diff --git a/convert/convert_qwen25vl.go b/convert/convert_qwen25vl.go
index e5a3b869f..ab1e27890 100644
--- a/convert/convert_qwen25vl.go
+++ b/convert/convert_qwen25vl.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ type qwen25VLModel struct {
 	RMSNormEPS            float32 `json:"rms_norm_eps"`
 
 	VisionModel struct {
+		SpatialMergeSize uint32 `json:"spatial_merge_size"` // TODO: is this set?
 	} `json:"vision_config"`
 }
 
diff --git a/kvcache/causal_test.go b/kvcache/causal_test.go
index 566724fe3..5daec7669 100644
--- a/kvcache/causal_test.go
+++ b/kvcache/causal_test.go
@@ -570,6 +570,10 @@ func (t *testTensor) Add(ctx ml.Context, t2 ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
 	return out
 }
 
+func (t *testTensor) Div(ctx ml.Context, t2 ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
 func (t *testTensor) Mul(ctx ml.Context, t2 ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
 	panic("not implemented")
 }
@@ -625,6 +629,10 @@ func (t *testTensor) Tanh(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
 	panic("not implemented")
 }
 
+func (t *testTensor) Exp(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
 func (t *testTensor) Cos(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor  { panic("not implemented") }
 func (t *testTensor) Sin(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor  { panic("not implemented") }
 func (t *testTensor) GELU(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor { panic("not implemented") }
diff --git a/ml/backend.go b/ml/backend.go
index e4c90c5e7..e1b763977 100644
--- a/ml/backend.go
+++ b/ml/backend.go
@@ -178,6 +178,8 @@ type Tensor interface {
 
 	Neg(ctx Context) Tensor
 	Add(ctx Context, t2 Tensor) Tensor
+	// Div computes the element-wise division (t1 / t2) for all values in the tensor
+	Div(ctx Context, t2 Tensor) Tensor
 	Mul(ctx Context, t2 Tensor) Tensor
 	Mulmat(ctx Context, t2 Tensor) Tensor
 	MulmatFullPrec(ctx Context, t2 Tensor) Tensor
@@ -198,6 +200,8 @@ type Tensor interface {
 	Sin(ctx Context) Tensor
 	Cos(ctx Context) Tensor
 	Tanh(ctx Context) Tensor
+	// Exp computes the element-wise exponential (e^t) for all values in the tensor
+	Exp(ctx Context) Tensor
 	GELU(ctx Context) Tensor
 	SILU(ctx Context) Tensor
 	Sigmoid(ctx Context) Tensor
diff --git a/ml/backend/ggml/ggml.go b/ml/backend/ggml/ggml.go
index fa7bee7e7..da9e72c2f 100644
--- a/ml/backend/ggml/ggml.go
+++ b/ml/backend/ggml/ggml.go
@@ -860,6 +860,13 @@ func (t *Tensor) Contiguous(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
 	}
 }
 
+func (t *Tensor) Div(ctx ml.Context, t2 ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
+	return &Tensor{
+		b: t.b,
+		t: C.ggml_div(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, t2.(*Tensor).t),
+	}
+}
+
 func (t *Tensor) Mul(ctx ml.Context, t2 ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
 	return &Tensor{
 		b: t.b,
@@ -1017,6 +1024,13 @@ func (t *Tensor) Sigmoid(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
 	}
 }
 
+func (t *Tensor) Exp(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
+	return &Tensor{
+		b: t.b,
+		t: C.ggml_exp_inplace(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t),
+	}
+}
+
 func (t *Tensor) Unpad(ctx ml.Context, shape ...int) ml.Tensor {
 	if len(shape) != 4 {
 		panic("expected 4 dimensions")
diff --git a/model/models/qwen25vl/model.go b/model/models/qwen25vl/model.go
index 3b5d7a924..1f30187ff 100644
--- a/model/models/qwen25vl/model.go
+++ b/model/models/qwen25vl/model.go
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func (m *Model) EncodeMultimodal(ctx ml.Context, multimodalData []byte) (any, er
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create tensor from image: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	visionOutputs := m.VisionModel.Forward(ctx, pixelValues)
+	visionOutputs := m.VisionModel.Forward(ctx, pixelValues, grid)
 	visionOutputs = m.PatchMerger.Forward(ctx, visionOutputs, m.VisionModel.eps)
 
