Merge pull request #5048 from wled/V5-C6

🚀 Add new MCU support (-C6,-C5,-P4) to the ESP-IDF V5 builds

.coderabbit.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+# yaml-language-server: $schema=https://coderabbit.ai/integrations/schema.v2.json
+#
+# CodeRabbit configuration — references existing guideline files to avoid
+# duplicating conventions.  See:
+#   .github/copilot-instructions.md   — project overview & general rules
+#   docs/cpp.instructions.md          — C++ coding conventions
+#   docs/web.instructions.md          — Web UI coding conventions
+#   docs/cicd.instructions.md         — GitHub Actions / CI-CD conventions
+#   docs/hardening.instructions.md    — basic rules for code hardening and robustness
+#   docs/securecode.instructions.md   — more detailed checklists for common vulnerabilities
+#
+# NOTE: This file must be committed (tracked by git) for CodeRabbit to read
+# it from the repository.  If it is listed in .gitignore, CodeRabbit will
+# not see it and these settings will have no effect.
+
+language: en-US
+
+reviews:
+  # generic review setting, see https://docs.coderabbit.ai/reference/configuration#reference
+  auto_apply_labels: false
+  # abort_on_close: false
+  high_level_summary: true
+  review_status: true
+  collapse_walkthrough: false
+  poem: false
+  # sequence_diagrams: false
+  auto_review:
+    enabled: true
+    base_branches:
+      - main
+      - 16_x
+      - 0_15_x
+      - V5
+    ignore_title_keywords:
+      - WIP
+  tools:
+    fbinfer:
+      enabled: false   # Arduino.h not available on Linux analysis host
+    cppcheck:
+      enabled: true    # cppcheck works fine without Arduino headers
+    clang:
+      enabled: true    # clang tidy likewise works
+
+  path_instructions:
+    - path: "**/*.{cpp,h,hpp,ino}"
+      instructions: >
+        Follow the C++ coding conventions documented in docs/cpp.instructions.md
+        and the general project guidelines in AGENTS.md and .github/copilot-instructions.md.
+
+        Key rules: 2-space indentation (no tabs), camelCase functions/variables,
+        PascalCase classes, UPPER_CASE macros. No C++ exceptions — use return codes and debug macros.
+
+        Hot-path optimization guidelines (attributes, uint_fast types, caching,
+        unsigned range checks) apply from pixel set/get operations and strip.show() downward —
+        NOT to effect functions in FX.cpp, which have diverse contributor styles.
+
+        When reviewing PRs labeled "AI" or when source code appears to be AI-generated, perform these additional checks:
+        1. VERIFY all referenced preprocessor macros, constants and flags exist by searching the codebase - do not trust the AI's claims about what exists.
+        2. CHECK for reinvention: search for existing functions/patterns that already solve the same problem.
+        3. CHECK for singleton data (defined but never used) and for dead/disabled code, and suggest to remove them.
+        4. VERIFY comments match code behavior - AI frequently generates plausible but incorrect comments.
+        5. VERIFY numerical stability / accuracy of arithmetic expressions. AI is often wrong when it comes to math and numbers.
+        6. CHECK for implied but weakly justified assumptions - like usermod loop() call frequency - and ask for clarification.
+        7. FLAG changes that appear unrelated: deleted comments, unnecessary re-formatting or re-factoring, and modifications in files that seem unrelated to the PR description.
+
+    # ── Security hardening — firmware (trust-boundary-aware) ────────────────
+    - path: "wled00/**/*.{cpp,h,hpp,ino}"
+      instructions: >
+        Apply the WLED security hardening rules from docs/hardening.instructions.md,
+        and consult docs/securecode.instructions.md when more details are needed for actionable recommendations.
+
+        Trust Boundary Model — enforce input-validation and bounds-checking rules
+        ONLY at the first untrusted ingress point. Untrusted ingress points are:
+          - HTTP/JSON API request bodies and query parameters (/json/*, /win, etc.)
+          - WebSocket message payloads
+          - UDP datagrams (parsePacket() / recvfrom() and protocol wrappers for
+            E1.31, DDP, Art-Net, TPM2.net)
+          - TCP socket reads
+          - Serial/UART command input
+          - ESP-NOW raw messages input
+
+        A value that has been validated and range-clamped at its ingress handler is
+        considered TRUSTED for all subsequent WLED core processing. Do NOT flag or suggest
+        repeated bounds/range checks or internal uses of already-sanitized data.
+        When it is unclear whether a value has been sanitized upstream, prefer
+        requesting clarification over raising a false-positive finding.
+
+    - path: "wled00/data/**"
+      instructions: >
+        Follow the web UI conventions documented in docs/web.instructions.md.
+
+        Key rules: indent HTML and JavaScript with tabs, CSS with tabs.
+        Files here are built into wled00/html_*.h and wled00/js_*.h by tools/cdata.js — never
+        edit those generated headers directly.
+
+    # ── Security hardening — WebUI (always an ingress/output surface) ────────
+    - path: "wled00/data/**"
+      instructions: >
+        Apply the WLED web UI security rules from docs/securecode.instructions.md
+        (sections WEB1-WEB7).
+
+        The Trust Boundary Model does NOT reduce scope here: the WebUI is both
+        an ingress point (user input, postMessage, fetched config data) and an
+        output/rendering surface. Always flag DOM XSS risks, unsafe
+        innerHTML / document.write / insertAdjacentHTML / outerHTML assignments,
+        postMessage handlers without origin validation, eval() / new Function(),
+        unsafe location.href or location.replace() assignments, and DOM insertion
+        from fetched or config-derived data — regardless of where the data
+        originates.
+
+    - path: "wled00/html_*.h"
+      instructions: >
+        These files are auto-generated from wled00/data/ by tools/cdata.js.
+        They must never be manually edited or committed. Flag any PR that
+        includes changes to these files.
+
+    - path: "wled00/js_*.h"
+      instructions: >
+        These files are auto-generated from wled00/data/ by tools/cdata.js.
+        They must never be manually edited or committed. Flag any PR that
+        includes changes to these files.
+
+    - path: "usermods/**"
+      instructions: >
+        Usermods are community add-ons.
+        Each usermod lives in its own directory under usermods/ and is implemented
+        as a .cpp file with a dedicated library.json file to manage dependencies. 
+        Follow the same C++ conventions as the core firmware (docs/cpp.instructions.md).
+
+    # ── Security hardening — usermods (trust-boundary-aware, narrow scope) ───
+    - path: "usermods/**/*.{cpp,h,hpp}"
+      instructions: >
+        For usermods, the untrusted ingress points are:
+          - readFromConfig(JsonObject& root) and calls to getJsonValue()
+          - readFromJsonState(JsonObject& obj)  — JSON is parsed, but values are client-supplied
+          - onMqttMessage(char* topic, char* payload)  — raw network strings, no core sanitization
+          - onEspNowMessage(uint8_t* sender, uint8_t* payload, uint8_t len)  — raw radio bytes
+          - onUdpPacket(uint8_t* payload, size_t len)  — raw UDP buffer, no core filtering
+        Values retrieved at these ingress points are considered trusted only after the
+        usermod itself has validated and range-clamped them.
+
+        Flag ONLY downstream uses of ingress-derived values where an out-of-range or
+        unexpected value can cause misbehaviour that is not already guarded, for example:
+          - `switch` statements on an ingress-derived value with no `default` branch,
+            or with a missing `break` where fall-through is unintentional
+          - array or buffer indexing with an ingress-derived value where the index is
+            not clamped before use
+          - arithmetic with an ingress-derived value that can overflow or produce a
+            negative result used as a size or count
+
+        Do NOT flag:
+          - getJsonValue() call sites themselves (type coercion is handled by ArduinoJson)
+          - Internal logic that operates on values already confirmed safe at ingress
+          - Repeated range checks on values that have already been clamped
+          - General memory-safety patterns unrelated to ingress-derived data flow
+
+    - path: ".github/workflows/*.{yml,yaml}"
+      instructions: >
+        Follow the CI/CD conventions documented in docs/cicd.instructions.md.
+
+        Key rules: 2-space indentation, descriptive name: on every workflow/job/step.
+        Third-party actions must be pinned to a specific version tag — branch pins
+        such as @main or @master are not allowed. Declare explicit permissions: blocks
+        scoped to least privilege. Never interpolate github.event.* values directly
+        into run: steps — pass them through an env: variable to prevent script
+        injection. Do not use pull_request_target unless fully justified.
+
+    - path: "**/*.instructions.md"
+      instructions: |
+        This file contains both AI-facing rules and human-only reference sections.
+        Human-only sections are enclosed in `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->` /
+        `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->` HTML comment markers and should not be used as
+        actionable review criteria.
+
+        When this file is modified in a PR, perform the following alignment check:
+        1. For each `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START --> ... <!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->` block,
+           verify that its examples and guidance are consistent with (and do not
+           contradict) the AI-facing rules stated in the same file.
+        2. Flag any HUMAN_ONLY section whose content has drifted from the surrounding
+           AI-facing rules due to edits introduced in this PR.
+        3. If new AI-facing rules were added without updating a related HUMAN_ONLY
+           reference section, note this as a suggestion (not a required fix).
+
+    # ── Secrets / sensitive information scanning ────────────────────────────
+    - path: "platformio*.ini*"
+      instructions: >
+        Scan for secrets, passwords, and other sensitive information accidentally
+        committed to PlatformIO configuration files (platformio.ini,
+        platformio_override.ini, platformio_override.ini.sample).
+
+        Flag any of the following:
+          - build_flags entries that define credentials as literal values, e.g.:
+              -DWIFI_SSID=\"<YOUR_SSID>\" -DWIFI_PASS=\"<YOUR_PASSWORD>\"
+              -DOTA_PASS=\"<OTA_PASSWORD>\" -DMQTT_PASS=\"<MQTT_PASSWORD>\"
+            Flag only when the value is not a recognisable placeholder (see below).
+          - upload_flags or upload_port values that embed a password or auth token (e.g., --auth=<PASSWORD> or any URL using credential-bearing userinfo).
+          - Any key = <value> pair whose key name contains "pass", "password",
+            "secret", "token", "key", "credential", or "auth" where the value is
+            a non-empty, non-placeholder literal string.
+          - Hardcoded IP addresses or hostnames paired with credentials in the
+            same environment section.
+          - API keys or access tokens as literal strings in any field.
+
+        Do NOT flag:
+          - Values that are clearly template placeholders (e.g., YOUR_SSID,
+            <YOUR_PASSWORD>, changeme, example_token, your_password_here).
+          - Values that use PlatformIO environment variable substitution (${sysenv.WIFI_PASS} or ${env:WIFI_PASS}).
+          - Comments that only explain what a field should contain.
+          - platformio_override.ini.sample entries that contain only
+            placeholder/example values.
+
+    - path: "usermods/**/library.json"
+      instructions: >
+        Scan for secrets and sensitive information in usermod dependency manifests.
+
+        Flag any of the following:
+          - Dependency URLs that embed credentials in the URL itself (e.g., any URL containing credential-bearing userinfo).
+          - Personal access tokens, OAuth tokens, or API keys as literal strings
+            anywhere in the file.
+          - Values matching well-known secret patterns: GitHub PATs (ghp_...,
+            github_pat_...), AWS access keys (AKIA...), or similarly structured
+            high-entropy tokens.
+
+        Do NOT flag:
+          - Plain HTTPS or SSH URLs without embedded credentials.
+          - Version specifiers, semver ranges, or commit SHA references that
+            contain no credential prefix.
+          - Repository owner/name path segments (not credential material).
+
+    - path: "usermods/**/{readme,README,Readme}.md"
+      instructions: >
+        Scan for secrets, passwords, and sensitive information in usermod
+        documentation files, including inside code blocks, inline code, and prose.
+
+        Flag any of the following:
+          - Hardcoded Wi-Fi SSID or password values that appear to be real (non-placeholder) 
+            strings in configuration or installation examples.
+          - Hardcoded OTA, AP, or MQTT passwords in code snippets or step-by-step
+            instructions.
+          - API keys, bearer tokens, or access tokens shown as literal values.
+          - Example platformio_override.ini snippets that contain real-looking
+            credential values instead of placeholders.
+          - Hardcoded IP addresses combined with credentials in the same example.
+
+        Do NOT flag:
+          - Values that are clearly template placeholders (e.g., YOUR_SSID,
+            <password>, my_secret, changeme, ****).
+          - Generic prose describing what a field means without supplying a value.
+          - Asterisk-masked values (e.g., ******, ••••••).
+
+  finishing_touches:
+    # Docstrings | Options for generating Docstrings for your PRs/MRs.
+    docstrings:
+      # Docstrings | Allow CodeRabbit to generate docstrings for PRs/MRs.
+      # default: true - disabled in WLED: has caused confusion in the past
+      enabled: false
+    unit_tests:
+      # default: true - disabled in WLED: we don't have a unit test framework, this option just confuses contributors
+      enabled: false

.devcontainer/devcontainer-lock.json

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "features": {
+    "ghcr.io/ar90n/devcontainer-features/platformio:1": {
+      "version": "1.0.2",
+      "resolved": "ghcr.io/ar90n/devcontainer-features/platformio@sha256:4a28f8c147d81ff996afebe6f43e453355b6373dd4022960351090b532ac9dd3",
+      "integrity": "sha256:4a28f8c147d81ff996afebe6f43e453355b6373dd4022960351090b532ac9dd3"
+    },
+    "ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/node:2": {
+      "version": "2.0.0",
+      "resolved": "ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/node@sha256:fedd4c11f7adfb64283b578dddc7da906728daa25fa293351c9d913231acf12f",
+      "integrity": "sha256:fedd4c11f7adfb64283b578dddc7da906728daa25fa293351c9d913231acf12f"
+    }
+  }
+}

.devcontainer/devcontainer.json

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 {
-	"name": "Python 3",
-	"build": {
-		"dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-		"context": "..",
-		"args": { 
-			// Update 'VARIANT' to pick a Python version: 3, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9
-			"VARIANT": "3"
+	"name": "WLED-dev",
+	"image": "mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/python:3",
+	"features": {
+    	"ghcr.io/ar90n/devcontainer-features/platformio:1": {},
+		"ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/node:2": {
+			"version": "v20.18.3"
 		}
 	},
 
@@ -43,7 +42,8 @@
 			},
 			"extensions": [
 				"ms-python.python",
-				"platformio.platformio-ide"
+				"platformio.platformio-ide",
+				"ms-vscode.cpptools-extension-pack"
 			]
 		}
 	},
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 	// "forwardPorts": [],
 
 	// Use 'postCreateCommand' to run commands after the container is created.
-	"postCreateCommand": "bash -i -c 'nvm install && npm ci'",
+	"postCreateCommand": "",
 
 	// Comment out connect as root instead. More info: https://aka.ms/vscode-remote/containers/non-root.
 	"remoteUser": "vscode"

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml

@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ body:
   - type: markdown
     attributes:
       value: |
-        Please quickly search existing issues first before submitting a bug.
+        Please quickly search existing issues first before submitting a bug.  
+        Please don't submit long error analyses created by an AI agent, these are often totally wrong.  
+        Just describe the problem in your own words.
   - type: textarea
     id: what-happened
     attributes:
@@ -59,12 +61,13 @@ body:
       options:
         - ESP8266
         - ESP32
-        - ESP32-S3
+        - ESP32 with ethernet
         - ESP32-S2
+        - ESP32-S3
         - ESP32-C3
-        - Other
-        - ESP32-C6 (experimental)
         - ESP32-C5 (experimental)
+        - ESP32-C6 (experimental)
+        - ESP32-P4 (experimental)
     validations:
       required: true
   - type: textarea

.github/agent-build.instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+---
+applyTo: "**"
+---
+# Agent-Mode Build & Test Instructions
+
+Detailed build workflow, timeouts, and troubleshooting for making code changes in agent mode. Always reference these instructions first when running builds or validating changes.
+
+## Build Timing and Timeouts
+
+Use these timeout values when running builds:
+
+| Command | Typical Time | Minimum Timeout | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `npm run build` | ~3 s | 30 s | Web UI → `wled00/html_*.h` `wled00/js_*.h` headers |
+| `npm test` | ~40 s | 2 min | Validates build system |
+| `npm run dev` | continuous | — | Watch mode, auto-rebuilds on changes |
+| `pio run -e <env>` | 15–20 min | 30 min | First build downloads toolchains; subsequent builds are faster |
+
+**NEVER cancel long-running builds.** PlatformIO downloads and compilation require patience.
+
+## Development Workflow
+
+### Code Style Summary
+- **C++** files in `wled00/` and `usermods/`: 2-space indentation (no tabs), camelCase functions/variables, PascalCase classes, UPPER_CASE macros. No C++ exceptions — use return codes and debug macros.
+- **Web UI** files in `wled00/data`: indent HTML and JavaScript with tabs, CSS with tabs.
+- **CI/CD workflows** in `.github/workflows`: 2-space indentation, descriptive `name:` on every workflow/job/step. Third-party actions must be pinned to a specific version tag — branch pins such as `@main` or `@master` are not allowed. SHA pinning recommended.
+
+### Web UI Changes
+
+1. Edit files in `wled00/data/`
+2. Run `npm run build` to regenerate `wled00/html_*.h` `wled00/js_*.h` headers
+3. Test with local HTTP server (see Manual Testing below)
+4. Run `npm test` to validate
+
+### Firmware Changes
+
+1. Edit files in `wled00/` (but **never** `html_*.h` and `js_*.h` files)
+2. Ensure web UI is built first: `npm run build`
+3. Build firmware: `pio run -e esp32dev` (set timeout ≥ 30 min)
+4. Flash to device: `pio run -e [target] --target upload`
+
+### Combined Web + Firmware Changes
+
+1. Always build web UI first
+2. Test web interface manually
+3. Then build and test firmware
+
+
+## Before Finishing Work - Testing
+
+**You MUST complete ALL of these before marking work as done:**
+
+1. **Run tests**: `npm test` — must pass
+2. **Build firmware**: `pio run -e esp32dev` — must succeed after source code changes, **never skip this step**.
+   - Set timeout to 30+ minutes, **never cancel**
+   - Choose `esp32dev` as a common, representative environment
+   - If the build fails, fix the issue before proceeding
+3. **For web UI changes**: manually test the interface (see below)
+
+If any step fails, fix the issue. **Do NOT mark work complete with failing builds or tests.**
+
+## Manual Web UI Testing
+
+Start a local server:
+
+```sh
+cd wled00/data && python3 -m http.server 8080
+# Open http://localhost:8080/index.htm
+```
+
+Test these scenarios after every web UI change:
+
+- **Load**: `index.htm` loads without JavaScript errors (check browser console)
+- **Navigation**: switching between main page and settings pages works
+- **Color controls**: color picker and brightness controls function correctly
+- **Effects**: effect selection and parameter changes work
+- **Settings**: form submission and validation work
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### Common Build Issues
+
+| Problem | Solution |
+|---|---|
+| Missing `html_*.h` | Run `npm ci; npm run build` |
+| Web UI looks broken | Check browser console for JS errors |
+| PlatformIO network errors | Retry — downloads can be flaky |
+| Node.js version mismatch | Ensure Node.js 20+ (check `.nvmrc`) |
+
+### Recovery Steps
+
+- **Force web UI rebuild**: `npm run build -- -f`
+- **Clear generated files**: `rm -f wled00/html_*.h wled00/js_*.h` then `npm run build`
+- **Clean PlatformIO build artifacts**: `pio run --target clean`
+- **Reinstall Node deps**: `rm -rf node_modules && npm ci`
+
+## CI/CD Validation
+
+The GitHub Actions CI workflow will:
+1. Install Node.js and Python dependencies
+2. Run `npm test`
+3. Build web UI (automatic via PlatformIO)
+4. Compile firmware for **all** `default_envs` targets
+
+**To ensure CI success, always validate locally:**
+- Run `npm test` and ensure it passes
+- Run `pio run -e esp32dev` (or another common firmware environment, see next section) and ensure it completes successfully
+- If either fails locally, it WILL fail in CI
+
+Match this workflow in local development to catch failures before pushing.
+
+## Important Reminders
+
+- Always **commit source code**
+-  Every pull request MUST include a clear description of *what* changed and *why*.
+- **Never edit or commit** `wled00/html_*.h` and  `wled00/js_*.h` — auto-generated from `wled00/data/`
+- After modifying source code files, check that any **previous comments have been preserved** or updated to reflect the new behaviour.
+- Web UI rebuild is part of the PlatformIO firmware compilation pipeline
+- Common environments:  `nodemcuv2`, `esp32dev`, `esp8266_2m`, `esp32c3dev`, `esp32s3dev_8MB_opi`
+- List all PlatformIO targets: `pio run --list-targets`

.github/copilot-instructions.md

@@ -4,94 +4,78 @@ WLED is a fast and feature-rich implementation of an ESP32 and ESP8266 webserver
 
 Always reference these instructions first and fallback to search or bash commands only when you encounter unexpected information that does not match the info here.
 
-## Working Effectively
+> **Note for AI review tools**: sections enclosed in
+> `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->` / `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->` HTML comments contain
+> contributor reference material. Do **not** use that content as actionable review
+> criteria — treat it as background context only.
 
-### Initial Setup
-- Install Node.js 20+ (specified in `.nvmrc`): Check your version with `node --version`
-- Install dependencies: `npm ci` (takes ~5 seconds)
-- Install PlatformIO for hardware builds: `pip install -r requirements.txt` (takes ~60 seconds)
+## Setup
 
-### Build and Test Workflow
-- **ALWAYS build web UI first**: `npm run build` -- takes 3 seconds. NEVER CANCEL.
-- **Run tests**: `npm test` -- takes 40 seconds. NEVER CANCEL. Set timeout to 2+ minutes.
-- **Development mode**: `npm run dev` -- monitors file changes and auto-rebuilds web UI
-- **Hardware firmware build**: `pio run -e [environment]` -- takes 15+ minutes. NEVER CANCEL. Set timeout to 30+ minutes.
+- Node.js 20+ (see `.nvmrc`)
+- Install dependencies: `npm ci`
+- PlatformIO (required only for firmware compilation): `pip install -r requirements.txt`
 
-### Build Process Details
-The build has two main phases:
-1. **Web UI Generation** (`npm run build`):
-   - Processes files in `wled00/data/` (HTML, CSS, JS)
-   - Minifies and compresses web content 
-   - Generates `wled00/html_*.h` files with embedded web content
-   - **CRITICAL**: Must be done before any hardware build
+## Build and Test
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
 
-2. **Hardware Compilation** (`pio run`):
-   - Compiles C++ firmware for various ESP32/ESP8266 targets
-   - Common environments: `nodemcuv2`, `esp32dev`, `esp8266_2m`
-   - List all targets: `pio run --list-targets`
+| Command | Purpose | Typical Time |
+|---|---|---|
+| `npm run build` | Build web UI → generates `wled00/html_*.h` and `wled00/js_*.h` headers | ~3 s |
+| `npm test` | Run test suite | ~40 s |
+| `npm run dev` | Watch mode — auto-rebuilds web UI on file changes | — |
+| `pio run -e <env>` | Build firmware for a hardware target | 15–20 min |
 
-## Before Finishing Work
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
 
-**CRITICAL: You MUST complete ALL of these steps before marking your work as complete:**
+- **Always run `npm run build` before any `pio run`** (and run `npm ci` first on fresh clones or when lockfile/dependencies change).
+- The web UI build generates required `wled00/html_*.h` and `wled00/js_*.h` headers for firmware compilation.
+- **Build firmware to validate code changes**: `pio run -e esp32dev` — must succeed, never skip this step.
+- Common firmware environments: `nodemcuv2`, `esp32dev`, `esp8266_2m`, `esp32c3dev`, `esp32s3dev_8MB_opi`
 
-1. **Run the test suite**: `npm test` -- Set timeout to 2+ minutes. NEVER CANCEL.
-   - All tests MUST pass
-   - If tests fail, fix the issue before proceeding
+For detailed build timeouts, development workflows, troubleshooting, and validation steps, see [agent-build.instructions.md](agent-build.instructions.md).
 
