocation provides clear ownership semantics:
// - The BLEEvent owns the allocated memory for its lifetime
// - The data remains valid from the BLE callback context until processed in the main loop
// - Without this copy, we'd have use-after-free bugs as ESP-IDF reuses the callback memory
this->event_.gatts.gatts_param = new esp_ble_gatts_cb_param_t(*p);
// Copy data for events that need it
// The param struct contains pointers (e.g., write.value) that point to temporary buffers.
// We must copy this data to ensure it remains valid when the event is processed later.
switch (e) {
case ESP_GATTS_WRITE_EVT:
this->event_.gatts.data = new std::vector<uint8_t>(p->write.value, p->write.value + p->write.len);
this->event_.gatts.gatts_param->write.value = this->event_.gatts.data->data();
break;
default:
this->event_.gatts.data = nullptr;
break;
}
}
};
// BLEEvent total size: 84 bytes (80 byte union + 1 byte type + 3 bytes padding)

72
esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble_event_pool.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
#pragma once
#ifdef USE_ESP32
#include <atomic>
#include <cstddef>
#include "ble_event.h"
#include "queue.h"
#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
namespace esphome {
namespace esp32_ble {
// BLE Event Pool - On-demand pool of BLEEvent objects to avoid heap fragmentation
// Events are allocated on first use and reused thereafter, growing to peak usage
template<uint8_t SIZE> class BLEEventPool {
public:
BLEEventPool() : total_created_(0) {}
~BLEEventPool() {
// Clean up any remaining events in the free list
BLEEvent *event;
while ((event = this->free_list_.pop()) != nullptr) {
delete event;
}
}
// Allocate an event from the pool
// Returns nullptr if pool is full
BLEEvent *allocate() {
// Try to get from free list first
BLEEvent *event = this->free_list_.pop();
if (event != nullptr)
return event;
// Need to create a new event
if (this->total_created_ >= SIZE) {
// Pool is at capacity
return nullptr;
}
// Use internal RAM for better performance
RAMAllocator<BLEEvent> allocator(RAMAllocator<BLEEvent>::ALLOC_INTERNAL);
event = allocator.allocate(1);
if (event == nullptr) {
// Memory allocation failed
return nullptr;
}
// Placement new to construct the object
new (event) BLEEvent();
this->total_created_++;
return event;
}
// Return an event to the pool for reuse
void release(BLEEvent *event) {
if (event != nullptr) {
this->free_list_.push(event);
}
}
private:
LockFreeQueue<BLEEvent, SIZE> free_list_; // Free events ready for reuse
uint8_t total_created_; // Total events created (high water mark)
};
} // namespace esp32_ble
} // namespace esphome
#endif

25
esphome/components/esp32_ble/queue.h
View File

@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
namespace esphome {
namespace esp32_ble {
template<class T, size_t SIZE> class LockFreeQueue {
template<class T, uint8_t SIZE> class LockFreeQueue {
public:
LockFreeQueue() : head_(0), tail_(0), dropped_count_(0) {}
@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ template<class T, size_t SIZE> class LockFreeQueue {
if (element == nullptr)
return false;
size_t current_tail = tail_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
size_t next_tail = (current_tail + 1) % SIZE;
uint8_t current_tail = tail_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
uint8_t next_tail = (current_tail + 1) % SIZE;
if (next_tail == head_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
// Buffer full
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ template<class T, size_t SIZE> class LockFreeQueue {
}
T *pop() {
size_t current_head = head_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
uint8_t current_head = head_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
if (current_head == tail_.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
return nullptr; // Empty
@ -53,27 +53,30 @@ template<class T, size_t SIZE> class LockFreeQueue {
}
size_t size() const {
size_t tail = tail_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
size_t head = head_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
uint8_t tail = tail_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
uint8_t head = head_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
return (tail - head + SIZE) % SIZE;
}
size_t get_and_reset_dropped_count() { return dropped_count_.exchange(0, std::memory_order_relaxed); }
uint16_t get_and_reset_dropped_count() { return dropped_count_.exchange(0, std::memory_order_relaxed); }
void increment_dropped_count() { dropped_count_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed); }
bool empty() const { return head_.load(std::memory_order_acquire) == tail_.load(std::memory_order_acquire); }
bool full() const {
size_t next_tail = (tail_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) + 1) % SIZE;
uint8_t next_tail = (tail_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) + 1) % SIZE;
return next_tail == head_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
}
protected:
T *buffer_[SIZE];
std::atomic<size_t> head_;
std::atomic<size_t> tail_;
std::atomic<size_t> dropped_count_;
// Atomic: written by producer (push/increment), read+reset by consumer (get_and_reset)
std::atomic<uint16_t> dropped_count_; // 65535 max - more than enough for drop tracking
// Atomic: written by consumer (pop), read by producer (push) to check if full
std::atomic<uint8_t> head_;
// Atomic: written by producer (push), read by consumer (pop) to check if empty
std::atomic<uint8_t> tail_;
};
} // namespace esp32_ble