 	return &imageFeatures{
diff --git a/model/models/qwen25vl/model_vision.go b/model/models/qwen25vl/model_vision.go
index eed401841..da3f1b7a0 100644
--- a/model/models/qwen25vl/model_vision.go
+++ b/model/models/qwen25vl/model_vision.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package qwen25vl
 
 import (
 	"math"
+	"slices"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
@@ -166,6 +167,121 @@ func (pm *VisionPatchMerger) Forward(ctx ml.Context, x ml.Tensor, outDim, contex
 	return x
 }
 
+func rope(ctx ml.Context, grid *Grid) ml.Tensor {
+	dim := 80 / 2             // TODO: get this from config
+	theta := float64(10000.0) // TODO: get this from config ropeTheta
+	merge := 2                // Merging factor for spatial dimensions
+
+	// Calculate inverse frequencies for rotation
+	inv := freqInv(ctx, dim, theta)
+
+	// Generate and stack position IDs for height and width dimensions
+	hPos := heightPos(ctx, grid, merge)
+	wPos := widthPos(ctx, grid, merge)
+	// Reshape both and stack them
+	tmp := hPos.Reshape(ctx, 1, hPos.Dim(0))
+	pos := tmp.Stack(ctx, 0, wPos.Reshape(ctx, 1, wPos.Dim(0)))
+
+	// Generate rotary embeddings
+	return rotEmbed(ctx, inv, grid.Width, pos)
+}
+
+// freqInv calculates the inverse frequencies for rotary embeddings
+func freqInv(ctx ml.Context, dim int, theta float64) ml.Tensor {
+	logBase, err := ctx.Input().FromFloatSlice([]float32{float32(math.Log(theta))}, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err) // TODO: handle error
+	}
+
+	// Create powers divided by dimension (0, 2, 4, ..., dim-2) / dim
+	powers := ctx.Arange(0, float32(dim), 2, ml.DTypeF32)
+	dims, err := ctx.Input().FromFloatSlice([]float32{float32(dim)}, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err) // TODO: handle error
+	}
+	powers = powers.Div(ctx, dims)
+
+	// Calculate inverse frequencies: 1 / (theta ^ (powers/dim))
+	dims = powers.Mul(ctx, logBase).Exp(ctx)
+	ones, err := ctx.Input().FromFloatSlice(slices.Repeat([]float32{1.0}, dims.Shape()[0]), dims.Shape()...)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err) // TODO: handle error
+	}
+	return ones.Div(ctx, dims)
+}
+
+// heightPos generates position IDs for the height dimension
+func heightPos(ctx ml.Context, grid *Grid, merge int) ml.Tensor {
+	// Create a slice where each row contains the same height value repeated width times
+	data := make([]float32, 0, grid.Height*grid.Width)
+	for i := 0; i < grid.Height; i++ {
+		data = append(data, slices.Repeat([]float32{float32(i)}, grid.Width)...)
+	}
+
+	// Create pos with shape [height, width]
+	pos, err := ctx.Input().FromFloatSlice(data, grid.Height, grid.Width)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	// Reshape and permute for spatial merging
+	pos = pos.Reshape(
+		ctx,
+		merge,
+		grid.Width/merge,
+		merge,
+		grid.Height/merge,
+	)
+	pos = pos.Permute(ctx, 0, 2, 1, 3).Contiguous(ctx)
+
+	// Flatten to 1D tensor
+	return pos.Reshape(ctx, pos.Dim(0)*pos.Dim(1)*pos.Dim(2)*pos.Dim(3))
+}
+
+// widthPos generates position IDs for the width dimension
+func widthPos(ctx ml.Context, grid *Grid, merge int) ml.Tensor {
+	// Create a slice containing width values in column-major order
+	data := make([]float32, 0, grid.Height*grid.Width)
+	for i := 0; i < grid.Height; i++ {
+		for j := 0; j < grid.Width; j++ {
+			data = append(data, float32(j))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Create pos with shape [width, height]
+	pos, err := ctx.Input().FromFloatSlice(data, grid.Width, grid.Height)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	// Reshape and permute for spatial merging
+	pos = pos.Reshape(
+		ctx,
+		merge,
+		grid.Width/merge,
+		merge,
+		grid.Height/merge,
+	)
+	pos = pos.Permute(ctx, 0, 2, 1, 3).Contiguous(ctx)
+
+	// Flatten to 1D tensor
+	return pos.Reshape(ctx, pos.Dim(0)*pos.Dim(1)*pos.Dim(2)*pos.Dim(3))
+}
+
+// rotEmbed generates rotary embeddings using inverse frequencies and position IDs
+func rotEmbed(ctx ml.Context, freqInv ml.Tensor, maxSize int, pos ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
+	// Create sequence tensor [0, 1, 2, ..., maxGridSize-1]
+	seq := ctx.Arange(0, float32(maxSize), 1, ml.DTypeF32)
+
+	// Reshape for matrix multiplication and calculate outer product
+	outer := freqInv.Reshape(ctx, 1, freqInv.Shape()[0]).Mulmat(ctx, seq.Reshape(ctx, 1, maxSize))
+
+	// Flatten position IDs and use as indices to select rows from outer product
+	return outer.Rows(ctx, pos.Reshape(ctx, pos.Dim(0)*pos.Dim(1)))
+
+	// TODO: index position IDs and flatten
+}
+
 // VisionModel implements the Qwen vision model
 type VisionModel struct {
 	PatchEmbedding *PatchEmbedding
@@ -178,11 +294,6 @@ type VisionModel struct {
 