-2. **Build at least one hardware environment**: `pio run -e esp32dev` -- Set timeout to 30+ minutes. NEVER CANCEL.
-   - Choose `esp32dev` as it's a common, representative environment
-   - See "Hardware Compilation" section above for the full list of common environments
-   - The build MUST complete successfully without errors
-   - If the build fails, fix the issue before proceeding
-   - **DO NOT skip this step** - it validates that firmware compiles with your changes
+### Usermod Guidelines
 
-3. **For web UI changes only**: Manually test the interface
-   - See "Manual Testing Scenarios" section below
-   - Verify the UI loads and functions correctly
+   - New custom effects can be added into the user_fx usermod. Read the [user_fx documentation](https://github.com/wled/WLED/blob/main/usermods/user_fx/README.md) for guidance.
+   - Other usermods may be based on the [EXAMPLE usermod](https://github.com/wled/WLED/tree/main/usermods/EXAMPLE). Never edit the example, always create a copy!
+   - New usermod IDs can be added into [wled00/const.h](https://github.com/wled/WLED/blob/main/wled00/const.h#L160).
+   - To activate a usermod, a custom build configuration should be used. Add the usermod name to `custom_usermods`.
 
-**If any of these validation steps fail, you MUST fix the issues before finishing. Do NOT mark work as complete with failing builds or tests.**
-
-## Validation and Testing
-
-### Web UI Testing
-- **ALWAYS validate web UI changes manually**:
-  - Start local server: `cd wled00/data && python3 -m http.server 8080`
-  - Open `http://localhost:8080/index.htm` in browser
-  - Test basic functionality: color picker, effects, settings pages
-- **Check for JavaScript errors** in browser console
-
-### Code Validation
-- **No automated linting configured** - follow existing code style in files you edit
-- **Code style**: Use tabs for web files (.html/.css/.js), spaces (2 per level) for C++ files
-- **Language**: The repository language is English (british, american, canadian, or australian). If you find other languages, suggest a translation into English.
-- **C++ formatting available**: `clang-format` is installed but not in CI
-- **Always run tests before finishing**: `npm test`
-- **MANDATORY: Always run a hardware build before finishing** (see "Before Finishing Work" section below)
-
-### Manual Testing Scenarios
-After making changes to web UI, always test:
-- **Load main interface**: Verify index.htm loads without errors
-- **Navigation**: Test switching between main page and settings pages
-- **Color controls**: Verify color picker and brightness controls work
-- **Effects**: Test effect selection and parameter changes
-- **Settings**: Test form submission and validation
-
-## Common Tasks
+## Project Structure Overview
 
 ### Project Branch / Release Structure
-```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+
+```text
 main                # Main development trunk (daily/nightly) 17.0.0-dev
   ├── V5            # special branch: code rework for esp-idf 5.5.x (unstable)
       ├── V5-C6     # special branch: integration of new MCU types: esp32-c5, esp32-c6, esp32-p4 (unstable)
-16_x                # current beta, preparations for next release 16.0.0
-0_15_x              # maintainance (bugfixes only) for current release 0.15.4
-(tag) v0.14.4       # previous version 0.14.4 (no maintainance)
-(tag) v0.13.3       # old version 0.13.3 (no maintainance)
+16_x                # maintenance for release 16.x.y
+0_15_x              # maintenance (bugfixes only) for current release 0.15.4
+(tag) v0.14.4       # previous version 0.14.4 (no maintenance)
+(tag) v0.13.3       # old version 0.13.3 (no maintenance)
 (tag) v0. ... . ... # historical versions 0.12.x and before
 ```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+- ``main``: development trunk (daily/nightly)
+- ``V5`` and ``V5-C6``: code rework for esp-idf 5.5.x (unstable) - branched from ``main``.
+- ``16_x``: maintenance for release 16.x.y
+- ``0_15_x``: bugfixing / maintenance for release 0.15.x
 
 ### Repository Structure
-```
+
+tl;dr: 
+* Firmware source: `wled00/` (C++). Web UI source: `wled00/data/`. Build targets: `platformio.ini`.
+* Auto-generated headers: `wled00/html_*.h` and `wled00/js_*.h` — **never edit or commit**.
+* ArduinoJSON + AsyncJSON: `wled00/src/dependencies/json` (included via `wled.h`). CI/CD: `.github/workflows/`.
+* Usermods: `usermods/` (C++, with individual library.json).
+* Contributor docs: `docs/` (coding guidelines, etc).
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+Detailed overview:
+
+```text
 wled00/                 # Main firmware source (C++) "WLED core"
   ├── data/             # Web interface files 
   │   ├── index.htm     # Main UI
@@ -109,109 +93,36 @@ platformio_override.sample.ini # examples for custom build configurations - entr
                                # platformio_override.ini is _not_ stored in the WLED repository!
 usermods/              # User-contributed addons to the WLED core, maintained by individual contributors  (C++, with individual library.json)
 package.json           # Node.js dependencies and scripts, release identification
-pio-scripts/           # Build tools (platformio)
+pio-scripts/           # Build tools (PlatformIO)
 tools/                 # Build tools (Node.js), partition files, and generic utilities
   ├── cdata.js         # Web UI build script
   └── cdata-test.js    # Test suite
+docs/                  # Contributor docs, coding guidelines
 .github/workflows/     # CI/CD pipelines
 ```
 
-### Key Files and Their Purpose
-- `wled00/data/index.htm` - Main web interface
-- `wled00/data/settings*.htm` - Configuration pages  
-- `tools/cdata.js` - Converts web files to C++ headers
-- `wled00/wled.h` - Main firmware configuration
-- `platformio.ini` - Hardware build targets and settings
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+## General Guidelines
 
-### Development Workflow (instructions for agent mode)
-1. **For web UI changes**:
-   - Edit files in `wled00/data/`
-   - Run `npm run build` to regenerate headers
-   - Test with local HTTP server
-   - Run `npm test` to validate build system
-
-2. **For firmware changes**:
-   - Edit files in `wled00/` (but NOT `html_*.h` files)
-   - Ensure web UI is built first (`npm run build`)
-   - Build firmware: `pio run -e [target]`
-   - Flash to device: `pio run -e [target] --target upload`
-
-3. **For both web and firmware**:
-   - Always build web UI first
-   - Test web interface manually
-   - Build and test firmware if making firmware changes
-
-#### Adding a new usermod
-   - New custom effects can be added into the user_fx usermod. Read the [user_fx documentation](https://github.com/wled/WLED/blob/main/usermods/user_fx/README.md) for guidance.
-   - Other usermods may be based on the [EXAMPLE usermod](https://github.com/wled/WLED/tree/main/usermods/EXAMPLE). Never edit the example, always create a copy!
-   - New usermod IDs can be added into [wled00/const.h](https://github.com/wled/WLED/blob/746df240119b585d8c8fa85e6aac7ed707947ea0/wled00/const.h#L160).
-   - to activate a usermod, a custom build configuration should be used. Add the usermod name to ``custom_usermods``.
-
-## Build Timing and Timeouts
-
-**IMPORTANT: Use these timeout values when running builds:**
-
-- **Web UI build** (`npm run build`): 3 seconds typical - Set timeout to 30 seconds minimum
-- **Test suite** (`npm test`): 40 seconds typical - Set timeout to 120 seconds (2 minutes) minimum  
-- **Hardware builds** (`pio run -e [target]`): 15-20 minutes typical for first build - Set timeout to 1800 seconds (30 minutes) minimum
-  - Subsequent builds are faster due to caching
-  - First builds download toolchains and dependencies which takes significant time
-- **NEVER CANCEL long-running builds** - PlatformIO downloads and compilation require patience
-
-**When validating your changes before finishing, you MUST wait for the hardware build to complete successfully. Set the timeout appropriately and be patient.**
-
-## Troubleshooting
-
-### Common Issues
-- **Build fails with missing html_*.h**: Run `npm run build` first
-- **Web UI looks broken**: Check browser console for JavaScript errors
-- **PlatformIO network errors**: Try again, downloads can be flaky
-- **Node.js version issues**: Ensure Node.js 20+ is installed (check `.nvmrc`)
-
-### When Things Go Wrong
-- **Clear generated files**: `rm -f wled00/html_*.h` then rebuild
-- **Force web UI rebuild**: `npm run build -- --force` or `npm run build -- -f`
-- **Clean PlatformIO cache**: `pio run --target clean`
-- **Reinstall dependencies**: `rm -rf node_modules && npm install`
-
-## Important Notes
-
-- **Always commit source files**
-- **Web UI re-built is part of the platformio firmware compilation**
-- **do not commit generated html_*.h files**
-- **DO NOT edit `wled00/html_*.h` files** - they are auto-generated. If needed, modify Web UI files in `wled00/data/`.
-- **Test web interface manually after any web UI changes**
+- **Repository language is English.** Suggest translations for non-English content.
+- **Use VS Code with PlatformIO extension** for best development experience.
+- **Never edit or commit** `wled00/html_*.h` and `wled00/js_*.h` — auto-generated from `wled00/data/`.
+- If updating Web UI files in `wled00/data/`, **make use of common functions in `wled00/data/common.js` whenever possible**.
 - **When unsure, say so.** Gather more information rather than guessing.
-- **Acknowledge good patterns** when you see them. Summarize good practices as part of your review - positive feedback always helps.
+- **Acknowledge good patterns** when you see them. Positive feedback always helps.
 - **Provide references** when making analyses or recommendations. Base them on the correct branch or PR.
-- **Highlight user-visible "breaking" changes and ripple effects**. Ask for confirmation that these were introduced intentionally.
+- **Highlight user-visible breaking changes and ripple effects**. Ask for confirmation that these were introduced intentionally.
 - **Unused / dead code must be justified or removed**. This helps to keep the codebase clean, maintainable and readable.
-- If updating Web UI files in `wled00/data/`, **make use of common functions availeable in `wled00/data/common.js` where possible**.
-- **Use VS Code with PlatformIO extension for best development experience**
-- **Hardware builds require appropriate ESP32/ESP8266 development board**
+- **Verify feature-flag names.** Every `WLED_ENABLE_*` / `WLED_DISABLE_*` flag must exactly match one of the names below — misspellings are silently ignored by the preprocessor (e.g. `WLED_IR_DISABLE` instead of `WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED`), causing silent build variations. Flag unrecognised names as likely typos and suggest the correct spelling.
+  <br>**`WLED_DISABLE_*`**: `2D`, `ADALIGHT`, `ALEXA`, `BROWNOUT_DET`, `ESPNOW`, `FILESYSTEM`, `HUESYNC`, `IMPROV_WIFISCAN`, `INFRARED`, `LOXONE`, `MQTT`, `OTA`, `PARTICLESYSTEM1D`, `PARTICLESYSTEM2D`, `PIXELFORGE`, `WEBSOCKETS`
+  <br>**`WLED_ENABLE_*`**: `ADALIGHT`, `AOTA`, `DMX`, `DMX_INPUT`, `DMX_OUTPUT`, `FS_EDITOR`, `GIF`, `HUB75MATRIX`, `JSONLIVE`, `LOXONE`, `MQTT`, `PIXART`, `PXMAGIC`, `USERMOD_PAGE`, `WEBSOCKETS`, `WPA_ENTERPRISE`
+- **C++ formatting available**: `clang-format` is installed but not in CI
+- No automated linting is configured — match existing code style in files you edit. 
 
-## CI/CD Pipeline
+Refer to `docs/cpp.instructions.md` and `docs/web.instructions.md` for language-specific conventions, and `docs/cicd.instructions.md` for GitHub Actions workflows.
 
-**The GitHub Actions CI workflow will:**
-1. Installs Node.js and Python dependencies
-2. Runs `npm test` to validate build system (MUST pass)
-3. Builds web UI with `npm run build` (automatically run by PlatformIO)
-4. Compiles firmware for ALL hardware targets listed in `default_envs` (MUST succeed for all)
-5. Uploads build artifacts
+### Pull Request Expectations
 
-**To ensure CI success, you MUST locally:**
-- Run `npm test` and ensure it passes
-- Run `pio run -e esp32dev` (or another common environment from "Hardware Compilation" section) and ensure it completes successfully
-- If either fails locally, it WILL fail in CI
-
-**Match this workflow in your local development to ensure CI success. Do not mark work complete until you have validated builds locally.**
-
-## Attribution for AI-generated code 
-Using AI-generated code can hide the source of the inspiration / knowledge / sources it used.
-- Document attribution of inspiration / knowledge / sources used in the code, e.g. link to GitHub repositories or other websites describing the principles / algorithms used.
-- When a larger block of code is generated by an AI tool, mark it with an `// AI: below section was generated by an AI` comment.
-- Make sure AI-generated code is well documented.
-
-## Pull Request Expectations 
 - **No force-push on open PRs.** Once a pull request is open and being reviewed, do not force-push (`git push --force`) to the branch. Force-pushing rewrites history that reviewers may have already commented on, making it impossible to track incremental changes. Use regular commits or `git merge` to incorporate feedback; the branch will be squash-merged when it is accepted.
-- **Document your changes in the PR.** Every pull request description should include a summary of *what* changed and *why*. Link to related issues where applicable. Provide screenshots to showcase new features.
+- **Modifications to ``platformio.ini`` MUST be approved explicitly** by a *maintainer* or *WLED organisation Member*. Modifications to the global build environment may break github action builds. Always flag them.
+- **Document your changes in the PR.** Every pull request should include a clear description of *what* changed and *why*. If the change affects user-visible behavior, describe the expected impact. Link to related issues where applicable. Provide screenshots to showcase new features.

.github/platformio_release.ini.template

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+; platformio_release.ini.template
+; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+; Copied to platformio_release.ini by the release CI workflow
+; (.github/workflows/release.yml -> build.yml with `release: true`)
+; in order to extend the matrix of `default_envs` built and published
+; for tagged releases and remove the debugging usersmods env
+;
+; This file overrides `[platformio].default_envs` from platformio.ini via
+; `extra_configs`. It MUST list every env that should be released - including
+; the regular CI default_envs - because it fully replaces the parent value.
+;
+; Do NOT commit a generated platformio_release.ini (it's in .gitignore).
+; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[platformio]
+default_envs = nodemcuv2
+               esp8266_2m
+               esp8266_2m_min
+               esp01_1m_full
+               nodemcuv2_160
+               esp8266_2m_160
+               esp01_1m_full_160
+               nodemcuv2_compat
+               esp8266_2m_compat
+               esp01_1m_full_compat
+               esp32dev
+               esp32dev_debug
+               esp32_eth
+               esp32_wrover
+               lolin_s2_mini
+               esp32c3dev
+               esp32c3dev_qio
+               esp32S3_wroom2
+               esp32s3dev_16MB_opi
+               esp32s3dev_8MB_opi
+               esp32s3dev_8MB_qspi
+               esp32s3dev_8MB_none
+               esp32s3_4M_qspi
+               ; HUB75 release-only envs
+               esp32dev_hub75
+               esp32dev_hub75_forum_pinout
+               adafruit_matrixportal_esp32s3
+               esp32s3dev_16MB_opi_hub75 ;; MoonHub
+               esp32s3dev_4MB_qspi_hub75 ;; HD-WF2

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,15 @@ name: WLED Build
 # Only included into other workflows
 on:
   workflow_call:
-  
+    inputs:
+      release:
+        description: 'Build the release env matrix (uses .github/platformio_release.ini.template)'
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+
+env:
+  FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: true
+
 jobs:
 
   get_default_envs:
@@ -11,6 +19,9 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Apply release config
+      if: inputs.release
+      run: cp .github/platformio_release.ini.template platformio_release.ini
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
         python-version: '3.12'
@@ -35,6 +46,9 @@ jobs:
         environment: ${{ fromJSON(needs.get_default_envs.outputs.environments) }}
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Apply release config
+      if: inputs.release
+      run: cp .github/platformio_release.ini.template platformio_release.ini
     - name: Set up Node.js
       uses: actions/setup-node@v4
       with:
@@ -51,8 +65,8 @@ jobs:
               ~/.platformio/.cache
               ~/.buildcache
               build_output
-        key: pio-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.environment }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini', 'pio-scripts/output_bins.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('wled00/**', 'usermods/**') }}
-        restore-keys: pio-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.environment }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini', 'pio-scripts/output_bins.py') }}-
+        key: pio-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.environment }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini', '.github/platformio_release.ini.template', 'pio-scripts/output_bins.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('wled00/**', 'usermods/**') }}
+        restore-keys: pio-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.environment }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini', '.github/platformio_release.ini.template', 'pio-scripts/output_bins.py') }}-
     - name: Set up Python
       uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
@@ -63,9 +77,21 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Build firmware
       run: pio run -e ${{ matrix.environment }}
+    - name: Get artifact name from bin filename
+      id: artifact_name
+      run: |
+        bin=$(ls build_output/release/*.bin 2>/dev/null | head -1)
+        if [ -n "$bin" ]; then
+          # Strip WLED_<version>_ prefix from WLED_<version>_<RELEASE_NAME>.bin
+          base=$(basename "$bin" .bin)
+          release_name=$(echo "$base" | sed 's/^[^_]*_[^_]*_//')
+          echo "name=firmware-$release_name" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        else
+          echo "name=firmware-${{ matrix.environment }}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        fi
     - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
       with:
-        name: firmware-${{ matrix.environment }}
+        name: ${{ steps.artifact_name.outputs.name }}
         path: |
           build_output/release/*.bin
           build_output/release/*_ESP02*.bin.gz

.github/workflows/nightly.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ on:
   # This can be used to allow manually triggering nightlies from the web interface
   workflow_dispatch:
 
+env:
+  FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: true
+
 jobs:
   wled_build:
     uses: ./.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -26,12 +29,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: janheinrichmerker/action-github-changelog-generator@v2.4
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} 
-          sinceTag: v0.15.0
+          sinceTag: v16.0.0
           output: CHANGELOG_NIGHTLY.md
           # Exclude issues that were closed without resolution from changelog
           excludeLabels: 'stale,wontfix,duplicate,invalid,external,question,use-as-is,not_planned'
       - name: Update Nightly Release
-        uses: andelf/nightly-release@main
+        uses: andelf/nightly-release@5834076edc55cc05975561c9722043f072ac5c26
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         with:

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -5,10 +5,15 @@ on:
     tags:
       - '*'
 
+env:
+  FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: true
+
 jobs:
   
   wled_build:
     uses: ./.github/workflows/build.yml
+    with:
+      release: true
     
   release:
     name: Create Release
@@ -18,6 +23,14 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
       with:
         merge-multiple: true
+    - name: Create draft release
+      uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v1
+      with:
+        body: "Release assets uploaded. Release notes pending..."
+        draft: True
+        files: |
+          *.bin
+          *.bin.gz
     - name: "✏️ Generate release changelog"
       id: changelog
       uses: janheinrichmerker/action-github-changelog-generator@v2.4
@@ -27,12 +40,9 @@ jobs:
           maxIssues: 500
           # Exclude issues that were closed without resolution from changelog
           excludeLabels: 'stale,wontfix,duplicate,invalid,external,question,use-as-is,not_planned'       
-    - name: Create draft release
+    - name: Update release description
       uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v1
       with:
         body: ${{ steps.changelog.outputs.changelog }}
         draft: True
-        files: |
-          *.bin
-          *.bin.gz
 

.github/workflows/usermods.yml

@@ -4,33 +4,51 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     paths:
       - usermods/**
-    
+  push:
+    paths:
+      - usermods/**
+
+env:
+  FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: true
+
 jobs:
 
   get_usermod_envs:
     # Only run for pull requests from forks (not from branches within wled/WLED)
-    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository
+    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository
     name: Gather Usermods
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
-        python-version: '3.12'
-        cache: 'pip'
-    - name: Install PlatformIO
-      run: pip install -r requirements.txt
-    - name: Get default environments
+        fetch-depth: 0
+    - name: Get changed usermod environments
       id: envs
       run: |
-        echo "usermods=$(find usermods/ -name library.json | xargs dirname | xargs -n 1 basename | jq -R | grep -v PWM_fan | grep -v BME68X_v2| grep -v pixels_dice_tray | jq --slurp -c)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        # Usermods whose directories changed in this PR
+        changed=$(git diff --name-only ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }} HEAD \
+          | grep '^usermods/' | cut -d/ -f2 | sort -u || true)
+
+        # All usermods with a library.json (excluding known-incompatible ones)
+        all=$(find usermods/ -name library.json \
+          | xargs dirname | xargs -n 1 basename \
+          | grep -v PWM_fan | grep -v BME68X_v2 | grep -v pixels_dice_tray \
+          | sort || true)
+
+        if [ -z "$changed" ] || [ -z "$all" ]; then
+          echo "usermods=[]" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        else
+          usermods=$(comm -12 <(echo "$all") <(echo "$changed") | jq -R | jq --slurp -c)
+          echo "usermods=$usermods" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        fi
     outputs:
       usermods: ${{ steps.envs.outputs.usermods }}
 
 
   build:
     # Only run for pull requests from forks (not from branches within wled/WLED)
-    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository
+    # Skip when no changed usermods were found (e.g. only non-library changes)
+    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository && needs.get_usermod_envs.outputs.usermods != '[]'
     name: Build Enviornments
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: get_usermod_envs
@@ -71,4 +89,85 @@ jobs:
         cat platformio_override.ini
 
     - name: Build firmware
-      run: pio run -e ${{ matrix.environment }}    
+      run: pio run -e ${{ matrix.environment }}
+
+
+  get_custom_build_envs:
+    name: Gather Custom Build Environments
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 0
+    - name: Find usermods with custom build environments
+      id: custom_envs
+      run: |
+        # On PRs: only scan usermods whose directories changed.
+        # On push: scan all usermods (validates the full set on merge).
+        if [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "pull_request" ]; then
+          changed=$(git diff --name-only ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }} HEAD \
+            | grep '^usermods/' | cut -d/ -f2 | sort -u || true)
+          if [ -z "$changed" ]; then
+            echo "matrix=[]" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+            exit 0
+          fi
+          samples=$(for mod in $changed; do
+            f="usermods/$mod/platformio_override.ini.sample"
+            [ -f "$f" ] && echo "$f"
+          done | sort)
+        else
+          samples=$(find usermods/ -name "platformio_override.ini.sample" | sort)
+        fi
+
+        result='[]'
+        for sample in $samples; do
+          usermod=$(dirname "$sample" | xargs basename)
+          # Skip usermods known to be incompatible (same list as get_usermod_envs)
+          case "$usermod" in PWM_fan|BME68X_v2|pixels_dice_tray) continue ;; esac
+          envs=$(grep -E '^\[env:[^]]+\]' "$sample" | sed 's/^\[env:\(.*\)\]$/\1/')
+          for env in $envs; do
+            result=$(echo "$result" | jq --arg u "$usermod" --arg e "$env" '. + [{usermod: $u, env: $e}]')
+          done
+        done
+        echo "matrix=$(echo "$result" | jq -c '.')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+    outputs:
+      matrix: ${{ steps.custom_envs.outputs.matrix }}
+
+
+  build_custom:
+    name: Build Custom Env (${{ matrix.usermod }} / ${{ matrix.env }})
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: get_custom_build_envs
+    if: needs.get_custom_build_envs.outputs.matrix != '[]'
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include: ${{ fromJSON(needs.get_custom_build_envs.outputs.matrix) }}
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Set up Node.js
+      uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      with:
+        node-version-file: '.nvmrc'
+        cache: 'npm'
+    - run: npm ci
+    - name: Cache PlatformIO
+      uses: actions/cache@v4
+      with:
+        path: |
+          ~/.platformio/.cache
+          ~/.buildcache
+          build_output
+        key: pio-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.env }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini', 'pio-scripts/output_bins.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('wled00/**', 'usermods/**') }}
+        restore-keys: pio-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.env }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini', 'pio-scripts/output_bins.py') }}-
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.12'
+        cache: 'pip'
+    - name: Install PlatformIO
+      run: pip install -r requirements.txt
+    - name: Apply custom build environment
+      run: cp -v "usermods/${{ matrix.usermod }}/platformio_override.ini.sample" platformio_override.ini
+    - name: Build firmware
+      run: pio run -e ${{ matrix.env }}

.gitignore

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ __pycache__/
 
 esp01-update.sh
 platformio_override.ini
+platformio_release.ini
 replace_fs.py
 wled-update.sh
 

.vscode/extensions.json

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
     // See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=827846
     // for the documentation about the extensions.json format
     "recommendations": [
+        "pioarduino.pioarduino-ide",
         "platformio.platformio-ide"
     ],
     "unwantedRecommendations": [

AGENTS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# AGENTS.md — WLED AI Coding Agent & AI Code Review Reference
+
+WLED is C++ firmware for ESP32/ESP8266 microcontrollers controlling addressable LEDs,
+with a web UI (HTML/JS/CSS). Built with PlatformIO (Arduino framework) and Node.js tooling.
+
+See also: `.github/copilot-instructions.md`, `.github/agent-build.instructions.md`,
+`docs/cpp.instructions.md`, `docs/web.instructions.md`, `docs/cicd.instructions.md`,
+`docs/hardening.instructions.md`, `docs/securecode.instructions.md`.
+
+Always reference these instructions - including coding guidelines in `docs/` - first and fallback to search or bash commands only when you encounter unexpected information that does not match the info here.
+
+## Build Commands
+
+| Command | Purpose | Timeout |
+|---|---|---|
+| `npm ci` | Install Node.js deps (required first) | 30s |
+| `npm run build` | Build web UI into `wled00/html_*.h` / `wled00/js_*.h` | 30s |
+| `npm test` | Run test suite (Node.js built-in `node --test`) | 2 min |
+| `npm run dev` | Watch mode — auto-rebuilds web UI on changes | continuous |
+| `pio run -e esp32dev` | Build firmware (ESP32, most common target) | 5 min |
+| `pio run -e nodemcuv2` | Build firmware (ESP8266) | 5 min |
+
+**Always run `npm ci && npm run build` before `pio run`.** The web UI build generates
+required C headers for firmware compilation.
+
+### Running a Single Test
+
+Tests use Node.js built-in test runner (`node:test`). The single test file is
+`tools/cdata-test.js`. Run it with:
+
+```bash
+npm test                   # runs all tests via `node --test`
+node --test tools/cdata-test.js  # run just that file directly
+```
+
+There are no C++ unit tests. Firmware is validated by successful compilation across
+target environments. Always build after code changes: `pio run -e esp32dev`.
+
+### Common Firmware Environments
+
+`esp32dev`, `nodemcuv2`, `esp8266_2m`, `esp32c3dev`, `esp32s3dev_8MB_opi`, `lolin_s2_mini`
+
+### Recovery / Troubleshooting
+
+```bash
+npm run build -- -f              # force web UI rebuild
+rm -f wled00/html_*.h wled00/js_*.h && npm run build  # clean + rebuild UI
+pio run --target clean           # clean PlatformIO build artifacts
+rm -rf node_modules && npm ci    # reinstall Node.js deps
+```
+
+## Project Structure
+
+```text
+wled00/              # Main firmware source (C++)
+  data/              # Web UI source (HTML/JS/CSS) — tabs for indentation
+  html_*.h, js_*.h   # Auto-generated (NEVER edit or commit)
+  src/               # Sub-modules: fonts, bundled dependencies (ArduinoJSON)
+usermods/            # Community usermods (each has library.json + .cpp/.h)
+platformio.ini       # Build configuration and environments
+pio-scripts/         # PlatformIO build scripts (Python)
+tools/               # Node.js build tools (cdata.js) and tests
+docs/                # Coding convention docs
+.github/workflows/   # CI/CD (GitHub Actions)
+```
+
+### Branch / Release Structure
+
+```text
+main                # Main development trunk (daily/nightly) 17.0.0-dev. Target branch for PRs.
+  ├── V5            # special branch: code rework for esp-idf 5.5.x (unstable)
+      ├── V5-C6     # special branch: integration of new MCU types: esp32-c5, esp32-c6, esp32-p4 (unstable)
+16_x                # maintenance for release 16.0.x
+0_15_x              # maintenance (bugfixes only) for previous release 0.15.x
+(tag) v0.14.4       # old version 0.14.4 (no maintenance)
+(tag) v0.13.3       # old version 0.13.3 (no maintenance)
+(tag) v0. ... . ... # historical versions 0.12.x and before
+```
+
+## C++ Code Style (wled00/, usermods/)
+
+### Formatting
+- **2-space indentation** (no tabs in C++ files)
+- K&R brace style preferred (opening brace on same line)
+- Single-statement `if` bodies may omit braces: `if (a == b) doStuff(a);`
+- Space after keywords (`if (...)`, `for (...)`), no space before function parens (`doStuff(a)`)
+- No enforced line-length limit
+
+### Comments
+- `//` for inline (always space after), `/* */` for block comments
+- Important: AI-generated source code blocks **must be mark with `// AI: below section was generated by an AI` / `// AI: end`**
+
+### Naming Conventions
+| Kind | Convention | Examples |
+|---|---|---|
+| Functions, variables | camelCase | `setRandomColor()`, `effectCurrent` |
+| Classes, structs | PascalCase | `BusConfig`, `UsermodTemperature` |
+| Macros, constants | UPPER_CASE | `WLED_MAX_USERMODS`, `FX_MODE_STATIC` |
+| Private members | _camelCase | `_type`, `_bri`, `_len` |
+| Enum values | PascalCase | `PinOwner::BusDigital` |
+
+### Includes
+- Include `"wled.h"` as the primary project header
+- Project headers first, then platform/Arduino, then third-party
+- Platform-conditional includes wrapped in `#ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32` / `#ifdef ESP8266`
+
+### Types and Const
+- Prefer `const &` for read-only function parameters
+- Mark getter/query methods `const`; use `static` for methods not accessing instance state
+- Prefer `constexpr` over `#define` for compile-time constants when possible
+- Use `static_assert` over `#if ... #error`
+- Use `uint_fast16_t` / `uint_fast8_t` in hot-path code
+
+### Error Handling
+- **No C++ exceptions** — some builds disable them
+- Use return codes (`false`, `-1`) and global flags (`errorFlag = ERR_LOW_MEM`)
+- Use early returns as guard clauses: `if (!enabled || (strip.isUpdating() && (millis() - last_time < MAX_USERMOD_DELAY))) return;`
+- Debug output: `DEBUG_PRINTF()` / `DEBUG_PRINTLN()` (compiled out unless `-D WLED_DEBUG`)
+
+### Strings and Memory
+- Use `F("string")` for string constants (saves RAM on ESP8266)
+- Use `PSTR()` with `DEBUG_PRINTF_P()` for format strings
+- Avoid `String` in hot paths; acceptable in config/setup code
+- Use `d_malloc()` (DRAM-preferred) / `p_malloc()` (PSRAM-preferred) for allocation
+- No VLAs — use fixed arrays or heap allocation
+- Call `reserve()` on strings/vectors to pre-allocate and avoid fragmentation
+
+#### ESP32 PSRAM guidelines
+
+- **Check availability**: Test chip availability with `psramFound() && ESP.getPsramSize() > 0` before assuming PSRAM is present. Never rely on `BOARD_HAS_PSRAM`only.
+- **DMA compatibility**: on ESP32 (classic), PSRAM buffers are **not DMA-capable**. On ESP32-S3 with octal PSRAM (`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT`), PSRAM buffers *can* be used with DMA when `CONFIG_SOC_PSRAM_DMA_CAPABLE` is defined.
+- **Fragmentation**: PSRAM allocations fragment less than DRAM because the region is larger. But avoid mixing small and large allocations in PSRAM — small allocations waste the MMU page granularity.
+- **Performance**: Prefer DRAM (or IRAM) for hot-path data that is *frequently* used. Prefer PSRAM for capacity-oriented buffers where slightly slower access times can be tolerated.
+
+Background Info:
+
+- PSRAM access is up to 15× slower than DRAM on ESP32 (dual-SPI bus), 3–10× slower than DRAM on ESP32-S3/-S2 with quad-SPI bus. On ESP32-S3 with octal PSRAM (`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT`), the penalty is smaller (~2×) because the 8-line DTR bus can transfer 8 bits in parallel. On ESP32-P4 with hex PSRAM (`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_HEX`), the 16-line bus runs at 200 MHz which brings it on-par with DRAM.
+- Consider that ESP32 often crashes when the largest available DRAM chunk gets below 10 KB.
+
+### Preprocessor / Feature Flags
+- Feature toggling: `WLED_DISABLE_*` and `WLED_ENABLE_*` flags (exact names matter!)
+- `WLED_DISABLE_*`: `2D`, `ADALIGHT`, `ALEXA`, `MQTT`, `OTA`, `INFRARED`, `WEBSOCKETS`, etc.
+- `WLED_ENABLE_*`: `DMX`, `GIF`, `HUB75MATRIX`, `JSONLIVE`, `WEBSOCKETS`, etc.
+- Platform: `ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32`, `ESP8266`, `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3`
+
+### Math Functions
+- Use `sin8_t()`, `cos8_t()` — NOT `sin8()`, `cos8()` (removed, won't compile)
+- Use `sin_approx()` / `cos_approx()` instead of `sinf()` / `cosf()`
+- Replace `inoise8` / `inoise16` with `perlin8` / `perlin16`
+
+### Hot-Path Code (Pixel Pipeline)
+- Use function attributes: `IRAM_ATTR`, `WLED_O2_ATTR`, `__attribute__((hot))`
+- Cache class members to locals before loops
+- Pre-compute invariants outside loops; use reciprocals to avoid division
+- Unsigned range checks: `if ((uint_fast16_t)(pix - start) < len)`
+
+### ESP32 Tasks
+- `delay(1)` in custom FreeRTOS tasks (NOT `yield()`) — feeds IDLE watchdog
+- Do not use `delay()` in effects (FX.cpp) or hot pixel path
+
+#### ESP32 Task Synchronization
+
+- Use FreeRTOS mutexes, semaphores or queues when true concurrent access from multiple FreeRTOS tasks is possible, and race-conditions can lead to unexpected behaviour.
+- **Avoid `portENTER_CRITICAL()` / `portEXIT_CRITICAL()`**, as these functions stall the complete system and may cause LEDs flickering. Prefer FreeRTOS mutexes, semaphores or queues.
+- **Important**: Not every shared resource needs a mutex. Some synchronization is guaranteed by the overall control flow, for example when function calls are sequenced within the same loop iteration.
+- Consider using `std::atomic` or RAII scoped guards as alternatives to mutexes, semaphores or queues.
+
+## Web UI Code Style (wled00/data/)
+
+- **Tab indentation** for HTML, JS, and CSS
+- camelCase for JS functions/variables
+- Reuse helpers from `common.js` — do not duplicate utilities
+- After editing, run `npm run build` to regenerate headers
+- **Never edit** `wled00/html_*.h` or `wled00/js_*.h` directly
+
+## Usermod Pattern
+
+Usermods live in `usermods/<name>/` with a `.cpp`, optional `.h`, `library.json`, and `readme.md`.
+
+```cpp
+class MyUsermod : public Usermod {
+  private:
+    bool enabled = false;
+    static const char _name[];
+  public:
+    void setup() override { /* ... */ }                          // runs once at start-up
+    void loop() override { /* ... */ }                           // runs once per main loop iteration
+    void addToConfig(JsonObject& root) override { /* ... */ }    // create/add persistent settings (usermod settings)
+    bool readFromConfig(JsonObject& root) override { /* ... */ } // read from persistent settings (usermod settings UI)
+    uint16_t getId() override { return USERMOD_ID_MYMOD; }
+    void addToJsonInfo(JsonObject& root) override { /* ... */ }  // Add custom items to the "info" page and to /json/info
+    void appendConfigData() override { /* ... */ }               // Customize the settings page: dropdowns, checkboxes, extra text, etc. Buffer size is limited!
+};
+const char MyUsermod::_name[] PROGMEM = "MyUsermod";
+static MyUsermod myUsermod;
+REGISTER_USERMOD(myUsermod);
+```
+
+refer to detailed examples in `usermods/EXAMPLE/`, `usermods/user_fx/` and [in the user documentation for custom features](https://kno.wled.ge/advanced/custom-features/).
+
+- Activate via `custom_usermods = ` in platformio build config. The `usermod_v2_` prefix or `_v2` suffix can be omitted.
+- Base new usermods on `usermods/EXAMPLE/` (never edit the example directly)
+- Store repeated strings as `static const char[] PROGMEM`
+- Add usermod IDs to `wled00/const.h` **only when a unique ID is required** (see below)
+
+### Usermod IDs
+
+A unique ID (registered in `wled00/const.h` and overriding `getId()`) is **only required** when a usermod needs one or more of the following:
+
+1. **Inter-usermod communication** — another usermod or an FX effect calls `UsermodManager::lookup(mod_id)` or `UsermodManager::getUMData(..., mod_id)` to find or request data from this specific usermod.
+2. **Pin ownership via `pinManager`** — the usermod allocates GPIO pins through `pinManager`. Pin ownership is tracked by `PinOwner` enum values that map directly to `USERMOD_ID_*` constants (see `wled00/pin_manager.h`). This prevents pin-conflict bugs.
+3. **Identification in JSON info** — `UsermodManager::addToJsonInfo` emits each mod's ID into the `"um"` array; a unique ID makes the mod identifiable in that output.
+
+If none of the above apply, the usermod may omit `getId()` (or return the default `USERMOD_ID_UNSPECIFIED`) and does **not** need an entry in `const.h`.
+
+### Usermod `loop()`
+
+- Called once per main loop iteration. Usermods should simply `return` when `!enabled`.
+- Frequency of calls varies with system load:
+    * up to 2000 times/sec with few LEDs and little background activity,
+    * between 20 and 300 times/second during high workload from effects and other usermods,
+    * (worst case) down to 1-3 times/sec during FS activity or when serving lots of network API requests.
+
+## CI/CD
+
+CI runs on every push/PR via GitHub Actions (`.github/workflows/wled-ci.yml`):
+
+1. `npm test` (web UI build validation)
+2. Firmware compilation for all default environments (~22 targets)
+3. Post-link validation of usermod linkage (`validate_modules.py`)
+
+No automated linting is configured. Match existing code style in files you edit.
+
+## General Rules
+
+- Important: Repository language is **English**. This applies to source code (including comments), commit messages and any kind of documentation for developer or users.
+- The `docs/` folder is for developer/contributor information (coding conventions, architecture, etc.). User documentation is maintained in the [wled/WLED-Docs](https://github.com/wled/WLED-Docs) repository.
+- Never edit or commit auto-generated `wled00/html_*.h` / `wled00/js_*.h`.
+- When updating an existing PR, retain the original description. Only modify it to ensure technical accuracy. Add change logs after the existing description.
+- No force-push on open PRs!
+- Important: **Changes to `platformio.ini` require maintainer approval**!
+- PRs should respect `.gitignore` and not upload files like  `platformio_override.ini`. PR authors may add buildenv examples for custom boards into `platformio_override.ini.sample`.
+- Remove dead/unused code — justify or delete it.
+- Verify feature-flag spelling exactly (misspellings are silently ignored by preprocessor).
+- Provide references when making analyses or recommendations. Support factual claims with verifiable citations, references or concrete evidence; **never fabricate citations**.
+- **Highlight user-visible breaking changes and ripple effects** during reviews. Ask for confirmation that these were introduced intentionally.
+
+### Security Hardening
+
+When writing or reviewing code in `wled00/`, `usermods/`, `wled00/data/`, or `.github/workflows/`,
+consult `docs/hardening.instructions.md` (concise checklist) and `docs/securecode.instructions.md` (detailed rules with examples).
+These files define WLED's threat model, trust boundary model, and WLED-specific constraints (no TLS baseline, no UDP authentication for protocol-defined
+multicast/broadcast, firewall-isolated deployment assumed).
+
+### Attribution for AI-generated code
+
+Using AI-generated code can hide the source of the inspiration / knowledge / sources it used.
+
+- Document attribution of inspiration / knowledge / sources used in the code, e.g. link to GitHub repositories or other websites describing the principles / algorithms used.
+- When a larger block of code is generated by an AI tool, embed it into `// AI: below section was generated by an AI` ... `// AI: end` comments (see Comments section).
+- Every non-trivial AI-generated function should have a brief comment describing what it does. Explain parameters when their names alone are not self-explanatory.
+- AI-generated code must be well documented with meaningful comments that explain intent, assumptions, and non-obvious logic. Do not rephrase source code; explain concepts and reasoning.
+
+### Supporting Reviews and Discussions
+
+- **For "is it worth doing?" debates** about proposed reliability, safety, or data-integrity mechanisms (CRC checks, backups, power-loss protection): suggest a software **FMEA** (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis).
+  Clarify the main feared events, enumerate failure modes, assess each mitigation's effectiveness per failure mode, note common-cause failures, and rate credibility for the typical WLED use case.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ We'll work with you to refine your contribution, but we'll also push back if som
 Here are a few suggestions to make it easier for you to contribute:
 
 ### Important Developer Infos
-* [Project Structure, Files and Directories](https://github.com/wled/WLED/blob/main/.github/copilot-instructions.md#project-branch--release-structure) (in our AI instructions)
-* [Instructions for creating usermods](https://github.com/wled/WLED/blob/main/.github/copilot-instructions.md#adding-a-new-usermod) (in our AI instructions)
+* [Project Structure, Files and Directories](AGENTS.md#project-structure) (in our AI instructions)
+* [Instructions for creating usermods](AGENTS.md#usermod-pattern) (in our AI instructions)
 * KB: [Compiling WLED](https://kno.wled.ge/advanced/compiling-wled/) - slightly outdated but still helpful :-)
 * Arduino IDE is not supported any more. Use VSCode with the PlatformIO extension. 
 * [Compiling in VSCode/Platformio](https://github.com/wled/WLED-Docs/issues/161) - modern way without command line or platformio.ini changes.
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ This lets you update your PR if needed, while you can work on other tasks in 'ma
 
 ### Target branch for pull requests
 
-Please make all PRs against the `main` branch.
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> Please make all PRs against the `main` branch.
 
 ### Describing your PR
 
@@ -140,8 +141,6 @@ Sometimes you might hit merge conflicts with `main` that are harder to solve. He
 ### Additional Resources
 Want to know more? Check out:
 - 📚 [GitHub Desktop documentation](https://docs.github.com/en/desktop) - if you prefer GUI tools
-- 🎓 [How to properly submit a PR](https://github.com/wled-dev/WLED/wiki/How-to-properly-submit-a-PR) - detailed tips and tricks
-
 
 ## After Approval
 Once approved, a maintainer will merge your PR (possibly squashing commits). 
@@ -167,14 +166,19 @@ AI tools are powerful but "often wrong" - your judgment is essential! 😊
 
 - ✅ **Understand the code** - As the person contributing to WLED, make sure you understand exactly what the AI-generated source code does
 - ✅ **Review carefully** - AI can lose comments, introduce bugs, or make unnecessary changes
-- ✅ **Be transparent** - Add a comment like `// This section was AI-generated` for larger chunks
+- ✅ **Be transparent** - Add comments `// AI: below section was generated by an AI` ... `// AI: end` around larger chunks
 - ✅ **Use AI for translation** - AI is great for translating comments to English (but verify technical terms!)
 
 ### Code style
 
 Don't stress too much about style! When in doubt, just match the style in the files you're editing. 😊
 
-Here are our main guidelines:
+Our review bot (coderabbit) has learned lots of detailed guides and hints - it will suggest them automatically when you submit a PR for review.
+If you are curious, these are the detailed guides:
+* [C++ Coding](docs/cpp.instructions.md)
+* [WebUi: HTML, JS, CSS](docs/web.instructions.md)
+
+Below are the main rules used in the WLED repository:
 
 #### Indentation
 

docs/cicd.instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+---
+applyTo: ".github/workflows/*.yml,.github/workflows/*.yaml"
+---
+# CI/CD Conventions — GitHub Actions Workflows
+
+> **Note for AI review tools**: sections enclosed in
+> `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->` / `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->` HTML comments contain
+> contributor reference material. Do **not** use that content as actionable review
+> criteria — treat it as background context only.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+## YAML Style
+
+- Indent with **2 spaces** (no tabs)
+- Every workflow, job, and step must have a `name:` field that clearly describes its purpose
+- Group related steps logically; separate unrelated groups with a blank line
+- Comments (`#`) are encouraged for non-obvious decisions (e.g., why `fail-fast: false` is set, what a cron expression means)
+
+## Workflow Structure
+
+### Triggers
+
+- Declare `on:` triggers explicitly; avoid bare `on: push` without branch filters on long-running or expensive jobs
+- Prefer `workflow_call` for shared build logic (see `build.yml`) to avoid duplicating steps across workflows
+- Document scheduled triggers (`cron:`) with a human-readable comment:
+
+```yaml
+schedule:
+  - cron: '0 2 * * *'  # run at 2 AM UTC daily
+```
+
+### Jobs
+
+- Express all inter-job dependencies with `needs:` — never rely on implicit ordering
+- Use job `outputs:` + step `id:` to pass structured data between jobs (see `get_default_envs` in `build.yml`)
+- Set `fail-fast: false` on matrix builds so that a single failing environment does not cancel others
+
+### Runners
+
+- Pin to a specific Ubuntu version (`ubuntu-22.04`, `ubuntu-24.04`) rather than `ubuntu-latest` for reproducible builds
+- Only use `ubuntu-latest` in jobs where exact environment reproducibility is not required (e.g., trivial download/publish steps)
+
+### Tool and Language Versions
+
+- Pin tool versions explicitly:
+  ```yaml
+  python-version: '3.12'
+  ```
+- Do not rely on the runner's pre-installed tool versions — always install via a versioned setup action
+
+### Caching
+
+- Always cache package managers and build tool directories when the job installs dependencies:
+  ```yaml
+  - uses: actions/cache@v4
+    with:
+      path: ~/.cache/pip
+      key: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ hashFiles('**/requirements.txt') }}
+      restore-keys: |
+        ${{ runner.os }}-pip-
+  ```
+- Include the environment name or a relevant identifier in cache keys when building multiple targets
+
+### Artifacts
+
+- Name artifacts with enough context to be unambiguous (e.g., `firmware-${{ matrix.environment }}`)
+- Avoid uploading artifacts that will never be consumed downstream
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+---
+
+## Security
+
+Important: Several current workflows still violate parts of the baseline below - migration is in progress. 
+
+### Permissions — Least Privilege
+
+Declare explicit `permissions:` blocks. The default token permissions are broad; scope them to the minimum required:
+
+```yaml
+permissions:
+  contents: read       # for checkout
+```
+
+For jobs that publish releases or write to the repository:
+
+```yaml
+permissions:
+  contents: write      # create/update releases
+```
+
+A common safe baseline for build-only jobs:
+
+```yaml
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+```
+
+### Supply Chain — Action Pinning
+
+**Third-party actions** (anything outside the `actions/` and `github/` namespaces) should be pinned to a specific release tag. Branch pins (`@main`, `@master`) are **not allowed** — they can be updated by the action author at any time without notice:
+
+```yaml
+# ✅ Acceptable — specific version tag. SHA pinning recommended for more security, as @v2 is still a mutable tag.
+uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+
+# ❌ Not acceptable — mutable branch reference
+uses: andelf/nightly-release@main
+```
+
+SHA pinning (e.g., `uses: someorg/some-action@abc1234`) is the most secure option for third-party actions; it is recommended when auditing supply-chain risk is a priority. At minimum, always use a specific version tag.
+
+**First-party actions** (`actions/checkout`, `actions/cache`, `actions/upload-artifact`, etc.) pinned to a major version tag (e.g., `@v4`) are acceptable because GitHub maintains and audits these.
+
+When adding a new third-party action:
+1. Check that the action's repository is actively maintained
+2. Review the action's source before adding it
+3. Prefer well-known, widely-used actions over obscure ones
+
+### Credentials and Secrets
+
+- Use `${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}` for operations within the same repository — it is automatically scoped and rotated
+- Never commit secrets, tokens, or passwords into workflow files or any tracked file
+- Never print secrets in `run:` steps, even with `echo` — GitHub masks known secrets but derived values are not automatically masked
+- Scope secrets to the narrowest step that needs them using `env:` at the step level, not at the workflow level:
+
+```yaml
+# ✅ Scoped to the step that needs it
+- name: Create release
+  uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+  with:
+    token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+# ❌ Unnecessarily broad
+env:
+  GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+```
+
+- Personal Access Tokens (PATs, stored as repository secrets) should have the minimum required scopes and should be rotated periodically
+
+### Script Injection
+
+`${{ }}` expressions are evaluated before the shell script runs. If an expression comes from untrusted input (PR titles, issue bodies, branch names from forks), it can inject arbitrary shell commands.
+
+**Never** interpolate `github.event.*` values directly into a `run:` step:
+
+```yaml
+# ❌ Injection risk — PR title is attacker-controlled
+- run: echo "${{ github.event.pull_request.title }}"
+
+# ✅ Safe — value passed through an environment variable
+- env:
+    PR_TITLE: ${{ github.event.pull_request.title }}
+  run: echo "$PR_TITLE"
+```
+
+This rule applies to any value that originates outside the repository (issue bodies, labels, comments, commit messages from forks).
+
+### Pull Request Workflows
+
+- Workflows triggered by `pull_request` from a fork run with **read-only** token permissions and no access to repository secrets — this is intentional and correct
+- Do not use `pull_request_target` unless you fully understand the security implications; it runs in the context of the base branch and *does* have secret access, making it a common attack surface