 // Forward computes the vision model for an input tensor
 func (m *VisionModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, pixelValues ml.Tensor, grid *Grid) ml.Tensor {
-	// Calculate position IDs for 2D RoPE
-	numPatchesH := pixelValues.Dim(0) / m.patchSize
-	numPatchesW := pixelValues.Dim(1) / m.patchSize
-	numPatches := numPatchesH * numPatchesW
-
 	// Extract patch embeddings
 	hiddenStates := m.PatchEmbedding.Forward(
 		ctx,
@@ -192,32 +303,18 @@ func (m *VisionModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, pixelValues ml.Tensor, grid *Grid)
 		m.patchSize,   // patch size, e.g., 14
 	)
 
-	// Create position IDs - for Qwen2VL mRoPE we need 4 values per position
-	positions := make([]int32, numPatches*4)
+	rope := rope(ctx, grid)
 
-	for h := 0; h < numPatchesH; h++ {
-		for w := 0; w < numPatchesW; w++ {
-			idx := h*numPatchesW + w
-			// For each position, store both h and w coordinates twice
-			positions[idx*4] = int32(h)   // y coordinate
-			positions[idx*4+1] = int32(w) // x coordinate
-			positions[idx*4+2] = int32(h) // y coordinate (repeated)
-			positions[idx*4+3] = int32(w) // x coordinate (repeated)
-		}
-	}
+	// spatialMergeSize := 2 // TODO: get this from config
+	// // Create the position IDs tensor with correct dimensions
+	// positions := []int32{}
 
-	// Create the position IDs tensor with correct dimensions
-	positionIDs, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(positions, numPatches*4)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
+	// // Apply encoder layers
+	// for _, layer := range m.Layers {
+	// 	hiddenStates = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, positionIDs, m.VisionModelOptions)
+	// }
 
-	// Apply encoder layers
-	for _, layer := range m.Layers {
-		hiddenStates = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, positionIDs, m.VisionModelOptions)
-	}
-
-	hiddenStates = m.PostLayerNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, m.eps)
+	// hiddenStates = m.PostLayerNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenStates, m.eps)
 	return hiddenStates
 }