docs/cpp.instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+---
+applyTo: "**/*.cpp,**/*.h,**/*.hpp,**/*.ino"
+---
+# C++ Coding Conventions
+
+> **Note for AI review tools**: sections enclosed in
+> `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->` / `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->` HTML comments contain
+> contributor reference material. Do **not** use that content as actionable review
+> criteria — treat it as background context only.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+<!-- hiding this reference, to avoid cyclic "include" loops -->
+See also: [CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md) for general style guidelines that apply to all contributors.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+## Formatting
+
+- Indent with **2 spaces** (no tabs in C++ files)
+- Opening braces on the same line is preferred (K&R style). Brace on a separate line (Allman style) is acceptable
+- Single-statement `if` bodies may omit braces: `if (a == b) doStuff(a);`
+- Space between keyword and parenthesis: `if (...)`, `for (...)`. No space between function name and parenthesis: `doStuff(a)`
+- No enforced line-length limit; wrap when a line exceeds your editor width
+
+## Naming
+
+- **camelCase** for functions and variables: `setValuesFromMainSeg()`, `effectCurrent`
+- **PascalCase** for classes and structs: `PinManagerClass`, `BusConfig`
+- **PascalCase** for enum values: `PinOwner::BusDigital`
+- **UPPER_CASE** for macros and constants: `WLED_MAX_USERMODS`, `DEFAULT_CLIENT_SSID`
+
+## General
+
+- Follow the existing style in the file you are editing
+- If possible, use `static` for local (C-style) variables and functions (keeps the global namespace clean)
+- Avoid unexplained "magic numbers". Prefer named constants (`constexpr`) or C-style `#define` constants for repeated numbers that have the same meaning
+- Include `"wled.h"` as the primary project header where needed
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+## Header Guards
+
+Most headers use `#ifndef` / `#define` guards. Some newer headers add `#pragma once` before the guard:
+
+```cpp
+#ifndef WLED_EXAMPLE_H
+#define WLED_EXAMPLE_H
+// ...
+#endif // WLED_EXAMPLE_H
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+## Comments
+
+- `//` for inline comments, `/* ... */` for block comments. Always put a space after `//`
+- **AI attribution:** When a larger block of code is generated by an AI tool, mark it with an `// AI:` comment so reviewers know to scrutinize it:
+
+```cpp
+// AI: below section was generated by an AI
+void calculateCRC(const uint8_t* data, size_t len) {
+  ...
+}
+// AI: end
+```
+
+  Single-line AI-assisted edits do not need the marker — use it when the AI produced a contiguous block that a human did not write line-by-line.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+<!-- hidden from AI for now, as it created too many "please add a description" review findings in my first tests -->
+- **Function & feature comments:** Every non-trivial function should have a brief comment above it describing what it does. Include a note about each parameter when the names alone are not self-explanatory:
+
+```cpp
+/* *****
+ * Apply gamma correction to a single color channel.
+ * @param value  raw 8-bit channel value (0–255)
+ * @param gamma  gamma exponent (typically 2.8)
+ * @return       corrected 8-bit value
+ ***** */
+uint8_t gammaCorrect(uint8_t value, float gamma);
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+  Short accessor-style functions (getters/setters, one-liners) may skip this if their purpose is obvious from the name.
+
+## Preprocessor & Feature Flags
+
+- Prefer compile-time feature flags (`#ifdef` / `#ifndef`) over runtime checks where possible
+- Platform differentiation: `ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32` vs `ESP8266`
+- PSRAM availability: `BOARD_HAS_PSRAM`
+
+## Error Handling
+
+- `DEBUG_PRINTF()` / `DEBUG_PRINTLN()` for developer diagnostics (compiled out unless `-D WLED_DEBUG`)
+- Don't rely on C++ exceptions — use return codes (`-1` / `false` for errors) and global flags (e.g. `errorFlag = ERR_LOW_MEM`). Some builds don't support C++ exceptions.
+
+## Strings
+
+- Use `const char*` for temporary/parsed strings
+- Avoid `String` (Arduino heap-allocated string) in hot paths; acceptable in config/setup code
+- Use `F("string")` for string constants (major RAM win on ESP8266; mostly overload/type compatibility on ESP32)
+- Store repeated strings as `static const char[] PROGMEM`
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+
+  On **ESP8266** this explicitly stores the string in flash (PROGMEM), saving precious RAM — every byte counts on that platform. 
+  On **ESP32**, `PROGMEM` is a no-op and string literals already reside in flash/rodata, so `F()` yields little RAM benefit but remains harmless (it satisfies `__FlashStringHelper*` overloads that some APIs expect).
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+```cpp
+  DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("WS client connected."));  // string stays in flash, not RAM
+  DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("initE: Ignoring attempt for invalid ethernetType (%d)\n"), ethernetType); // format string stays in flash
+```
+
+## Memory
+
+- **PSRAM-aware allocation**: use `d_malloc()` (prefer DRAM), `p_malloc()` (prefer PSRAM) from `fcn_declare.h`
+- **Avoid Variable Length Arrays (VLAs)**: FreeRTOS task stacks are typically 2–8 KB. A runtime-sized VLA can silently exhaust the stack. Use fixed-size arrays or heap allocation (`d_malloc` / `p_malloc`). Any VLA must be explicitly justified in source or PR.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+GCC/Clang support VLAs as an extension (they are not part of the C++ standard), so they look like a legitimate feature — but they are allocated on the stack at runtime. On ESP32/ESP8266, a VLA whose size depends on a runtime parameter (segment dimensions, pixel counts, etc.) can silently exhaust the stack and cause the program to behave in unexpected ways or crash.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+- **Larger buffers** (LED data, JSON documents) should use PSRAM when available and technically feasible
+- **Hot-path**: some data should stay in DRAM or IRAM for performance reasons
+- Memory efficiency matters, but is less critical on boards with PSRAM
+
+Heap fragmentation is a concern:
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+   - Fragmentation can lead to crashes, even when the overall amount of available heap is still good. The C++ runtime doesn't do any "garbage collection".
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+   - Avoid frequent `d_malloc` and `d_free` inside a function, especially for small sizes.
+   - Avoid frequent creation / destruction of objects.
+   - Allocate buffers early, and try to re-use them.
+   - Instead of incrementally appending to a `String`,  reserve the expected max buffer upfront by using the `reserve()` method.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+
+```cpp
+  String result;
+  result.reserve(65);  // pre-allocate to avoid realloc fragmentation
+```
+
+```cpp
+  // prefer DRAM; falls back gracefully and enforces MIN_HEAP_SIZE guard
+  _ledsDirty = (byte*) d_malloc(getBitArrayBytes(_len));
+```
+
+```cpp
+  _mode.reserve(_modeCount);     // allocate memory to prevent initial fragmentation - does not increase size()
+  _modeData.reserve(_modeCount); // allocate memory to prevent initial fragmentation - does not increase size()
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+## `const` and `constexpr`
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+`const` is a promise to the compiler that a value (or object) will not change - a function declared with a `const char* message` parameter is not allowed to modify the content of `message`.
+This pattern enables optimizations and makes intent clear to reviewers.
+
+`constexpr` allows to define constants that are *guaranteed* to be evaluated by the compiler (zero run-time costs).
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+- For function parameters that are read-only, prefer `const &` or `const`.
+
+### `const` locals
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+* Adding `const` to a local variable that is only assigned once is optional, but *not* strictly necessary.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+* In hot-path code, `const` on cached locals may help the compiler keep values in registers.
+  ```cpp
+  const uint_fast16_t cols = vWidth();
+  const uint_fast16_t rows = vHeight();
+  ```
+
+### `const` references to avoid copies
+- Pass objects by `const &` (or `&`) instead of copying them implicitly.
+- Use `const &` (or `&`)  inside loops - This avoids constructing temporary objects on every access.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+const auto &m = _mappings[i];                        // reference, not a copy (bus_manager.cpp)
+Segment& sourcesegment = strip.getSegment(sourceid); // alias — avoids creating a temporary Segment instance
+```
+
+For function parameters that are read-only, prefer `const &`:
+```cpp
+BusManager::add(const BusConfig &bc, bool placeholder) {
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+- Class **Data Members:** Avoid reference data members (`T&` or `const T&`) in a class. 
+  A reference member can outlive the object it refers to, causing **dangling reference** bugs that are hard to diagnose. Prefer value storage or use a pointer and document the expected lifetime.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+<!-- hidden from AI for now - codebase is not compliant to this rule (slowly migrating) -->
+### `constexpr` over `#define`
+
+- Prefer `constexpr` for compile-time constants. Unlike `#define`, `constexpr` respects scope and type safety, keeping the global namespace clean.
+
+```cpp
+// Prefer:
+constexpr uint32_t TWO_CHANNEL_MASK = 0x00FF00FF;
+constexpr int WLED_MAX_BUSSES = WLED_MAX_DIGITAL_CHANNELS + WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS;
+
+// Avoid (when possible):
+#define TWO_CHANNEL_MASK 0x00FF00FF
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+### `static_assert` over `#error`
+
+- Use `static_assert` instead of the C-style `#if … #error … #endif` pattern when validating compile-time constants. It provides a clear message and works with `constexpr` values.
+- `#define` and `#if ... #else ... #endif` is still needed for conditional-compilation guards and build-flag-overridable values.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+// Prefer:
+constexpr int WLED_MAX_BUSSES = WLED_MAX_DIGITAL_CHANNELS + WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS;
+static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
+
+// Avoid:
+#if (WLED_MAX_BUSSES > 32)
+  #error "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit"
+#endif
+```
+
+```cpp
+  // using static_assert() to validate enumerated types (zero cost at runtime)
+  static_assert(0u == static_cast<uint8_t>(PinOwner::None),
+               "PinOwner::None must be zero, so default array initialization works as expected");
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### `static` and `const` class methods
+
+#### `const` member functions
+
+Marking a member function `const` tells the compiler that it does not modify the object's state:
+
+```cpp
+uint16_t length() const { return _len; }
+bool     isActive() const { return _active; }
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+Benefits for GCC/Xtensa/RISC-V:
+- The compiler knows the method cannot write to `this`, so it is free to **keep member values in registers** across the call and avoid reload barriers.
+- `const` methods can be called on `const` objects and `const` references — essential when passing large objects as `const &` to avoid copying.
+- `const` allows the compiler to **eliminate redundant loads**: if a caller already has a member value cached, the compiler can prove the `const` call cannot invalidate it.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+Declare getter, query, or inspection methods `const`. If you need to mark a member `mutable` to work around this (e.g. for a cache or counter), document the reason.
+
+#### `static` member functions
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+A `static` member function has no implicit `this` pointer. This has two distinct advantages:
+
+1. **Smaller code, faster calls**: no `this` is passed in a register. On Xtensa and RISC-V, this removes one register argument from every call site and prevents the compiler from emitting `this`-preservation code around inlined blocks.
+2. **Better inlining**: GCC can inline a `static` method with more certainty because it cannot be overridden by a derived class (no virtual dispatch ambiguity) and has no aliasing concern through `this`.
+
+Use `static` for any method that does not need access to instance members:
+
+```cpp
+// Factory / utility — no instance needed:
+static BusConfig fromJson(JsonObject obj);
+
+// Pure computation helpers:
+static uint8_t  gamma8(uint8_t val);
+static uint32_t colorBalance(uint32_t color, uint8_t r, uint8_t g, uint8_t b);
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+`static` communicates intent clearly: a reviewer immediately knows the method is stateless and safe to call without a fully constructed object.
+
+> **Rule of thumb**: if a method does not read or write any member variable, make it `static`. If it only reads member variables, make it `const`. Note: `static` methods cannot also be `const`-qualified because there is no implicit `this` pointer to be const — just use `static`. Both qualifiers reduce coupling and improve generated code on all ESP32 targets.
+
+---
+
+## Hot-Path Optimization
+
+The hot path is the per-frame pixel pipeline: **Segment → Strip → BusManager → Bus(Digital,HUB75,Network) or PolyBus → LED driver, plus ``WS2812FX::show()`` and below**.
+Speed is the priority here. The patterns below are taken from existing hot-path code (`FX_fcn.cpp`, `FX_2Dfcn.cpp`, `bus_manager.cpp`, `colors.cpp`) and should be followed when modifying these files.
+
+Note: `FX.cpp` (effect functions) is written by many contributors and has diverse styles — that is acceptable. 
+
+### Function Attributes
+
+Stack the appropriate attributes on hot-path functions. Defined in `const.h`:
+
+| Attribute | Meaning | When to use |
+|---|---|---|
+| `__attribute__((hot))` | Branch-prediction hint | hot-path functions with complex logic |
+| `IRAM_ATTR` | Place in fast IRAM (ESP32) | Critical per-pixel functions (e.g. `BusDigital::setPixelColor`) |
+| `IRAM_ATTR_YN` | IRAM on ESP32, no-op on ESP8266 | Hot functions that ESP8266 can't fit in IRAM |
+| `WLED_O2_ATTR` | Force `-O2` optimization | Most hot-path functions |
+| `WLED_O3_ATTR` | Force `-O3,fast-math` | Innermost color math (e.g. `color_blend`) |
+| `[[gnu::hot]] inline` | Modern C++ attribute + inline | Header-defined accessors (e.g. `progress()`, `currentBri()`) |
+
+Note: `WLED_O3_ATTR` sometimes causes performance loss compared to `WLED_O2_ATTR`. Choose optimization levels based on test results.
+
+Example signature:
+
+```cpp
+void IRAM_ATTR_YN WLED_O2_ATTR __attribute__((hot)) Segment::setPixelColor(unsigned i, uint32_t c)
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Cache Members to Locals Before Loops
+
+Copy class members and virtual-call results to local variables before entering a loop:
+
+```cpp
+uint_fast8_t count = numBusses;          // avoid repeated member access
+for (uint_fast8_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+  Bus* const b = busses[i];              // const pointer hints to compiler
+  uint_fast16_t bstart = b->getStart();
+  uint_fast16_t blen = b->getLength();
+  ...
+}
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+### Unsigned Range Check
+
+Replace two-comparison range tests with a single unsigned subtraction:
+
+```cpp
+// Instead of: if (pix >= bstart && pix < bstart + blen)
+if ((uint_fast16_t)(pix - bstart) < blen)  // also catches negative pix via unsigned underflow
+```
+
+### Early Returns
+
+Guard every hot-path function with the cheapest necessary checks first:
+
+```cpp
+if (!isActive()) return;                 // inactive segment
+if (unsigned(i) >= vLength()) return;    // bounds check (catches negative i too)
+```
+
+### Avoid Nested Calls — Fast Path / Complex Path
+
+Avoid calling non-inline functions or making complex decisions inside per-pixel hot-path code. When a function has both a common simple case and a rare complex case, split it into two variants and choose once per frame rather than per pixel.
+
+General rules:
+- Keep fast-path functions free of non-inline calls, multi-way branches, and complex switch-case decisions. 
+- Hoist per-frame decisions (e.g. simple vs. complex segment) out of the per-pixel loop. 
+- Code duplication between fast/slow variants is acceptable to keep the fast path lean.
+
+### Function Pointers to Eliminate Repeated Decisions
+
+When the same decision (e.g. "which drawing routine?") would be evaluated for every pixel, assign the chosen variant to a function pointer once and let the inner loop call through the pointer. This removes the branch entirely — the calling code (e.g. the GIF decoder loop) only ever invokes one function per frame, with no per-pixel decision.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+`image_loader.cpp` demonstrates the pattern: `calculateScaling()` picks the best drawing callback once per frame based on segment dimensions and GIF size, then passes it to the decoder via `setDrawPixelCallback()`:
+
+```cpp
+// calculateScaling() — called once per frame
+if ((perPixelX < 2) && (perPixelY < 2))
+  decoder.setDrawPixelCallback(drawPixelCallbackDownScale2D);   // downscale-only variant
+else
+  decoder.setDrawPixelCallback(drawPixelCallback2D);            // full-scaling variant
+```
+
+Each callback is a small, single-purpose function with no internal branching — the decoder's per-pixel loop never re-evaluates which strategy to use.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Template Specialization (Advanced)
+
+Templates can eliminate runtime decisions by generating separate code paths at compile time. For example, a pixel setter could be templated on color order or channel count so the compiler removes dead branches and produces tight, specialized machine code:
+
+```cpp
+template<bool hasWhite>
+void setChannel(uint8_t* out, uint32_t col) {
+  out[0] = R(col); out[1] = G(col); out[2] = B(col);
+  if constexpr (hasWhite) out[3] = W(col);  // compiled out when hasWhite==false
+}
+```
+
+Use sparingly — each instantiation duplicates code in flash. On ESP8266 and small-flash ESP32 boards this can exhaust IRAM/flash. Prefer templates only when the hot path is measurably faster and the number of instantiations is small (2–4).
+
+### RAII Lock-Free Synchronization (Advanced)
+
+Where contention is rare and the critical section is short, consider replacing mutex-based locking with lock-free techniques using `std::atomic` and RAII scoped guards. A scoped guard sets a flag on construction and clears it on destruction, guaranteeing cleanup even on early return:
+
+```cpp
+struct ScopedBusyFlag {
+  std::atomic<bool>& flag;
+  bool acquired;
+  ScopedBusyFlag(std::atomic<bool>& f) : flag(f), acquired(false) {
+    bool expected = false;
+    acquired = flag.compare_exchange_strong(expected, true);
+  }
+  ~ScopedBusyFlag() { if (acquired) flag.store(false); }
+  explicit operator bool() const { return acquired; }
+};
+
+// Usage
+static std::atomic<bool> busySending{false};
+ScopedBusyFlag guard(busySending);
+if (!guard) return;  // another task is already sending
+// ... do work — flag auto-clears when guard goes out of scope
+```
+
+This avoids FreeRTOS semaphore overhead and the risk of forgetting to return a semaphore. There are no current examples of this pattern in the codebase — consult with maintainers before introducing it in new code, to ensure it aligns with the project's synchronization conventions.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Pre-Compute Outside Loops
+
+Move invariant calculations before the loop. Pre-compute reciprocals to replace division with multiplication.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+const uint_fast16_t cols = virtualWidth();
+const uint_fast16_t rows = virtualHeight();
+uint_fast8_t fadeRate = (255U - rate) >> 1;
+float mappedRate_r = 1.0f / (float(fadeRate) + 1.1f);  // reciprocal — avoid division inside loop
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Parallel Channel Processing
+
+Process R+B and W+G channels simultaneously using the two-channel mask pattern:
+
+```cpp
+constexpr uint32_t TWO_CHANNEL_MASK = 0x00FF00FF;
+uint32_t rb = (((c1 & TWO_CHANNEL_MASK) * amount) >> 8) & TWO_CHANNEL_MASK;
+uint32_t wg = (((c1 >> 8) & TWO_CHANNEL_MASK) * amount) & ~TWO_CHANNEL_MASK;
+return rb | wg;
+```
+
+### Bit Shifts Over Division (mainly for RISC-V boards)
+
+ESP32 and ESP32-S3 (Xtensa core) have a fast "integer divide" instruction, so manual shifts rarely help. 
+On RISC-V targets (ESP32-C3/C6/P4) and ESP8266, prefer explicit bit-shifts for power-of-two arithmetic — the compiler does **not** always convert divisions to shifts. 
+Always use unsigned operands for right shifts; signed right-shift is implementation-defined.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+On RISC-V-based boards (ESP32-C3, ESP32-C6, ESP32-C5) explicit shifts can be beneficial.
+```cpp
+position >> 3     // instead of position / 8
+(255U - rate) >> 1 // instead of (255 - rate) / 2
+i & 0x0007        // instead of i % 8
+```
+
+**Important**: The bit-shifted expression should be unsigned. On some MCUs, "signed right-shift" is implemented by an "arithmetic shift right" that duplicates the sign bit: ``0b1010 >> 1 = 0b1101``.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Static Caching for Expensive Computations
+
+Cache results in static locals when the input rarely changes between calls:
+
+```cpp
+static uint16_t lastKelvin = 0;
+static byte correctionRGB[4] = {255,255,255,0};
+if (lastKelvin != kelvin) {
+  colorKtoRGB(kelvin, correctionRGB);  // expensive — only recalculate when input changes
+  lastKelvin = kelvin;
+}
+```
+
+### Inlining Strategy
+
+- Move frequently-called small functions to headers for inlining (e.g. `Segment::setPixelColorRaw` is in `FX.h`)
+- Use `static inline` for file-local helpers
+
+### Math & Trigonometric Functions
+
+- WLED uses a custom `fastled_slim` library. The old FastLED trig aliases (`sin8`, `cos8`, `sin16`, `cos16`) **no longer exist and cause a compile error** — use `sin8_t()`, `cos8_t()`, `sin16_t()`, `cos16_t()` instead. For float approximations use `sin_approx()` / `cos_approx()` instead of `sinf()` / `cosf()`. Replace FastLED noise aliases (`inoise8`, `inoise16`) with `perlin8`, `perlin16`.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+
+| ❌ Do not use (compile error) | ✅ Use instead | Source |
+|---|---|---|
+| `sin8()`, `cos8()` | `sin8_t()`, `cos8_t()` | `fastled_slim.h` → `wled_math.cpp` |
+| `sin16()`, `cos16()` | `sin16_t()`, `cos16_t()` | `fastled_slim.h` → `wled_math.cpp` |
+| `sinf()`, `cosf()` | `sin_approx()`, `cos_approx()` | `wled_math.cpp` |
+| `atan2f()`, `atan2()` | `atan2_t()` | `wled_math.cpp` |
+| `sqrt()` on integers | `sqrt32_bw()` | `fcn_declare.h` → `wled_math.cpp` |
+| `sqrtf()` on floats | `sqrtf()` (acceptable) | — no WLED replacement |
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+---
+
+## `delay()` vs `yield()` in ESP32 Tasks
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+* On ESP32, `delay(ms)` calls `vTaskDelay(ms / portTICK_PERIOD_MS)`, which **suspends only the calling task**. The FreeRTOS scheduler immediately runs all other ready tasks. 
+* The Arduino `loop()` function runs inside `loopTask`. Calling `delay()` there does *not* block the network stack, audio FFT, LED DMA, nor any other FreeRTOS task.
+* This differs from ESP8266, where `delay()` stalls the entire system unless `yield()` was called inside.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+- On ESP32, `delay()` is generally allowed, as it helps to efficiently manage CPU usage of all tasks.
+- On ESP8266, only use `delay()` and `yield()` in the main `loop()` context. If not sure, protect with `if (can_yield()) ...`.
+- Do *not* use `delay()` in effects (FX.cpp) or in the hot pixel path.
+- `delay()` on the bus-level is allowed, it might be needed to achieve exact timing in LED drivers.
+
+### IDLE Watchdog and Custom Tasks on ESP32
+
+- In arduino-esp32, `yield()` calls `vTaskDelay(0)`, which only switches to tasks at equal or higher priority — the IDLE task (priority 0) is never reached. 
+- **Do not use `yield()` to pace ESP32 tasks or assume it feeds any watchdog**.
+- **Custom `xTaskCreate()` tasks must call `delay(1)` in their loop, not `yield()`.** Without a real blocking call, the IDLE task is starved. The IDLE watchdog panic is the first visible symptom — but the damage starts earlier: deleted task memory leaks, software timers stop firing, light sleep is disabled, and Wi-Fi/BT idle hooks don't run. Structure custom tasks like this:
+```cpp
+// WRONG — IDLE task is never scheduled; yield() does not feed the idle task watchdog.
+void myTask(void*) {
+  for (;;) {
+    doWork();
+    yield();
+  }
+}
+
+// CORRECT — delay(1) suspends the task for ≥1 ms, IDLE task runs, IDLE watchdog is fed
+void myTask(void*) {
+  for (;;) {
+    doWork();
+    delay(1);  // DO NOT REMOVE — lets IDLE(0) run and feeds its watchdog
+  }
+}
+```
+
+- Prefer blocking FreeRTOS primitives (`xQueueReceive`, `ulTaskNotifyTake`, `vTaskDelayUntil`) over `delay(1)` polling where precise timing or event-driven behaviour is needed.
+- **Watchdog note.** WLED disables the Task Watchdog by default (`WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT 0` in `wled.h`). When enabled, `esp_task_wdt_reset()` is called at the end of each `loop()` iteration. Long blocking operations inside `loop()` — such as OTA downloads or slow file I/O — must call `esp_task_wdt_reset()` periodically, or be restructured so the main loop is not blocked for longer than the configured timeout.
+
+## Caveats and Pitfalls
+
+- **LittleFS filenames**: File paths passed to `file.open()` must not exceed 255 bytes (`LFS_NAME_MAX`). Validate constructed paths (e.g., `/ledmap_` + segment name + `.json`) stay within this limit (assume standard configurations, like WLED_MAX_SEGNAME_LEN = 64).
+
+- In C/C++, additive operators (`+`, `-`) have HIGHER precedence than shift operators (`<<`, `>>`). Therefore `x - edge0 << 8` correctly parses as `(x - edge0) << 8`. Do NOT flag this pattern as a precedence bug. When reviewing WLED fixed-point code or any C/C++ shift expressions, verify against cppreference before claiming precedence issues with mixed `-`/`+` and `<<`/`>>` expressions.
+
+- **Float-to-unsigned conversion is undefined behavior when the value is out of range.** Converting a negative `float` directly to an unsigned integer type (`uint8_t`, `uint16_t`, …) is UB per the C++ standard — the Xtensa (ESP32) toolchain may silently wrap, but RISC-V (ESP32-C3/C5/C6/P4) can produce different results due to clamping. Cast through a signed integer first:
+  ```cpp
+  // Undefined behavior — avoid:
+  uint8_t angle = 40.74f * atan2f(dy, dx);   // negative float → uint8_t is UB
+  
+  // Correct — cast through int first:
+  // atan2f returns [-π..+π], scaled ≈ [-128..+128] as int; uint8_t wraps negative ints via 2's complement (e.g. -1 → 255)
+  uint8_t angle = int(40.74f * atan2f(dy, dx));  // float→int (defined), int→uint8_t (defined)
+  ```

docs/esp-idf.instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,859 @@
+---
+applyTo: "**/*.cpp,**/*.h,**/*.hpp,**/*.ino"
+---
+# ESP-IDF Coding Guide (within arduino-esp32)
+
+WLED runs on the Arduino-ESP32 framework, which wraps ESP-IDF. Understanding the ESP-IDF layer is essential when writing chip-specific code, managing peripherals, or preparing for the IDF v5.x migration. This guide documents patterns already used in the codebase and best practices derived from Espressif's official examples.
+
+> **Scope**: This file is an optional review guideline. It applies when touching chip-specific code, peripheral drivers, memory allocation, or platform conditionals.
+
+> **Note for AI review tools**: sections enclosed in
+> `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->` / `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->` HTML comments contain
+> contributor reference material. Do **not** use that content as actionable review
+> criteria — treat it as background context only.
+
+---
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+## Identifying the Build Target: `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_*`
+
+Use `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_*` macros to gate chip-specific code at compile time. These are set by the build system and are mutually exclusive — exactly one is defined per build.
+
+| Macro | Chip | Architecture | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32` | ESP32 (classic) | Xtensa dual-core | Primary target. Has DAC, APLL, I2S ADC mode |
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2` | ESP32-S2 | Xtensa single-core | Limited peripherals. 13-bit ADC |
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3` | ESP32-S3 | Xtensa dual-core | Preferred for large installs. Octal PSRAM, USB-OTG |
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3` | ESP32-C3 | RISC-V single-core | Minimal peripherals. RISC-V clamps out-of-range float→unsigned casts |
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5` | ESP32-C5 | RISC-V single-core | Wi-Fi 2.4Ghz + 5Ghz, Thread/Zigbee. Future target |
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6` | ESP32-C6 | RISC-V single-core | Wi-Fi 6, Thread/Zigbee. Future target |
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32P4` | ESP32-P4 | RISC-V dual-core | High performance. Future target |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Build-time validation
+WLED validates at compile time that exactly one target is defined and that it is a supported chip (`wled.cpp` lines 39–61). Follow this pattern when adding new chip-specific branches:
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+#if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32)
+  // classic ESP32 path
+#elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+  // S3-specific path
+#elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32P4)
+  // RISC-V common path
+#else
+  #warning "Untested chip — review peripheral availability"
+#endif
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Guidelines
+
+- **Always test on the actual chip** before claiming support. Simulators and cross-compilation can hide peripheral differences.
+- **Prefer `#elif` chains** over nested `#ifdef` for readability.
+- **Do not use `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_*` for feature detection.** Use `SOC_*` capability macros instead (see next section). For example, use `SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_ADC` instead of `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32` to check for I2S ADC support.
+- When a feature must be disabled on certain chips, use explicit `static_assert()` or `#warning` directives so the build clearly reports what is missing.
+
+---
+
+## Hardware Capability Detection: `SOC_*` Macros
+
+`SOC_*` macros (from `soc/soc_caps.h`) describe what the current chip supports. They are the correct way to check for peripheral features — they stay accurate when new chips are added, unlike `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_*` checks.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Important `SOC_*` macros used in WLED
+
+| Macro | Type | Used in | Purpose |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `SOC_I2S_NUM` | `int` | `audio_source.h` | Number of I2S peripherals (1 or 2) |
+| `SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_ADC` | `bool` | `usermods/audioreactive/audio_source.h` | I2S ADC sampling mode (ESP32 only) |
+| `SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_APLL` | `bool` | `usermods/audioreactive/audio_source.h` | Audio PLL for precise sample rates |
+| `SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_PDM_RX` | `bool` | `usermods/audioreactive/audio_source.h` | PDM microphone input |
+| `SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH` | `int` | `util.cpp` | ADC resolution (12 or 13 bits). Renamed to `CONFIG_SOC_ADC_RTC_MAX_BITWIDTH` in IDF v5 |
+| `SOC_ADC_CHANNEL_NUM(unit)` | `int` | `pin_manager.cpp` | ADC channels per unit |
+| `SOC_UART_NUM` | `int` | `dmx_input.cpp` | Number of UART peripherals |
+| `SOC_DRAM_LOW` / `SOC_DRAM_HIGH` | `addr` | `util.cpp` | DRAM address boundaries for validation |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Key pitfall
+`SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH` (ADC resolution 12 or 13 bits) was renamed to `CONFIG_SOC_ADC_RTC_MAX_BITWIDTH` in IDF v5.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Less commonly used but valuable
+
+| Macro | Purpose |
+|---|---|
+| `SOC_RMT_TX_CANDIDATES_PER_GROUP` | Number of RMT TX channels (varies 2–8 by chip) |
+| `SOC_LEDC_CHANNEL_NUM` | Number of LEDC (PWM) channels |
+| `SOC_GPIO_PIN_COUNT` | Total GPIO pin count |
+| `SOC_DAC_SUPPORTED` | Whether the chip has a DAC (ESP32/S2 only) |
+| `SOC_SPIRAM_SUPPORTED` | Whether PSRAM interface exists |
+| `SOC_CPU_CORES_NUM` | Core count (1 or 2) — useful for task pinning decisions |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+### Best practices
+
+```cpp
+// Good: feature-based detection
+#if SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_PDM_RX
+  _config.mode = i2s_mode_t(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_RX | I2S_MODE_PDM);
+#else
+  #warning "PDM microphones not supported on this chip"
+#endif
+
+// Avoid: chip-name-based detection
+#if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+  // happens to be correct today, but breaks when a new chip adds PDM support
+#endif
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### PSRAM capability macros
+
+For PSRAM presence, mode, and DMA access patterns:
+
+| Macro | Meaning |
+|---|---|
+| `CONFIG_SPIRAM` / `BOARD_HAS_PSRAM` | PSRAM is present in the build configuration |
+| `CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_QUAD` | Quad-SPI PSRAM (standard, used on ESP32 classic and some S2/S3 boards) |
+| `CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT` | Octal-SPI PSRAM — 8 data lines, DTR mode. Used on ESP32-S3 with octal PSRAM (e.g. N8R8 / N16R8 modules). Reserves GPIO 33–37 for the PSRAM bus — **do not allocate these pins** when this macro is defined. `wled.cpp` uses this to gate GPIO reservation. |
+| `CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_HEX` | Hex-SPI (16-line) PSRAM — future interface on ESP32-P4 running at up to 200 MHz. Used in `json.cpp` to report the PSRAM mode. |
+| `CONFIG_SOC_PSRAM_DMA_CAPABLE` | PSRAM buffers can be used with DMA (ESP32-S3 with octal PSRAM) |
+| `CONFIG_SOC_MEMSPI_FLASH_PSRAM_INDEPENDENT` | SPI flash and PSRAM on separate buses (no speed contention) |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+#### Detecting octal/hex flash
+
+On ESP32-S3 modules with OPI flash (e.g. N8R8 modules where the SPI flash itself runs in Octal-PI mode), the build system sets:
+
+| Macro | Meaning |
+|---|---|
+| `CONFIG_ESPTOOLPY_FLASHMODE_OPI` | Octal-PI flash mode. On S3, implies GPIO 33–37 are used by the flash/PSRAM interface — the same GPIO block as octal PSRAM. `wled.cpp` uses `CONFIG_ESPTOOLPY_FLASHMODE_OPI \|\| (CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT && BOARD_HAS_PSRAM)` to decide whether to reserve these GPIOs. `json.cpp` uses this to report the flash mode string as `"🚀OPI"`. |
+| `CONFIG_ESPTOOLPY_FLASHMODE_HEX` | Hex flash mode (ESP32-P4). Reported as `"🚀🚀HEX"` in `json.cpp`. |
+
+**Pattern used in WLED** (from `wled.cpp`) to reserve the octal-bus GPIOs on S3:
+```cpp
+#if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+  #if CONFIG_ESPTOOLPY_FLASHMODE_OPI || (CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT && defined(BOARD_HAS_PSRAM))
+    // S3: GPIO 33-37 are used by the octal PSRAM/flash bus
+    managed_pin_type pins[] = { {33, true}, {34, true}, {35, true}, {36, true}, {37, true} };
+    pinManager.allocateMultiplePins(pins, sizeof(pins)/sizeof(managed_pin_type), PinOwner::SPI_RAM);
+  #endif
+#endif
+```
+
+---
+
+## ESP-IDF Version Conditionals
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Checking the IDF version
+
+```cpp
+#include <esp_idf_version.h>
+
+#if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
+  // IDF v5+ code path
+#elif ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(4, 4, 0)
+  // IDF v4.4+ code path
+#else
+  // Legacy IDF v3/v4.x path
+#endif
+```
+
+### Key ESP-IDF version thresholds for WLED
+
+| Version | What changed |
+|---|---|
+| **4.0.0** | Filesystem API (`SPIFFS`/`LittleFS`), GPIO driver overhaul |
+| **4.2.0** | ADC/GPIO API updates; `esp_adc_cal` introduced |
+| **4.4.0** | I2S driver refactored (legacy API remains); `adc_deprecated.h` headers appear for newer targets |
+| **4.4.4–4.4.8** | Known I2S channel-swap regression on ESP32 (workaround in `audio_source.h`) |
+| **5.0.0** | **Major breaking changes** — RMT, I2S, ADC, SPI flash APIs replaced (see migration section) |
+| **5.1.0** | Matter protocol support; new `esp_flash` API stable |
+| **5.3+** | arduino-esp32 v3.x compatibility; C6/P4 support |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Guidelines
+
+- When adding a version guard, **always include a comment** explaining *what* changed and *why* the guard is needed.
+- Avoid version ranges that silently break — prefer `>=` over exact version matches.
+- Known regressions should use explicit range guards:
+  ```cpp
+  // IDF 4.4.4–4.4.8 swapped I2S left/right channels (fixed in 4.4.9)
+  #if (ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(4, 4, 4)) && \
+      (ESP_IDF_VERSION <= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(4, 4, 8))
+    #define I2S_CHANNELS_SWAPPED
+  #endif
+  ```
+
+---
+
+## Migrating from ESP-IDF v4.4.x to v5.x
+
+The jump from IDF v4.4 (arduino-esp32 v2.x) to IDF v5.x (arduino-esp32 v3.x) is the largest API break in ESP-IDF history. This section documents the critical changes and recommended migration patterns based on the upstream WLED `V5-C6` branch (`https://github.com/wled/WLED/tree/V5-C6`). Note: WLED has not yet migrated to IDF v5 — these patterns prepare for the future migration.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Compiler changes
+
+IDF v5.x ships a much newer GCC toolchain. Key versions:
+
+| ESP-IDF | GCC | C++ default | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 4.4.x (current) | **8.4.0** | C++17 (gnu++17) | Xtensa + RISC-V |
+| 5.1–5.3 | **13.2** | C++20 (gnu++2b) | Significant warning changes |
+| 5.4–5.5 | **14.2** | C++23 (gnu++2b) | Latest; stricter diagnostics |
+
+Notable behavioral differences:
+
+| Change | Impact | Action |
+|---|---|---|
+| Stricter `-Werror=enum-conversion` | Implicit int-to-enum casts now error | Use explicit `static_cast<>` or typed enums |
+| C++20/23 features available | `consteval`, `concepts`, `std::span`, `std::expected` | Use judiciously — ESP8266 builds still require GCC 10.x with C++17 |
+| `-Wdeprecated-declarations` enforced | Deprecated API calls become warnings/errors | Migrate to new APIs (see below) |
+| `-Wdangling-reference` (GCC 13+) | Warns when a reference binds to a temporary that will be destroyed | Fix the lifetime issue; do not suppress the warning |
+| `-fno-common` default (GCC 12+) | Duplicate tentative definitions across translation units cause linker errors | Use `extern` declarations in headers, define in exactly one `.cpp` |
+| RISC-V codegen improvements | C3/C6/P4 benefit from better register allocation | No action needed — automatic |
+
+### C++ language features: GCC 8 → GCC 14
+
+The jump from GCC 8.4 to GCC 14.2 spans six major compiler releases. This section lists features that become available and patterns that need updating.
+
+#### Features safe to use after migration
+
+These work in GCC 13+/14+ but **not** in GCC 8.4. Guard with `#if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)` if the code must compile on both IDF v4 and v5.
+
+| Feature | Standard | Example | Benefit |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| Designated initializers (C++20) | C++20 | `gpio_config_t cfg = { .mode = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT };` | Already used as a GNU extension in GCC 8; becomes standard and portable in C++20 |
+| `[[likely]]` / `[[unlikely]]` | C++20 | `if (err != ESP_OK) [[unlikely]] { ... }` | Hints for branch prediction; useful in hot paths |
+| `[[nodiscard("reason")]]` | C++20 | `[[nodiscard("leak if ignored")]] void* allocBuffer();` | Enforces checking return values — helpful for `esp_err_t` wrappers |
+| `std::span<T>` | C++20 | `void process(std::span<uint8_t> buf)` | Safe, non-owning view of contiguous memory — replaces raw pointer + length pairs |
+| `consteval` | C++20 | `consteval uint32_t packColor(...)` | Guarantees compile-time evaluation; useful for color constants |
+| `constinit` | C++20 | `constinit static int counter = 0;` | Prevents static initialization order fiasco |
+| Concepts / `requires` | C++20 | `template<typename T> requires std::integral<T>` | Clearer constraints than SFINAE; improves error messages |
+| Three-way comparison (`<=>`) | C++20 | `auto operator<=>(const Version&) const = default;` | Less boilerplate for comparable types |
+| `std::bit_cast` | C++20 | `float f = std::bit_cast<float>(uint32_val);` | Type-safe reinterpretation — replaces `memcpy` or `union` tricks |
+| `if consteval` | C++23 | `if consteval { /* compile-time */ } else { /* runtime */ }` | Cleaner than `std::is_constant_evaluated()` |
+| `std::expected<T, E>` | C++23 | `std::expected<int, esp_err_t> readSensor()` | Monadic error handling — cleaner than returning error codes |
+| `std::to_underlying` | C++23 | `auto val = std::to_underlying(myEnum);` | Replaces `static_cast<int>(myEnum)` |
+
+#### Features already available in GCC 8 (C++17)
+
+These work on both IDF v4.4 and v5.x — prefer them now:
+
+| Feature | Example | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `if constexpr` | `if constexpr (sizeof(T) == 4) { ... }` | Compile-time branching; already used in WLED |
+| `std::optional<T>` | `std::optional<uint8_t> pin;` | Nullable value without sentinel values like `-1` |
+| `std::string_view` | `void log(std::string_view msg)` | Non-owning, non-allocating string reference |
+| Structured bindings | `auto [err, value] = readSensor();` | Useful with `std::pair` / `std::tuple` returns |
+| Fold expressions | `(addSegment(args), ...);` | Variadic template expansion |
+| Inline variables | `inline constexpr int MAX_PINS = 50;` | Avoids ODR issues with header-defined constants |
+| `[[maybe_unused]]` | `[[maybe_unused]] int debug_only = 0;` | Suppresses unused-variable warnings cleanly |
+| `[[fallthrough]]` | `case 1: doA(); [[fallthrough]]; case 2:` | Documents intentional switch fallthrough |
+| Nested namespaces | `namespace wled::audio { }` | Shorter than nested `namespace` blocks |
+
+#### Patterns that break or change behavior
+
+| Pattern | GCC 8 behavior | GCC 14 behavior | Fix |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `int x; enum E e = x;` | Warning (often ignored) | Error with `-Werror=enum-conversion` | `E e = static_cast<E>(x);` |
+| `int g;` in two `.cpp` files | Both compile, linker merges (tentative definition) | Error: multiple definitions (`-fno-common`) | `extern int g;` in header, `int g;` in one `.cpp` |
+| `const char* ref = std::string(...).c_str();` | Silent dangling pointer | Warning (`-Wdangling-reference`) | Extend lifetime: store the `std::string` in a local variable |
+| `register int x;` | Accepted (ignored) | Warning or error (`register` removed in C++17) | Remove `register` keyword |
+| Narrowing in aggregate init | Warning | Error | Use explicit cast or wider type |
+| Implicit `this` capture in lambdas | Accepted in `[=]` | Deprecated warning; error in C++20 mode | Use `[=, this]` or `[&]` |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+#### Recommendations
+
+- **Do not raise the minimum C++ standard yet.** WLED must still build on IDF v4.4 (GCC 8.4, C++17). Use `#if __cplusplus > 201703L` to gate C++20 features.
+- **Mark intentional fallthrough** with `[[fallthrough]]` — GCC 14 warns on unmarked fallthrough by default.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+- **Prefer `std::optional` over sentinel values** (e.g., `-1` for "no pin") in new code — it works on both compilers.
+- **Use `std::string_view`** for read-only string parameters instead of `const char*` or `const String&` — zero-copy and works on GCC 8+.
+- **Avoid raw `union` type punning** — prefer `memcpy` (GCC 8) or `std::bit_cast` (GCC 13+) for strict-aliasing safety.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Deprecated and removed APIs
+
+#### RMT (Remote Control Transceiver)
+
+The legacy `rmt_*` functions are removed in IDF v5. Do not introduce new legacy RMT calls.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+The new API is channel-based:
+
+| IDF v4 (legacy) | IDF v5 (new) | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `rmt_config()` + `rmt_driver_install()` | `rmt_new_tx_channel()` / `rmt_new_rx_channel()` | Channels are now objects |
+| `rmt_write_items()` | `rmt_transmit()` with encoder | Requires `rmt_encoder_t` |
+| `rmt_set_idle_level()` | Configure in channel config | Set at creation time |
+| `rmt_item32_t` | `rmt_symbol_word_t` | Different struct layout |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+**WLED impact**: NeoPixelBus LED output and IR receiver both use legacy RMT. The upstream `V5-C6` branch adds `-D WLED_USE_SHARED_RMT` and disables IR until the library is ported.
+
+#### I2S (Inter-IC Sound)
+
+Legacy `i2s_driver_install()` + `i2s_read()` API is deprecated. When touching audio source code, wrap legacy I2S init and reading in `#if ESP_IDF_VERSION_MAJOR < 5` / `#else`.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+ The new API uses channel handles:
+| IDF v4 (legacy) | IDF v5 (new) | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `i2s_driver_install()` | `i2s_channel_init_std_mode()` | Separate STD/PDM/TDM modes |
+| `i2s_set_pin()` | Pin config in `i2s_std_gpio_config_t` | Set at init time |
+| `i2s_read()` | `i2s_channel_read()` | Uses channel handle |
+| `i2s_set_clk()` | `i2s_channel_reconfig_std_clk()` | Reconfigure running channel |
+| `i2s_config_t` | `i2s_std_config_t` | Separate config for each mode |
+
+**Migration pattern** (from Espressif examples):
+```cpp
+#if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
+  #include "driver/i2s_std.h"
+  i2s_chan_handle_t rx_handle;
+  i2s_chan_config_t chan_cfg = I2S_CHANNEL_DEFAULT_CONFIG(I2S_NUM_0, I2S_ROLE_MASTER);
+  i2s_new_channel(&chan_cfg, NULL, &rx_handle);
+
+  i2s_std_config_t std_cfg = {
+    .clk_cfg  = I2S_STD_CLK_DEFAULT_CONFIG(22050),
+    .slot_cfg = I2S_STD_MSB_SLOT_DEFAULT_CONFIG(I2S_DATA_BIT_WIDTH_32BIT, I2S_SLOT_MODE_MONO),
+    .gpio_cfg = { .din = GPIO_NUM_32, .mclk = I2S_GPIO_UNUSED, ... },
+  };
+  i2s_channel_init_std_mode(rx_handle, &std_cfg);
+  i2s_channel_enable(rx_handle);
+#else
+  // Legacy i2s_driver_install() path
+#endif
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+**WLED impact**: The audioreactive usermod (`audio_source.h`) heavily uses legacy I2S. Migration requires rewriting the `I2SSource` class for channel-based API.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+#### ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)
+
+Legacy `adc1_get_raw()` and `esp_adc_cal_*` are deprecated:
+
+| IDF v4 (legacy) | IDF v5 (new) | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `adc1_config_width()` + `adc1_get_raw()` | `adc_oneshot_new_unit()` + `adc_oneshot_read()` | Object-based API |
+| `esp_adc_cal_characterize()` | `adc_cali_create_scheme_*()` | Calibration is now scheme-based |
+| `adc_continuous_*` (old) | `adc_continuous_*` (restructured) | Config struct changes |
+
+#### SPI Flash
+
+| IDF v4 (legacy) | IDF v5 (new) |
+|---|---|
+| `spi_flash_read()` | `esp_flash_read()` |
+| `spi_flash_write()` | `esp_flash_write()` |
+| `spi_flash_erase_range()` | `esp_flash_erase_region()` |
+
+WLED already has a compatibility shim in `ota_update.cpp` that maps old names to new ones.
+
+#### GPIO
+
+| IDF v4 (legacy) | IDF v5 (recommended) |
+|---|---|
+| `gpio_pad_select_gpio()` | `esp_rom_gpio_pad_select_gpio()` (or use `gpio_config()`) |
+| `gpio_set_direction()` + `gpio_set_pull_mode()` | `gpio_config()` with `gpio_config_t` struct |
+
+### Features disabled in IDF v5 builds
+
+The upstream `V5-C6` branch explicitly disables features with incompatible library dependencies:
+
+```ini
+# platformio.ini [esp32_idf_V5]
+-D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED       # IR library uses legacy RMT
+-D WLED_DISABLE_MQTT            # AsyncMqttClient incompatible with IDF v5
+-D ESP32_ARDUINO_NO_RGB_BUILTIN # Prevents RMT driver conflict with built-in LED
+-D WLED_USE_SHARED_RMT          # Use new shared RMT driver for NeoPixel output
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Migration checklist for new code
+
+1. **Never use a removed API without a version guard.** Always provide both old and new paths, or disable the feature on IDF v5.
+2. **Test on both IDF v4.4 and v5.x builds** if the code must be backward-compatible.
+3. **Prefer the newer API** when writing new code — wrap the old API in an `#else` block.
+4. **Mark migration TODOs** with `// TODO(idf5):` so they are easy to find later.
+
+---
+
+## Memory Management: `heap_caps_*` Best Practices
+
+ESP32 has multiple memory regions with different capabilities. Using the right allocator is critical for performance and stability.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Memory regions
+
+| Region | Flag | Speed | DMA | Size | Use for |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| DRAM | `MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL \| MALLOC_CAP_8BIT` | Fast | Yes (ESP32) | 200–320 KB | Hot-path buffers, task stacks, small allocations |
+| IRAM | `MALLOC_CAP_EXEC` | Fastest | No | 32–128 KB | Code (automatic via `IRAM_ATTR`) |
+| PSRAM (SPIRAM) | `MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM \| MALLOC_CAP_8BIT` | Slower | Chip-dependent | 2–16 MB | Large buffers, JSON documents, image data |
+| RTC RAM | `MALLOC_CAP_RTCRAM` | Moderate | No | 8 KB | Data surviving deep sleep; small persistent buffers |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+### WLED allocation wrappers
+
+WLED provides convenience wrappers with automatic fallback. **Always prefer these over raw `heap_caps_*` calls**:
+
+| Function | Allocation preference | Use case |
+|---|---|---|
+| `d_malloc(size)` | RTC → DRAM → PSRAM | General-purpose; prefers fast memory |
+| `d_calloc(n, size)` | Same as `d_malloc`, zero-initialized | Arrays, structs |
+| `p_malloc(size)` | PSRAM → DRAM | Large buffers; prefers abundant memory |
+| `p_calloc(n, size)` | Same as `p_malloc`, zero-initialized | Large arrays |
+| `d_malloc_only(size)` | RTC → DRAM (no PSRAM fallback) | DMA buffers, time-critical data |
+
+### PSRAM guidelines
+
+- **Check availability**: test availability with `psramFound() && ESP.getPsramSize() > 0` before assuming PSRAM is present. Never rely on `BOARD_HAS_PSRAM`only.
+- **DMA compatibility**: on ESP32 (classic), PSRAM buffers are **not DMA-capable** — use `d_malloc_only()` to allocate DMA buffers in DRAM only. On ESP32-S3 with octal PSRAM (`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT`), PSRAM buffers *can* be used with DMA when `CONFIG_SOC_PSRAM_DMA_CAPABLE` is defined.
+- **JSON documents**: use the `PSRAMDynamicJsonDocument` allocator (defined in `wled.h`) to put large JSON documents in PSRAM:
+  ```cpp
+  PSRAMDynamicJsonDocument doc(16384);  // allocated in PSRAM if available
+  ```
+- **Fragmentation**: PSRAM allocations fragment less than DRAM because the region is larger. But avoid mixing small and large allocations in PSRAM — small allocations waste the MMU page granularity.
+- **Heap validation**: use `d_measureHeap()` and `d_measureContiguousFreeHeap()` to monitor remaining DRAM. Allocations that would drop free DRAM below `MIN_HEAP_SIZE` should go to PSRAM instead.
+- **Performance**: Keep hot-path data in DRAM. Prefer PSRAM for capacity-oriented buffers and monitor contiguous DRAM headroom.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+   PSRAM access is up to 15× slower than DRAM on ESP32, 3–10× slower than DRAM on ESP32-S3/-S2 with quad-SPI bus. On ESP32-S3 with octal PSRAM (`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT`), the penalty is smaller (~2×) because the 8-line DTR bus can transfer 8 bits in parallel at 80 MHz (120 MHz is possible with CONFIG_SPIRAM_SPEED_120M, which requires enabling experimental ESP-IDF features). On ESP32-P4 with hex PSRAM (`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_HEX`), the 16-line bus runs at 200 MHz which brings it on-par with DRAM. Keep hot-path data in DRAM regardless, but consider that ESP32 often crashes when the largest DRAM chunk gets below 10 KB.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Pattern: preference-based allocation
+
+When you need a buffer that works on boards with or without PSRAM:
+
+```cpp
+// Prefer PSRAM for large buffers, fall back to DRAM
+uint8_t* buf = (uint8_t*)heap_caps_malloc_prefer(bufSize, 2,
+    MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM | MALLOC_CAP_8BIT,   // first choice: PSRAM
+    MALLOC_CAP_DEFAULT);                    // fallback: any available
+// Or simply:
+uint8_t* buf = (uint8_t*)p_malloc(bufSize);
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+---
+
+## I2S Audio: Best Practices
+
+The audioreactive usermod uses I2S for microphone input. Key patterns:
+
+### Port selection
+
+```cpp
+constexpr i2s_port_t AR_I2S_PORT = I2S_NUM_0;
+// I2S_NUM_1 has limitations: no MCLK routing, no ADC support, no PDM support
+```
+
+Always use `I2S_NUM_0` unless you have a specific reason and have verified support on all target chips.
+
+### DMA buffer tuning
+
+DMA buffer size controls latency vs. reliability:
+
+| Scenario | `dma_buf_count` | `dma_buf_len` | Latency | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| With HUB75 matrix | 18 | 128 | ~100 ms | Higher count prevents I2S starvation during matrix DMA |
+| Without PSRAM | 24 | 128 | ~140 ms | More buffers compensate for slower interrupt response |
+| Default | 8 | 128 | ~46 ms | Acceptable for most setups |
+
+### Interrupt priority
+
+Choose interrupt priority based on coexistence with other drivers:
+
+```cpp
+#ifdef WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX
+  .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_IRAM | ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL1,  // level 1 (lowest) to avoid starving HUB75
+#else
+  .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL2 | ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL3,  // accept level 2 or 3 (allocator picks available)
+#endif
+```
+
+### APLL (Audio PLL) usage
+
+The ESP32 has an audio PLL for precise sample rates. Rules:
+
+- Enable APLL when an MCLK pin is provided and precision matters.
+- **Disable APLL** when Ethernet or HUB75 is active — they also use the APLL.
+- APLL is broken on ESP32 revision 0 silicon.
+- Not all chips have APLL — gate with `SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_APLL`.
+
+```cpp
+#if !defined(SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_APLL)
+  _config.use_apll = false;
+#elif defined(WLED_USE_ETHERNET) || defined(WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX)
+  _config.use_apll = false;  // APLL conflict
+#endif
+```
+
+### PDM microphone caveats
+
+- Not supported on ESP32-C3 (`SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_PDM_RX` not defined).
+- ESP32-S3 PDM has known issues: sample rate at 50% of expected, very low amplitude.
+  - **16-bit data width**: Espressif's IDF documentation states that in PDM mode the data unit width is always 16 bits, regardless of the configured `bits_per_sample`.
+  - See [espressif/esp-idf#8660](https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/issues/8660) for the upstream issue.
+  - **Flag `bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT` in PDM mode** — this causes the S3 low-amplitude symptom.
+- No clock pin (`I2S_CKPIN = -1`) triggers PDM mode in WLED.
+
+---
+
+## HUB75 LED Matrix: Best Practices
+
+WLED uses the `ESP32-HUB75-MatrixPanel-I2S-DMA` library for HUB75 matrix output.
+
+### Chip-specific panel limits
+
+```cpp
+#if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3) && defined(BOARD_HAS_PSRAM)
+  maxChainLength = 6;   // S3 + PSRAM: up to 6 panels (DMA-capable PSRAM)
+#elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2)
+  maxChainLength = 2;   // S2: limited DMA channels
+#else
+  maxChainLength = 4;   // Classic ESP32: default
+#endif
+```
+
+### Color depth vs. pixel count
+
+The driver dynamically reduces color depth for larger displays to stay within DMA buffer limits:
+
+| Pixel count | Color depth | Bits per pixel |
+|---|---|---|
+| ≤ `MAX_PIXELS_10BIT` | 10-bit (30-bit color) | High quality (experimental) |
+| ≤ `MAX_PIXELS_8BIT` | 8-bit (24-bit color) | Full quality |
+| ≤ `MAX_PIXELS_6BIT` | 6-bit (18-bit color) | Slight banding |
+| ≤ `MAX_PIXELS_4BIT` | 4-bit (12-bit color) | Visible banding |
+| larger | 3-bit (9-bit color) | Minimal color range |
+
+### Resource conflicts
+
+- **APLL**: HUB75 I2S DMA uses the APLL. Disable APLL in the audio I2S driver when HUB75 is active.
+- **I2S peripheral**: HUB75 uses `I2S_NUM_1` (or `I2S_NUM_0` on single-I2S chips). Audio must use the other port.
+- **Pin count**: HUB75 requires 13–14 GPIO pins. On ESP32-S2 this severely limits remaining GPIO.
+- **Reboot required**: on ESP32-S3, changing HUB75 driver options requires a full reboot — the I2S DMA cannot be reconfigured at runtime.
+
+---
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+## GPIO Best Practices
+
+### Prefer `gpio_config()` over individual calls
+
+```cpp
+// Preferred: single struct-based configuration
+gpio_config_t io_conf = {
+  .pin_bit_mask = (1ULL << pin),
+  .mode         = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT,
+  .pull_up_en   = GPIO_PULLUP_DISABLE,
+  .pull_down_en = GPIO_PULLDOWN_DISABLE,
+  .intr_type    = GPIO_INTR_DISABLE,
+};
+gpio_config(&io_conf);
+
+// Avoid: multiple separate calls (more error-prone, deprecated in IDF v5)
+gpio_set_direction(pin, GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT);
+gpio_set_pull_mode(pin, GPIO_FLOATING);
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+### Pin manager integration
+
+Always allocate pins through WLED's `pinManager` before using GPIO APIs:
+
+```cpp
+if (!pinManager.allocatePin(myPin, true, PinOwner::UM_MyUsermod)) {
+  return;  // pin in use by another module
+}
+// Now safe to configure
+```
+
+---
+
+## Timer Best Practices
+
+### Microsecond timing
+
+For high-resolution timing, prefer `esp_timer_get_time()` (microsecond resolution, 64-bit) over `millis()` or `micros()`.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+
+```cpp
+#include <esp_timer.h>
+int64_t now_us = esp_timer_get_time();  // monotonic, not affected by NTP
+```
+
+> **Note**: In arduino-esp32, both `millis()` and `micros()` are thin wrappers around `esp_timer_get_time()` — they share the same monotonic clock source. Prefer the direct call when you need the full 64-bit value or ISR-safe access without truncation:
+> ```cpp
+> // arduino-esp32 internals (cores/esp32/esp32-hal-misc.c):
+> // unsigned long micros() { return (unsigned long)(esp_timer_get_time()); }
+> // unsigned long millis() { return (unsigned long)(esp_timer_get_time() / 1000ULL); }
+> ```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Periodic timers
+
+For periodic tasks with sub-millisecond precision, use `esp_timer`:
+
+```cpp
+esp_timer_handle_t timer;
+esp_timer_create_args_t args = {
+  .callback = myCallback,
+  .arg = nullptr,
+  .dispatch_method = ESP_TIMER_TASK,  // run in timer task (not ISR)
+  .name = "my_timer",
+};
+esp_timer_create(&args, &timer);
+esp_timer_start_periodic(timer, 1000);  // 1 ms period
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+Always prefer `ESP_TIMER_TASK` dispatch over `ESP_TIMER_ISR` unless you need ISR-level latency — ISR callbacks have severe restrictions (no logging, no heap allocation, no FreeRTOS API calls).
+
+### Precision waiting: coarse delay then spin-poll
+
+When waiting for a precise future deadline (e.g., FPS limiting, protocol timing), avoid spinning the entire duration — that wastes CPU and starves other tasks. Instead, yield to FreeRTOS while time allows, then spin only for the final window.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+// Wait until 'target_us' (a micros() / esp_timer_get_time() timestamp)
+long time_to_wait = (long)(target_us - micros());
+// Coarse phase: yield to FreeRTOS while we have more than ~2 ms remaining.
+// vTaskDelay(1) suspends the task for one RTOS tick, letting other task run freely.
+while (time_to_wait > 2000) {
+  vTaskDelay(1);
+  time_to_wait = (long)(target_us - micros());
+}
+// Fine phase: busy-poll the last ≤2 ms for microsecond accuracy.
+// micros() wraps esp_timer_get_time() so this is low-overhead.
+while ((long)(target_us - micros()) > 0) { /* spin */ }
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+> The threshold (2000 µs as an example) should be at least one RTOS tick (default 1 ms on ESP32) plus some margin. A value of 1500–3000 µs works well in practice.
+
+---
+
+## ADC Best Practices
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Version-aware ADC code
+
+ADC is one of the most fragmented APIs across IDF versions:
+
+```cpp
+#if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
+  // IDF v5: oneshot driver
+  #include "esp_adc/adc_oneshot.h"
+  #include "esp_adc/adc_cali.h"
+  adc_oneshot_unit_handle_t adc_handle;
+  adc_oneshot_unit_init_cfg_t unit_cfg = { .unit_id = ADC_UNIT_1 };
+  adc_oneshot_new_unit(&unit_cfg, &adc_handle);
+#else
+  // IDF v4: legacy driver
+  #include "driver/adc.h"
+  #include "esp_adc_cal.h"
+  adc1_config_width(ADC_WIDTH_BIT_12);
+  int raw = adc1_get_raw(ADC1_CHANNEL_0);
+#endif
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+### Bit width portability
+
+Not all chips have 12-bit ADC. `SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH` reports the maximum resolution (12 or 13 bits). Note that in IDF v5, this macro was renamed to `CONFIG_SOC_ADC_RTC_MAX_BITWIDTH`. Write version-aware guards:
+
+```cpp
+// IDF v4: SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH   IDF v5: CONFIG_SOC_ADC_RTC_MAX_BITWIDTH
+#if defined(CONFIG_SOC_ADC_RTC_MAX_BITWIDTH)   // IDF v5+
+  #define MY_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH CONFIG_SOC_ADC_RTC_MAX_BITWIDTH
+#elif defined(SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH)             // IDF v4
+  #define MY_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH
+#else
+  #define MY_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH 12                // safe fallback
+#endif
+
+#if MY_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH == 13
+  adc1_config_width(ADC_WIDTH_BIT_13);  // ESP32-S2
+#else
+  adc1_config_width(ADC_WIDTH_BIT_12);  // ESP32, S3, C3, etc.
+#endif
+```
+
+WLED's `util.cpp` uses the IDF v4 form (`SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH`) — this will need updating when the codebase migrates to IDF v5.
+
+---
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+## RMT Best Practices
+
+### Current usage in WLED
+
+RMT drives NeoPixel LED output (via NeoPixelBus) and IR receiver input. Both use the legacy API that is removed in IDF v5.
+
+### Migration notes
+
+- The upstream `V5-C6` branch uses `-D WLED_USE_SHARED_RMT` to switch to the new RMT driver for NeoPixel output.
+- IR is disabled on IDF v5 until the IR library is ported.
+- New chips (C6, P4) have different RMT channel counts — use `SOC_RMT_TX_CANDIDATES_PER_GROUP` to check availability.
+- The new RMT API requires an "encoder" object (`rmt_encoder_t`) to translate data formats — this is more flexible but requires more setup code.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+---
+
+## Espressif Best Practices (from official examples)
+
+### Error handling
+
+Always check `esp_err_t` return values. Use `ESP_ERROR_CHECK()` in initialization code, but handle errors gracefully in runtime code.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+// Initialization — crash early on failure
+ESP_ERROR_CHECK(i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &config, 0, nullptr));
+
+// Runtime — log and recover
+esp_err_t err = i2s_read(I2S_NUM_0, buf, len, &bytes_read, portMAX_DELAY);
+if (err != ESP_OK) {
+  DEBUGSR_PRINTF("I2S read failed: %s\n", esp_err_to_name(err));
+  return;
+}
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+For situations between these two extremes — where you want the `ESP_ERROR_CHECK` formatted log message (file, line, error name) but must not abort — use `ESP_ERROR_CHECK_WITHOUT_ABORT()`.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+// Logs in the same format as ESP_ERROR_CHECK, but returns the error code instead of aborting.
+// Useful for non-fatal driver calls where you want visibility without crashing.
+esp_err_t err = ESP_ERROR_CHECK_WITHOUT_ABORT(i2s_set_clk(AR_I2S_PORT, rate, bits, ch));
+if (err != ESP_OK) return;  // handle as needed
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Logging
+
+WLED uses its own logging macros — **not** `ESP_LOGx()`. For application-level code, always use the WLED macros defined in `wled.h`:
+
+| Macro family | Defined in | Controlled by | Use for |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `DEBUG_PRINT` / `DEBUG_PRINTLN` / `DEBUG_PRINTF` | `wled.h` | `WLED_DEBUG` build flag | Development/diagnostic output; compiled out in release builds |
+
+All of these wrap `Serial` output through the `DEBUGOUT` / `DEBUGOUTLN` / `DEBUGOUTF` macros.
+
+**Exception — low-level driver code**: When writing code that interacts directly with ESP-IDF APIs (e.g., I2S initialization, RMT setup), use `ESP_LOGx()` macros instead. They support tag-based filtering and compile-time log level control:
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+static const char* TAG = "my_module";
+ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Initialized with %d buffers", count);
+ESP_LOGW(TAG, "PSRAM not available, falling back to DRAM");
+ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to allocate %u bytes", size);
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Task creation and pinning
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+On dual-core chips (ESP32, S3, P4), pin latency-sensitive tasks to a specific core:
+
+```cpp
+xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(
+  audioTask,        // function
+  "audio",          // name
+  4096,             // stack size
+  nullptr,          // parameter
+  5,                // priority (higher = more important)
+  &audioTaskHandle, // handle
+  0                 // core ID (0 = protocol core, 1 = app core)
+);
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+Guidelines:
+- Pin network/protocol tasks to core 0 (where Wi-Fi runs).
+- Pin real-time tasks (audio, LED output) to core 1.
+- On single-core chips (S2, C3, C5, C6), only core 0 exists — pinning to core 1 will fail. Use `SOC_CPU_CORES_NUM > 1` guards or `tskNO_AFFINITY`.
+- Use `SOC_CPU_CORES_NUM` to conditionally pin tasks:
+  ```cpp
+  #if SOC_CPU_CORES_NUM > 1
+    xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(audioTask, "audio", 4096, nullptr, 5, &handle, 1);
+  #else
+    xTaskCreate(audioTask, "audio", 4096, nullptr, 5, &handle);
+  #endif
+  ```
+
+**Tip: use xTaskCreateUniversal()** - from arduino-esp32 - to avoid the conditional on `SOC_CPU_CORES_NUM`. This function has the same signature as ``xTaskCreatePinnedToCore()``, but automatically falls back to ``xTaskCreate()`` on single-core MCUs.
+
+### `delay()`, `yield()`, and the IDLE task
+
+FreeRTOS on ESP32 is **preemptive** — all tasks are scheduled by priority regardless of `yield()` calls. This is fundamentally different from ESP8266 cooperative multitasking.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+| Call | What it does | Reaches IDLE (priority 0)? |
+|---|---|---|
+| `delay(ms)` / `vTaskDelay(ticks)` | Suspends calling task; scheduler runs all other ready tasks | ✅ Yes |
+| `yield()` / `vTaskDelay(0)` | Hint to switch to tasks at **equal or higher** priority only | ❌ No |
+| `taskYIELD()` | Same as `vTaskDelay(0)` | ❌ No |
+| Blocking API (`xQueueReceive`, `ulTaskNotifyTake`, `vTaskDelayUntil`) | Suspends task until event or timeout; IDLE runs freely | ✅ Yes |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+**`delay()` in `loopTask` is safe.** Arduino's `loop()` runs inside `loopTask`. Calling `delay()` suspends only `loopTask` — all other FreeRTOS tasks (Wi-Fi stack, audio FFT, LED DMA) continue uninterrupted on either core.
+
+**`yield()` does not yield to IDLE.** Any task that loops with only `yield()` calls will starve the IDLE task, causing the IDLE watchdog to fire. Always use `delay(1)` (or a blocking FreeRTOS call) in tight task loops. Note: WLED redefines `yield()` as an empty macro on ESP32 WLEDMM_FASTPATH builds.
+
+#### Why the IDLE task is not optional
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+
+The FreeRTOS IDLE task (one per core on dual-core ESP32 and ESP32-S3; single instance on single-core chips) is not idle in the casual sense — it performs essential system housekeeping:
+
+- **Frees deleted task memory**: when a task calls `vTaskDelete()`, the IDLE task reclaims its TCB and stack. Without IDLE running, deleted tasks leak memory permanently.
+- **Runs the idle hook**: when `configUSE_IDLE_HOOK = 1`, the IDLE task calls `vApplicationIdleHook()` on every iteration — some ESP-IDF components register low-priority background work here.
+- **Implements tickless idle / light sleep**: on battery-powered devices, IDLE is the entry point for low-power sleep. A permanently starved IDLE task disables light sleep entirely.
+- **Runs registered idle hooks**: ESP-IDF components register callbacks via `esp_register_freertos_idle_hook()` (e.g., Wi-Fi background maintenance, Bluetooth housekeeping). These only fire when IDLE runs.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+In short: **starving IDLE corrupts memory cleanup, breaks background activities, disables low-power sleep, and prevents Wi-Fi/BT maintenance.** The IDLE watchdog panic is a symptom — the real damage happens before the watchdog fires.
+
+### Watchdog management
+
+Long-running operations may trigger the task watchdog. Feed it explicitly:
+
+```cpp
+#include <esp_task_wdt.h>
+esp_task_wdt_reset();  // feed the watchdog in long loops
+```
+
+For tasks that intentionally block for extended periods, consider subscribing/unsubscribing from the TWDT:
+
+```cpp
+esp_task_wdt_delete(NULL);  // remove current task from TWDT (IDF v4.4)
+// ... long blocking operation ...
+esp_task_wdt_add(NULL);     // re-register
+```
+
+> **IDF v5 note**: In IDF v5, `esp_task_wdt_add()` and `esp_task_wdt_delete()` require an explicit `TaskHandle_t`. Use `xTaskGetCurrentTaskHandle()` instead of `NULL`.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+---
+
+## Quick Reference: IDF v4 → v5 API Mapping
+
+| Component | IDF v4 Header | IDF v5 Header | Key Change |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| I2S | `driver/i2s.h` | `driver/i2s_std.h` | Channel-based API |
+| ADC (oneshot) | `driver/adc.h` | `esp_adc/adc_oneshot.h` | Unit/channel handles |
+| ADC (calibration) | `esp_adc_cal.h` | `esp_adc/adc_cali.h` | Scheme-based calibration |
+| RMT | `driver/rmt.h` | `driver/rmt_tx.h` / `rmt_rx.h` | Encoder-based transmit |
+| SPI Flash | `spi_flash.h` | `esp_flash.h` | `esp_flash_*` functions |
+| GPIO | `driver/gpio.h` | `driver/gpio.h` | `gpio_pad_select_gpio()` removed |
+| Timer | `driver/timer.h` | `driver/gptimer.h` | General-purpose timer handles |
+| PCNT | `driver/pcnt.h` | `driver/pulse_cnt.h` | Handle-based API |
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->

docs/hardening.instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+---
+applyTo: "**/*.{cpp,h,hpp,ino,js,htm,html,css,yml,yaml}"
+description: "WLED strict-mode security review: low-noise checklist."
+---
+
+# WLED Security Review — Low Noise Mode
+
+Use these code hardening rules for automated reviews with minimal false positives.
+
+## WLED Constraints (apply to all rules)
+
+- Assume firewall/DMZ/VPN deployment; focus on realistic LAN-local and supply-chain risks.
+- Do **not** require TLS/HTTPS as a baseline control.
+- Do **not** require authentication for standards-based UDP multicast/broadcast paths where authentication is not defined in the protocol specification.
+
+> **Trust boundary model**: Apply input-validation rules **only at the first untrusted ingress point**
+> (HTTP/JSON API body or query string, WebSocket payload, UDP datagram, TCP read, serial command, ESP-NOW raw messages).
+> Values that have been validated and range-clamped at ingress are **trusted** for internal WLED
+> processing. Do not flag subsequent uses or internal copies of already-sanitized data.
+
+## CRITICAL Rules
+
+1. **No unchecked buffer copies** (`memcpy`, `memmove`, `strcpy`) in firmware paths when source buffer or size comes from an untrusted origin; prefer bounded alternatives (`strncpy`, `strlcpy`); require length validation before copying.
+2. **No user-controlled format strings** in `DEBUG_PRINTF*` and similar logging APIs.
+3. **Validate all untrusted external input** (HTTP/JSON/UDP/serial) before index/length/pin usage.
+4. **Auth required for state-changing control endpoints where feasible** (for example HTTP/JSON); do not flag protocol-defined unauthenticated UDP multicast/broadcast channels solely for missing auth.
+5. **No fail-open on parse/allocation errors** for config/state updates.
+6. **No DOM XSS sinks with untrusted data** (`innerHTML`, unsafe HTML insertion). Server-side generation of JavaScript property-assignment statements (as used in WLED's printSetForm* helpers) is exempt.
+7. **No dynamic code execution** (`eval`, `new Function`, string timers).
+8. **No hardcoded secrets/credentials/tokens/keys** in committed files.
+9. **No sensitive data in logs** (passwords, tokens, Wi-Fi secrets, auth headers).
+10. **No secret exposure in workflows/log output, or in LittleFS files other than `wsec.json`**.
+11. **No unsafe third-party GitHub Action pinning** (`@main`/`@master` disallowed).
+12. **No untrusted expression interpolation in workflow shell commands**.
+
+## IMPORTANT Rules
+
+13. Avoid potentially unbounded string/memory operations (`strcmp`, `strchr`, `strlen`, `sprintf`) in firmware paths; prefer bounded alternatives (`strnlen`, `strncmp`, `snprintf`).
+14. Check integer overflow risks in size/index arithmetic, but consider that unsigned wrap-around on small types might be intentional. 
+15. Reject repeated heap allocation churn in hot render/effect loops.
+16. Avoid repeated `String` growth in hot paths; prefer bounded/pre-allocated buffers.
+17. Ensure UI validation is mirrored by firmware-side validation.
+18. Require strict origin checks for `postMessage` listeners.
+19. Disallow untrusted redirect/navigation targets.
+20. Prevent verbose error responses that leak internals.
+21. Review new dependencies for typosquatting and known vulnerability risk.
+22. Keep workflow `permissions` least-privilege.
+23. Verify new `WLED_ENABLE_*` / `WLED_DISABLE_*` names are valid known flags.
+24. New privileged behavior must not be enabled by insecure defaults; first-use default-credential change required where applicable.
+25. OTA paths (Update.begin(), Update.write()) must verify firmware integrity (checksum/hash); TLS not required.
+26. Flag xTaskCreate/xTaskCreatePinnedToCore tasks with insufficient stack for String/JSON use; flag MDNS.begin() / ArduinoOTA.setHostname() with unsanitized hostnames.
+27. Flag API/config serialization that exposes Wi-Fi/AP/MQTT password fields to unauthenticated clients.
+28. Treat fetched and config-derived strings as untrusted when inserting into the DOM; explicit sanitization required for HTML contexts.
+
+## Reviewer Output Format
+
+- Include severity, exact file and line, and one concrete fix direction.
+- Prioritize CRITICAL findings before IMPORTANT findings.

docs/securecode.instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+---
+applyTo: "**/*.{cpp,h,hpp,ino,js,htm,html,css,yml,yaml}"
+description: "WLED-focused security review guide based on OWASP Top 10 for embedded firmware and web UI."
+---
+
+# WLED Security Review Standards (Embedded + Web UI)
+
+Use this guide for AI-assisted code reviews in:
+- `wled00/`
+- `usermods/`
+- `.github/workflows/`
+
+## WLED Constraints and Threat Model Assumptions
+
+- Assume typical deployment behind a firewall/DMZ/VPN; prioritize LAN-local and supply-chain risks.
+- Do **not** require TLS/HTTPS as a baseline control for findings in this repo.
+- Do **not** require authentication for standards-based UDP multicast/broadcast protocols where auth is not part of the spec.
+- Do not propose mitigations that break protocol compliance just to add authentication.
+
+### Trust Boundary Model
+
+**Untrusted data** enters WLED only at the following explicit ingress points:
+- HTTP/JSON API request bodies and query parameters (e.g., `/json/*`, `/win`)
+- WebSocket message payloads
+- UDP datagrams (`parsePacket()` / `recvfrom()` and higher-level protocol wrappers)
+- TCP socket reads
+- Serial/UART input used as commands
+- ESP-NOW raw messages input
+
+**Validation and range-clamping applied at the ingress point renders data trusted** for all subsequent use within the WLED core.
+
+**Do not flag:**
+- Repeated bounds or range checks on a value that has already been validated and clamped at its ingress handler.
+- Internal WLED core logic that operates on values confirmed safe by the ingress layer.
+
+If it is unclear whether a value has been sanitized upstream (e.g., passed through multiple function calls without a clear annotation), prefer asking for clarification over raising a false-positive finding.
+
+### Locally-Stored Configuration Files (Robustness, not a primary trust boundary)
+
+Files read from LittleFS (`presets.json`, `cfg.json`, `ledmap.json`, `ir.json`, etc.) are written only via privileged access (`/edit`) and are considered trusted in the threat model. 
+However, parse them defensively (validate structure, clamp array sizes, handle missing keys gracefully) to avoid bootloops from filesystem corruption or accidental malformation.
+
+## Severity
+
+- **CRITICAL** — exploitable vulnerability; block merge.
+- **IMPORTANT** — meaningful risk; fix before or with merge when practical.
+- **SUGGESTION** — defense-in-depth; track for follow-up.
+
+## Scope (WLED-relevant)
+
+Prioritize:
+- C++ memory safety and input validation
+- Auth and access checks for state-changing HTTP/JSON APIs
+- XSS and DOM safety in `wled00/data/*`
+- Secrets handling (`wsec.json`) and secure logging
+- Dependency and GitHub Actions supply-chain hygiene
+- Fail-safe behavior on constrained devices
+
+De-prioritize unless explicitly introduced by a PR:
+- SQL/NoSQL checks, JWT/OAuth flows, GraphQL-specific checks, generic backend framework checks not used by WLED.
+
+## Firmware Security (C++, OWASP A01/A04/A05/A10)
+
+### FW1: Unsafe buffer operations
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- Flag `strcpy`, `sprintf`, unchecked memory access (`memcpy`, `memmove`, `memcmp`, `strcmp`, `strlen`), unchecked pointer arithmetic.
+- Require explicit bounds checks and length validation.
+- Prefer bounded alternatives for string operations (`strnlen`, `strncmp`, `strncpy`, `strlcpy`, `snprintf`).
+- Treat a finding against FW1 as **suggestion** only when the operation is provably bounded
+  and both the destination capacity and copied/compared length are known safe.
+
+### FW2: Format-string injection
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- Do not pass untrusted input as a format string to `DEBUG_PRINTF*` or similar APIs.
+
+### FW3: Integer overflow in length and offset math
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Review `count * size`, index math, narrowing casts before allocations or copies.
+
+### FW4: Unvalidated external input
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- At each **untrusted ingress point** (see Trust Boundary Model above), validate and clamp values from HTTP/JSON/UDP/serial before use as lengths, indices, IDs, or pin references.
+- Do not flag repeated range checks on values that have already been validated at their ingress point.
+- In UDP handlers (`parsePacket()`, `read()`, and any lower-level socket wrappers), validate `packetSize` before buffer writes and clamp protocol-specific universe/channel ranges to valid limits.
+
+### FW5: Missing auth checks on state-changing endpoints (where auth is feasible)
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- HTTP/JSON and other control paths that support auth must enforce configured auth policy.
+- Do not flag the HTTP endpoint `/reset` as state-changing. This endpoint triggers a reboot, causing a short interruption without loss of user data.
+- Do not flag standards-based UDP multicast/broadcast paths solely for lacking authentication when authentication is not defined in the protocol specification.
+
+### FW6: Fail-open behavior after parse or allocation errors
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- On error, reject update and preserve safe previous state.
+- Explicitly check parse status (`DeserializationError error = deserializeJson(...); if (error) return/reject;`) and avoid silently applying unsafe zero/default values to safety-relevant fields (for example LED count and pin assignment).
+
+### FW7: Heap churn in hot paths
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Avoid repeated dynamic allocation in render/effect loops; prefer pre-allocation and reuse.
+- Flag allocation patterns in loop and ISR-adjacent paths that can trigger fragmentation or timing instability.
+
+### FW8: Unsafe use of `String` in performance-critical paths
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- In hot paths, avoid repeated `String` growth; reserve or use fixed buffers.
+- Flag repeated `String` concatenation inside loop-heavy or ISR-adjacent code.
+
+### FW9: Unsafe feature flag names
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Verify all new `WLED_ENABLE_*`/`WLED_DISABLE_*` names are valid known flags; typos silently alter build behavior.
+
+### FW10: OTA integrity verification (without TLS requirement)
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- OTA update flows should validate firmware integrity using the checksum/hash/signature mechanism available in the firmware/platform implementation.
+- Do not require TLS/certificate pinning as a mandatory review criterion.
+- In OTA paths (`Update.begin()`, `Update.write()`, and related flows), flag flashing without integrity verification.
+
+### FW11: FreeRTOS task stack and recursion safety
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- In `xTaskCreate`/`xTaskCreatePinnedToCore` tasks that process `String`/JSON-heavy data, verify stack-size sufficiency and avoid unbounded recursion.
+
+### FW12: mDNS and hostname sanitization
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- For `MDNS.begin()`, `MDNS.addService()`, and `ArduinoOTA.setHostname()`, ensure user-provided hostnames are RFC-compliant (letters/digits/hyphen, no leading/trailing hyphen) and clamped to 63 characters.
+
+### FW13: Outbound URL validation (no HTTPS requirement)
+- **Severity**: SUGGESTION
+- When using user-provided URL strings with `HTTPClient.begin()`/equivalent, validate scheme/format and constrain host targets (allowlist or equivalent policy).
+- Do not require HTTPS/TLS as a baseline review rule.
+
+### FW14: Optional unicast UDP source filtering
+- **Severity**: SUGGESTION
+- For unicast UDP receive paths, prefer optional user-configurable source filtering.
+- Do not require this for multicast/broadcast protocol flows.
+
+## Web UI Security (`wled00/data/*`, OWASP A01/A02/A05)
+
+### WEB1: DOM XSS through `innerHTML`
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- Prefer `textContent`; if HTML is required, sanitize trusted content path explicitly.
+
+### WEB2: Dynamic code execution
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- Reject `eval`, `new Function`, and string-based timer execution.
+
+### WEB3: `postMessage` without origin validation
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Require strict origin allowlist checks before processing payloads.
+
+### WEB4: Unsafe redirects/navigation
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Do not navigate directly from untrusted query/input without relative-path or allowlist checks.
+
+### WEB5: Client-only validation
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- UI validation is not sufficient; equivalent firmware-side validation is required.
+
+### WEB6: Direct DOM insertion from fetched/config data
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Treat fetched and config-derived strings as untrusted unless proven otherwise.
+
+### WEB7: CSRF checks for state-changing HTTP routes (advisory)
+- **Severity**: SUGGESTION
+- For state-changing HTTP routes (for example `/json/state`, `/win`), prefer `Origin`/`Referer` header validation as low-cost defense-in-depth for deployments that are not directly internet-exposed.
+- Treat this as advisory only, since some legitimate clients may omit these headers.
+
+## Secrets and Logging (OWASP A04/A09/A10)
+
+### SEC1: Hardcoded secrets and credentials
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- Reject committed API keys, passwords, tokens, private keys, or test backdoors with potential security impact.
+
+### SEC2: Sensitive values in logs
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- Do not log passwords, tokens, Wi-Fi keys, auth headers, or full sensitive payloads.
+
+### SEC3: Insecure defaults
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Reject new default credentials or insecure auto-enable behavior for privileged functions.
+- For setup/onboarding flows, require first-change behavior for default credentials where applicable.
+
+### SEC4: Overly detailed error responses
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Avoid exposing stack traces or internal details to API/UI consumers.
+
+### SEC5: Credential exposure in API/config responses
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Flag API/config serialization that exposes password-like fields (for example Wi-Fi/AP/MQTT passwords) to unauthenticated or untrusted clients.
+
+### SEC6: Security-relevant event logging coverage
+- **Severity**: SUGGESTION
+- Prefer explicit logging for auth failures, OTA attempts, config resets, and AP activation events, without logging secret values.
+
+## Supply Chain and CI/CD (OWASP A03/A08)
+
+### SC1: New dependency risk
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Review new npm/pip/PlatformIO dependencies for legitimacy, pinning, and known vulnerabilities.
+
+### SC2: Workflow permission hardening regressions
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Check for broad `permissions`, unpinned third-party actions, or unsafe secret exposure.
+- Flag mutable third-party action refs (`@main`, `@master`, broad tags) where SHA pinning is expected by project policy.
+- Flag overly broad permissions such as `write-all` without clear need.
+
+### SC3: Script injection in workflows
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Avoid direct interpolation of untrusted `${{ github.event.* }}` values in `run` commands.
+
+## Reviewer Checklist
+
+- [ ] No new memory-safety hazards (bounds, overflow, unsafe copies/format strings)
+- [ ] External input is validated and range-clamped at ingress points (HTTP/JSON, WebSocket, UDP, TCP, serial, ESP-NOW)
+- [ ] State-changing API paths enforce auth policy
+- [ ] OTA paths enforce integrity verification (without requiring TLS baseline)
+- [ ] Suggested rule patterns are checked where relevant (UDP bounds, hostname sanitization, workflow pinning/permissions)
+- [ ] Web UI changes avoid unsafe DOM execution/injection patterns
+- [ ] No secrets added; no sensitive logging introduced
+- [ ] Error handling remains fail-safe and non-leaky
+- [ ] Dependency/workflow changes are supply-chain safe
+- [ ] Feature-flag names are valid and not typoed
+
+## AI Review Behavior
+
+- Prefer concrete, file/line-specific findings over generic guidance.
+- Prioritize **CRITICAL** and **IMPORTANT** findings.
+- Skip irrelevant framework checks not used by WLED.
+- If control-flow trust is unclear, ask for clarification instead of guessing.

docs/web.instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+applyTo: "wled00/data/**"
+---
+# Web UI Coding Conventions
+
+## Formatting
+
+- Indent **HTML and JavaScript** with **tabs**
+- Indent **CSS** with **tabs**
+
+## JavaScript Style
+
+- **camelCase** for functions and variables: `gId()`, `selectedFx`, `currentPreset`
+- Abbreviated helpers are common: `d` for `document`, `gId()` for `getElementById()`
+
+## Key Files
+
+- `index.htm` — main interface
+- `index.js` — functions that manage / update the main interface
+- `settings*.htm` — configuration pages
+- `*.css` — stylesheets (inlined during build)
+- `common.js` — helper functions 
+
+**Reuse shared helpers from `common.js` whenever possible** instead of duplicating utilities in page-local scripts.
+
+## Accessibility & Interaction
+
+The WLED web UI targets commonly used browser/platform combinations: desktop browsers on Mac and PC (primarily pointer-driven, touch rare), 
+and touch-only devices (phones, tablets). If possible, keep the UI accessible to users with disabilities. 
+Full keyboard operability is not a strict requirement - adding keyboard shortcuts should be a case-by-case decision.
+
+## Build Integration
+
+Files in this directory are processed by `tools/cdata.js` into generated headers
+(`wled00/html_*.h`, `wled00/js_*.h`).
+Run `npm run build` after any change. **Never edit generated headers directly.**

lib/NeoESP32RmtHI/include/NeoEsp32RmtHIMethod.h

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ License along with NeoPixel.  If not, see
 #pragma once
 
 #if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32)
+#if !defined(WLED_USE_SHARED_RMT) // V5 fix: don't compile this file on unsupported platforms
 
 // Use the NeoEspRmtSpeed types from the driver-based implementation
 #include <NeoPixelBus.h>
@@ -467,3 +468,4 @@ typedef NeoEsp32RmtHI7Ws2805InvertedMethod NeoEsp32RmtHI7Ws2814InvertedMethod;
 #endif // !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
 
 #endif
+#endif

lib/NeoESP32RmtHI/src/NeoEsp32RmtHI.S

@@ -5,14 +5,16 @@
  *
  */
 
-#if defined(__XTENSA__) && defined(ESP32) && !defined(CONFIG_BTDM_CTRL_HLI)
+#if defined(__XTENSA__) && defined(ESP32)
 
-#include <freertos/xtensa_context.h>
+#include "esp_idf_version.h"
 #include "sdkconfig.h"
-#include "soc/soc.h"
 
 /* If the Bluetooth driver has hooked the high-priority interrupt, we piggyback on it and don't need this. */
-#ifndef CONFIG_BTDM_CTRL_HLI
+#if !defined(CONFIG_BTDM_CTRL_HLI) && ESP_IDF_VERSION < ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
+
+#include <freertos/xtensa_context.h>
+#include "soc/soc.h"
 
 /*
    Select interrupt based on system check level
@@ -258,6 +260,5 @@ _highint_stack_switch:
     .global ld_include_hli_vectors_rmt
 ld_include_hli_vectors_rmt:
 
-
 #endif // CONFIG_BTDM_CTRL_HLI
 #endif // XTensa

lib/NeoESP32RmtHI/src/NeoEsp32RmtHIMethod.cpp

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ License along with NeoPixel.  If not, see
 
 #include <Arduino.h>
 
-#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32)
+#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32) && ESP_IDF_VERSION < ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
 
 #include <algorithm>  
 #include "esp_idf_version.h"
@@ -504,4 +504,4 @@ esp_err_t NeoEsp32RmtHiMethodDriver::WaitForTxDone(rmt_channel_t channel, TickTy
     return rv;
 }
 
-#endif
+#endif

package-lock.json

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "wled",
-  "version": "17.0.0-dev",
+  "version": "17.0.0-devV5",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "wled",
-      "version": "17.0.0-dev",
+      "version": "17.0.0-devV5",
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
         "clean-css": "^5.3.3",

package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "wled",
-  "version": "17.0.0-dev",
+  "version": "17.0.0-devV5",
   "description": "Tools for WLED project",
   "main": "tools/cdata.js",
   "directories": {

pio-scripts/dynarray.py

@@ -2,18 +2,85 @@
 # This is implemented as a pio post-script to ensure that we can
 # place our linker script at the correct point in the command arguments.
 Import("env")
+import shutil
 from pathlib import Path
 
-platform = env.get("PIOPLATFORM")
-script_file = Path(f"tools/dynarray_{platform}.ld")
-if script_file.is_file():
-    linker_script = f"-T{script_file}"
-    if platform == "espressif32":
-        # For ESP32, the script must be added at the right point in the list
-        linkflags = env.get("LINKFLAGS", [])
-        idx = linkflags.index("memory.ld")    
-        linkflags.insert(idx+1, linker_script)    
-        env.Replace(LINKFLAGS=linkflags)
+# Linker script fragment injected into the rodata output section of whichever
+# platform we're building for.  Placed just before the end-of-rodata marker so
+# that the dynarray entries land in flash rodata and are correctly sorted.
+DYNARRAY_INJECTION = (
+    "\n    /* dynarray: WLED dynamic module arrays */\n"
+    "    . = ALIGN(0x10);\n"
+    "    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.dynarray.*)))\n"
+    "    "
+)
+
+
+def inject_before_marker(path, marker):
+    """Patch a linker script file in-place, inserting DYNARRAY_INJECTION before marker."""
+    original = path.read_text()
+    marker_pos = original.find(marker)
+    if marker_pos < 0:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"DYNARRAY injection marker not found in linker script: path={path}, marker={marker!r}"
+        )
+    patched = original[:marker_pos] + DYNARRAY_INJECTION + original[marker_pos:]
+    path.write_text(patched)
+
+
+if env.get("PIOPLATFORM") == "espressif32":
+    # Find sections.ld on the linker search path (LIBPATH).
+    sections_ld_path = None
+    for ld_dir in env.get("LIBPATH", []):
+        candidate = Path(str(ld_dir)) / "sections.ld"
+        if candidate.exists():
+            sections_ld_path = candidate
+            break
+
+    if sections_ld_path is not None:
+        # Inject inside the existing .flash.rodata output section, just before
+        # _rodata_end.  IDF v5 enforces zero gaps between adjacent output
+        # sections via ASSERT statements, so INSERT AFTER .flash.rodata would
+        # fail.  Injecting inside the section creates no new output section and
+        # leaves the ASSERTs satisfied.
+        build_dir = Path(env.subst("$BUILD_DIR"))
+        patched_path = build_dir / "dynarray_sections.ld"
+        shutil.copy(sections_ld_path, patched_path)
+        inject_before_marker(patched_path, "_rodata_end = ABSOLUTE(.);")
+
+        # Replace "sections.ld" in LINKFLAGS with an absolute path to our
+        # patched copy.  The flag may appear as a bare token, combined as
+        # "-Tsections.ld", or split across two tokens ("-T", "sections.ld").
+        patched_str = str(patched_path)
+        new_flags = []
+        skip_next = False
+        for flag in env.get("LINKFLAGS", []):
+            if skip_next:
+                new_flags.append(patched_str if flag == "sections.ld" else flag)
+                skip_next = False
+            elif flag == "-T":
+                new_flags.append(flag)
+                skip_next = True
+            else:
+                new_flags.append(flag.replace("sections.ld", patched_str))
+        env.Replace(LINKFLAGS=new_flags)
     else:
-        # For other platforms, put it in last
-        env.Append(LINKFLAGS=[linker_script])
+        # Assume sections.ld will be built (ESP-IDF format); add a post-action to patch it
+        # TODO: consider using ESP-IDF linker fragment (https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/stable/esp32/api-guides/linker-script-generation.html)
+        # For now, patch after building
+        sections_ld = Path(env.subst("$BUILD_DIR")) / "sections.ld"
+        def patch_sections_ld(target, source, env):
+            inject_before_marker(sections_ld, "_rodata_end = ABSOLUTE(.);")
+        env.AddPostAction(str(sections_ld), patch_sections_ld)
+    
+elif env.get("PIOPLATFORM") == "espressif8266":
+    # The ESP8266 framework preprocesses eagle.app.v6.common.ld.h into
+    # local.eagle.app.v6.common.ld in $BUILD_DIR/ld/ at build time.  Register
+    # a post-action on that generated file so the injection happens after
+    # C-preprocessing but before linking.
+    build_ld = Path(env.subst("$BUILD_DIR")) / "ld" / "local.eagle.app.v6.common.ld"
+
+    def patch_esp8266_ld(target, source, env):
+        inject_before_marker(build_ld, "_irom0_text_end = ABSOLUTE(.);")
+
+    env.AddPostAction(str(build_ld), patch_esp8266_ld)

pio-scripts/fastled_cxx_workaround.py

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# FastLED exports some weak cxx symbols as a way of managing integration with C-only
+# projects that cause it to be preferentially linked instead of unused code being 
+# discarded like other libraries.  This causes not only bloat of the final binaries
+# but can incorrectly invoke some of their driver framework on some platforms.
+#
+# Solve this problem by moving the cxx library up in the linker command line, so
+# that it will be chosen over FastLED's.
+Import("env")
+
+if "-lcxx" in env["LIBS"]:
+  env["LIBS"].remove("-lcxx")
+  env["LIBS"].insert(0, "-lcxx")

pio-scripts/validate_modules.py

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-import os
 import re
 import subprocess
-from pathlib import Path   # For OS-agnostic path manipulation
+from pathlib import Path
 from click import secho
 from SCons.Script import Action, Exit
 Import("env")
 
+_ATTR = re.compile(r'\bDW_AT_(name|comp_dir)\b')
+
 
 def read_lines(p: Path):
     """ Read in the contents of a file for analysis """
@@ -13,105 +14,156 @@ def read_lines(p: Path):
         return f.readlines()
 
 
-def _get_nm_path(env) -> str:
-    """ Derive the nm tool path from the build environment """
-    if "NM" in env:
-        return env.subst("$NM")
-    # Derive from the C compiler: xtensa-esp32-elf-gcc → xtensa-esp32-elf-nm
-    cc = env.subst("$CC")
-    nm = re.sub(r'(gcc|g\+\+)$', 'nm', os.path.basename(cc))
-    return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(cc), nm)
+def _get_readelf_path(env) -> str:
+    """ Derive the readelf tool path from the build environment """
+    # Derive from the C compiler: xtensa-esp32-elf-gcc → xtensa-esp32-elf-readelf
+    cc = Path(env.subst("$CC"))
+    return str(cc.with_name(re.sub(r'(gcc|g\+\+)$', 'readelf', cc.name)))
 
 
 def check_elf_modules(elf_path: Path, env, module_lib_builders) -> set[str]:
-    """ Check which modules have at least one defined symbol placed in the ELF.
+    """ Check which modules have at least one compilation unit in the ELF.
 
         The map file is not a reliable source for this: with LTO, original object
         file paths are replaced by temporary ltrans.o partitions in all output
         sections, making per-module attribution impossible from the map alone.
-        Instead we invoke nm --defined-only -l on the ELF, which uses DWARF debug
-        info to attribute each placed symbol to its original source file.
-
-        Requires usermod libraries to be compiled with -g so that DWARF sections
-        are present in the ELF.  load_usermods.py injects -g for all WLED modules
-        via dep.env.AppendUnique(CCFLAGS=["-g"]).
+        Instead we invoke readelf --debug-dump=info --dwarf-depth=1 on the ELF,
+        which reads only the top-level compilation-unit DIEs from .debug_info.
+        Each CU corresponds to one source file; matching DW_AT_comp_dir +
+        DW_AT_name against the module src_dirs is sufficient to confirm a module
+        was compiled into the ELF.  The output volume is proportional to the
+        number of source files, not the number of symbols.
 
         Returns the set of build_dir basenames for confirmed modules.
     """
-    nm_path = _get_nm_path(env)
+    readelf_path = _get_readelf_path(env)
     try:
         result = subprocess.run(
-            [nm_path, "--defined-only", "-l", str(elf_path)],
+            [readelf_path, "--debug-dump=info", "--dwarf-depth=1", str(elf_path)],
             capture_output=True, text=True, errors="ignore", timeout=120,
         )
-        nm_output = result.stdout
+        output = result.stdout
+        if result.returncode != 0 or result.stderr.strip():
+            secho(f"WARNING: readelf exited {result.returncode}: {result.stderr.strip()}", fg="yellow", err=True)
     except (subprocess.TimeoutExpired, FileNotFoundError, OSError) as e:
-        secho(f"WARNING: nm failed ({e}); skipping per-module validation", fg="yellow", err=True)
+        secho(f"WARNING: readelf failed ({e}); skipping per-module validation", fg="yellow", err=True)
         return {Path(b.build_dir).name for b in module_lib_builders}  # conservative pass
 
-    # Match placed symbols against builders as we parse nm output, exiting early
-    # once all builders are accounted for.
-    # nm --defined-only still includes debugging symbols (type 'N') such as the
-    # per-CU markers GCC emits in .debug_info (e.g. "usermod_example_cpp_6734d48d").
-    # These live at address 0x00000000 in their debug section — not in any load
-    # segment — so filtering them out leaves only genuinely placed symbols.
-    # nm -l appends a tab-separated "file:lineno" location to each symbol line.
     remaining = {Path(str(b.src_dir)): Path(b.build_dir).name for b in module_lib_builders}
     found = set()
+    project_dir = Path(env.subst("$PROJECT_DIR"))
 
-    for line in nm_output.splitlines():
+    def _flush_cu(comp_dir: str | None, name: str | None) -> None:
+        """Match one completed CU against remaining builders."""
+        if not name or not remaining:
+            return
+        p = Path(name)
+        src_path = (Path(comp_dir) / p) if (comp_dir and not p.is_absolute()) else p
+        # In arduino+espidf dual-framework builds the IDF toolchain sets DW_AT_comp_dir
+        # to the virtual path "/IDF_PROJECT" rather than the real project root, so
+        # src_path won't match.  Pre-compute a fallback using $PROJECT_DIR and check
+        # both candidates in a single pass.
+        use_fallback = not p.is_absolute() and comp_dir and Path(comp_dir) != project_dir
+        src_path_real = project_dir / p if use_fallback else None
+        for src_dir in list(remaining):
+            if src_path.is_relative_to(src_dir) or (src_path_real and src_path_real.is_relative_to(src_dir)):
+                found.add(remaining.pop(src_dir))
+                return
+
+    # readelf emits one DW_TAG_compile_unit DIE per source file.  Attributes
+    # of interest:
+    #   DW_AT_name     — source file (absolute, or relative to comp_dir)
+    #   DW_AT_comp_dir — compile working directory
+    # Both appear as either a direct string or an indirect string:
+    #   DW_AT_name     : foo.cpp
+    #   DW_AT_name     : (indirect string, offset: 0x…): foo.cpp
+    # Taking the portion after the *last* ": " on the line handles both forms.
+
+    comp_dir = name = None
+    for line in output.splitlines():
+        if 'Compilation Unit @' in line:
+            _flush_cu(comp_dir, name)
+            comp_dir = name = None
+            continue
         if not remaining:
             break  # all builders matched
-        addr, _, _ = line.partition(' ')
-        if not addr.lstrip('0'):
-            continue  # zero address — skip debug-section marker
-        if '\t' not in line:
-            continue
-        loc = line.rsplit('\t', 1)[1]
-        # Strip trailing :lineno  (e.g. "/path/to/foo.cpp:42" → "/path/to/foo.cpp")
-        src_path = Path(loc.rsplit(':', 1)[0])
-        # Path.is_relative_to() handles OS-specific separators correctly without
-        # any regex, avoiding Windows path escaping issues.
-        for src_dir in list(remaining):
-            if src_path.is_relative_to(src_dir):
-                found.add(remaining.pop(src_dir))
-                break
+        m = _ATTR.search(line)
+        if m:
+            _, _, val = line.rpartition(': ')
+            val = val.strip()
+            if m.group(1) == 'name':
+                name = val
+            else:
+                comp_dir = val
+    _flush_cu(comp_dir, name)  # flush the last CU
 
     return found
 
 
-DYNARRAY_SECTION = ".dtors" if env.get("PIOPLATFORM") == "espressif8266" else ".dynarray"
-USERMODS_SECTION = f"{DYNARRAY_SECTION}.usermods.1"
-
 def count_usermod_objects(map_file: list[str]) -> int:
-    """ Returns the number of usermod objects in the usermod list """
-    # Count the number of entries in the usermods table section
-    return len([x for x in map_file if USERMODS_SECTION in x])
+    """ Returns the number of usermod objects in the usermod list.
+
+    Computes the count from the address span between the .dynarray.usermods.0
+    and .dynarray.usermods.99999 sentinel sections.  This mirrors the
+    DYNARRAY_LENGTH macro and is reliable under LTO, where all entries are
+    merged into a single ltrans partition so counting section occurrences
+    always yields 1 regardless of the true count.
+    """
+    ENTRY_SIZE = 4  # sizeof(Usermod*) on 32-bit targets
+    addr_begin = None
+    addr_end = None
+
+    for i, line in enumerate(map_file):
+        stripped = line.strip()
+        if stripped == '.dynarray.usermods.0':
+            if i + 1 < len(map_file):
+                m = re.search(r'0x([0-9a-fA-F]+)', map_file[i + 1])
+                if m:
+                    addr_begin = int(m.group(1), 16)
+        elif stripped == '.dynarray.usermods.99999':
+            if i + 1 < len(map_file):
+                m = re.search(r'0x([0-9a-fA-F]+)', map_file[i + 1])
+                if m:
+                    addr_end = int(m.group(1), 16)
+        if addr_begin is not None and addr_end is not None:
+            break
+
+    if addr_begin is None or addr_end is None:
+        return 0
+    return (addr_end - addr_begin) // ENTRY_SIZE
 
 
 def validate_map_file(source, target, env):
     """ Validate that all modules appear in the output build """
     build_dir = Path(env.subst("$BUILD_DIR"))
-    map_file_path = build_dir /  env.subst("${PROGNAME}.map")
+    map_file_path = build_dir / env.subst("${PROGNAME}.map")
 
     if not map_file_path.exists():
         secho(f"ERROR: Map file not found: {map_file_path}", fg="red", err=True)
         Exit(1)
 
     # Identify the WLED module builders, set by load_usermods.py
-    module_lib_builders = env['WLED_MODULES']
+    module_lib_builders = env.get('WLED_MODULES')
+    if module_lib_builders is None:
+        secho("ERROR: WLED_MODULES not set — ensure load_usermods.py is run as a pre: script", fg="red", err=True)
+        Exit(1)
 
     # Extract the values we care about
     modules = {Path(builder.build_dir).name: builder.name for builder in module_lib_builders}
-    secho(f"INFO: {len(modules)} libraries linked as WLED optional/user modules")
+    secho(f"INFO: {len(modules)} libraries included as WLED optional/user modules")
 
     # Now parse the map file
     map_file_contents = read_lines(map_file_path)
     usermod_object_count = count_usermod_objects(map_file_contents)
-    secho(f"INFO: {usermod_object_count} usermod object entries")
+    secho(f"INFO: {usermod_object_count} usermod object entries found")
 
     elf_path = build_dir / env.subst("${PROGNAME}.elf")
+
     confirmed_modules = check_elf_modules(elf_path, env, module_lib_builders)
+    if confirmed_modules:
+        secho(f"INFO: Code from usermod libraries found in binary: {', '.join(confirmed_modules)}")
+    # else - if there's no usermods found, don't generate a message.  If we're legitimately missing all entries, the error report on the
+    # next line will trip; and if the usermod set is expected to be empty, then there's no need for yet another null message.
 
     missing_modules = [modname for mdir, modname in modules.items() if mdir not in confirmed_modules]
     if missing_modules:
@@ -120,7 +172,6 @@ def validate_map_file(source, target, env):
             fg="red",
             err=True)
         Exit(1)
-    return None
 
 env.Append(LINKFLAGS=[env.subst("-Wl,--Map=${BUILD_DIR}/${PROGNAME}.map")])
 env.AddPostAction("$BUILD_DIR/${PROGNAME}.elf", Action(validate_map_file, cmdstr='Checking linked optional modules (usermods) in map file'))

platformio_override.sample.ini

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 # Please visit documentation: https://docs.platformio.org/page/projectconf.html
 
 [platformio]
-default_envs = WLED_generic8266_1M, esp32dev_V4_dio80  # put the name(s) of your own build environment here. You can define as many as you need
+default_envs = WLED_generic8266_1M, esp32dev_dio80  # put the name(s) of your own build environment here. You can define as many as you need
 
 #----------
 # SAMPLE
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ default_envs = WLED_generic8266_1M, esp32dev_V4_dio80  # put the name(s) of your
 [env:WLED_generic8266_1M]
 extends = env:esp01_1m_full  # when you want to extend the existing environment (define only updated options)
 ; board = esp01_1m  # uncomment when ou need different board
-; platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}  # uncomment and change when you want particular platform
-; platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+; platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}  # uncomment and change when you want particular platform
+; platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 ; board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_1m128k}
 ; upload_speed = 921600 # fast upload speed (remove ';' if your board supports fast upload speed)
 # Sample libraries used for various usermods. Uncomment when using particular usermod.
@@ -30,10 +30,18 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 ;  https://github.com/blazoncek/QuickESPNow.git#optional-debug  ;; exludes debug library
 
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_generic_1M\"
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM1D -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PIXELFORGE
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA -D WLED_DISABLE_2D
 ;
 ; *** To use the below defines/overrides, copy and paste each onto its own line just below build_flags in the section above.
-; 
+; *** Note: on adding custom usermods
+;     custom_usermods entries are a separate key in the env section (not inside build_flags). Place them on their own line in the env.
+;     Multiple usermods are separated by a space, the names can be found in the library.json file of the usermod.
+;     Example: use the default usermods from the esp32dev env and add the Temperature and four_line_display_ALT usermods
+;     custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} Temperature four_line_display_ALT
+;
 ; Set a release name that may be used to distinguish required binary for flashing
 ;   -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_MULTI_USREMODS\"
 ;
@@ -98,17 +106,17 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
 ;   -D WLED_DEBUG_PORT=7868
 ;
 ; Use Autosave usermod and set it to do save after 90s
-;   -D USERMOD_AUTO_SAVE
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} auto_save
 ;   -D AUTOSAVE_AFTER_SEC=90
 ;
 ; Use AHT10/AHT15/AHT20 usermod
-;   -D USERMOD_AHT10
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} AHT10_v2
 ;
 ; Use INA226 usermod
-;   -D USERMOD_INA226
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} INA226_v2
 ;
 ; Use 4 Line Display usermod with SPI display
-;   -D USERMOD_FOUR_LINE_DISPLAY
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} four_line_display_ALT
 ;   -DFLD_SPI_DEFAULT
 ;   -D FLD_TYPE=SSD1306_SPI64
 ;   -D FLD_PIN_CLOCKSPI=14
@@ -118,22 +126,22 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
 ;   -D FLD_PIN_RESET=27
 ;
 ; Use Rotary encoder usermod (in conjunction with 4LD)
-;   -D USERMOD_ROTARY_ENCODER_UI
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} rotary_encoder_ui_ALT
 ;   -D ENCODER_DT_PIN=5
 ;   -D ENCODER_CLK_PIN=18
 ;   -D ENCODER_SW_PIN=19
 ;
 ; Use Dallas DS18B20 temperature sensor usermod and configure it to use GPIO13
-;   -D USERMOD_DALLASTEMPERATURE
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} Temperature
 ;   -D TEMPERATURE_PIN=13
 ;
 ; Use Multi Relay usermod and configure it to use 6 relays and appropriate GPIO
-;   -D USERMOD_MULTI_RELAY
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} multi_relay
 ;   -D MULTI_RELAY_MAX_RELAYS=6
 ;   -D MULTI_RELAY_PINS=12,23,22,21,24,25
 ;
 ; Use PIR sensor usermod and configure it to use GPIO4 and timer of 60s
-;   -D USERMOD_PIRSWITCH
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} PIR_sensor_switch
 ;   -D PIR_SENSOR_PIN=4   # use -1 to disable usermod
 ;   -D PIR_SENSOR_OFF_SEC=60
 ;   -D PIR_SENSOR_MAX_SENSORS=2 # max allowable sensors (uses OR logic for triggering)
@@ -146,12 +154,12 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
 ;   -D I2S_CKPIN=19
 ;
 ; Use PWM fan usermod
-;   -D USERMOD_PWM_FAN
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} PWM_fan
 ;   -D TACHO_PIN=33
 ;   -D PWM_PIN=32
 ;
 ;  Use POV Display usermod
-;   -D USERMOD_POV_DISPLAY
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} pov_display
 ; Use built-in or custom LED as a status indicator (assumes LED is connected to GPIO16)
 ;   -D STATUSLED=16
 ;
@@ -184,6 +192,7 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
 ; configure I2C and SPI interface (for various hardware)
 ;   -D I2CSDAPIN=33 # initialise interface
 ;   -D I2CSCLPIN=35 # initialise interface
+;   # HW_PIN_* informs the WebUI about default pins - don't initialise interface
 ;   -D HW_PIN_SCL=35
 ;   -D HW_PIN_SDA=33
 ;   -D HW_PIN_CLOCKSPI=7
@@ -193,7 +202,8 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Optional: build flags for speed, instead of optimising for size.
-# Example of usage: see [env:esp32S3_PSRAM_HUB75]
+# Add ${Speed_Flags.build_flags} / ${Speed_Flags.build_unflags} to your own env
+# in platformio_override.ini to opt in.
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 [Speed_Flags]
@@ -214,63 +224,60 @@ build_flags =
 
 [env:esp07]
 board = esp07
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_ESP07\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:d1_mini]
 board = d1_mini
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 upload_speed = 921600
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_D1MINI\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 monitor_filters = esp8266_exception_decoder
 
 [env:heltec_wifi_kit_8]
 board = d1_mini
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_HT_D1MINI\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:h803wf]
 board = d1_mini
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D DATA_PINS=1 -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D DATA_PINS=1 -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_HT803WF\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:esp32dev_qio80]
 extends = env:esp32dev  # we want to extend the existing esp32dev environment (and define only updated options)
 board = esp32dev
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags} #-D WLED_DISABLE_BROWNOUT_DET
-lib_deps = ${esp32.lib_deps}
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32_idf_V4.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_qio80\" #-D WLED_DISABLE_BROWNOUT_DET
+lib_deps = ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
 monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
 board_build.flash_mode = qio
 
-[env:esp32dev_V4_dio80]
-;; experimental ESP32 env using ESP-IDF V4.4.x
-;; Warning: this build environment is not stable!!
-;; please erase your device before installing.
-extends = esp32_idf_V4  # based on newer "esp-idf V4" platform environment
-board = esp32dev
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags}  ${esp32_idf_V4.build_flags} #-D WLED_DISABLE_BROWNOUT_DET
-lib_deps = ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
-board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}  ;; if you get errors about "out of program space", change this to ${esp32.extended_partitions} or even ${esp32.big_partitions}
-board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
-board_build.flash_mode = dio
+[env:esp32dev_dio80]
+extends = env:esp32dev_qio80          # we want to extend the previous environment, to change flash speed
+build_unflags = ${env:esp32dev_qio80.build_unflags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_qio80\"      # need to remove the previous WLED_RELEASE_NAME
+build_flags =   ${env:esp32dev_qio80.build_flags}   -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_dio80\"      # ... and then we can set a new one
+board_build.flash_mode = dio          # change flash mode to "dio", for boards that cannot not start with "qio" mode
 
 [env:esp32s2_saola]
 extends = esp32s2
@@ -280,53 +287,51 @@ platform_packages = ${esp32s2.platform_packages}
 framework = arduino
 board_build.flash_mode = qio
 upload_speed = 460800
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s2.build_flags}
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s2.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S2_saola\"
   ;-DLOLIN_WIFI_FIX ;; try this in case Wifi does not work
   -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1
 lib_deps = ${esp32s2.lib_deps}
 
-[env:esp32s3dev_8MB_PSRAM_qspi]
-;; ESP32-TinyS3 development board, with 8MB FLASH and PSRAM (memory_type: qio_qspi)
-extends = env:esp32s3dev_8MB_PSRAM_opi
-;board = um_tinys3 ;    -> needs workaround from https://github.com/wled-dev/WLED/pull/2905#issuecomment-1328049860
-board = esp32-s3-devkitc-1 ;; generic dev board; the next line adds PSRAM support
-board_build.arduino.memory_type = qio_qspi ;; use with PSRAM: 2MB or  4MB
-
 [env:esp8285_4CH_MagicHome]
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_1m128k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8285_4CH_MagicHome\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:esp8285_H801]
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_1m128k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8285_H801\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:d1_mini_5CH_Shojo_PCB]
 board = d1_mini
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_USE_SHOJO_PCB ;; NB: WLED_USE_SHOJO_PCB is not used anywhere in the source code. Not sure why its needed.
+  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_5CH_Shojo_PCB\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:d1_mini_debug]
 board = d1_mini
 build_type = debug
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} ${common.debug_flags}
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} ${common.debug_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_D1MINI_DEBUG\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:d1_mini_ota]
@@ -334,20 +339,23 @@ board = d1_mini
 upload_protocol = espota
 # exchange for your WLED IP
 upload_port = "10.10.1.27"
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_D1MINI_OTA\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:anavi_miracle_controller]
 board = d1_mini
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D DATA_PINS=12 -D IRPIN=-1 -D RLYPIN=2
+  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_ANAVI_MIRACLE\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:esp32c3dev_2MB]
@@ -358,6 +366,7 @@ platform = ${esp32c3.platform}
 platform_packages = ${esp32c3.platform_packages}
 board = esp32-c3-devkitm-1
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32c3.build_flags}
+  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-C3_2MB\"
   -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
   -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA
   ; -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; for virtual CDC USB
@@ -374,6 +383,7 @@ board_upload.maximum_size = 2097152
 extends = esp32              ;; use default esp32 platform
 board = esp32dev
 upload_speed = 460800
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} Temperature four_line_display_ALT
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags}
   -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_wemos_shield\"
   -D DATA_PINS=16
@@ -381,12 +391,8 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags}
   -D BTNPIN=17
   -D IRPIN=18
   -UWLED_USE_MY_CONFIG
-  -D USERMOD_DALLASTEMPERATURE
-  -D USERMOD_FOUR_LINE_DISPLAY
   -D TEMPERATURE_PIN=23
 lib_deps = ${esp32.lib_deps}
-  OneWire@~2.3.5          ;; needed for USERMOD_DALLASTEMPERATURE
-  olikraus/U8g2 @ ^2.28.8 ;; needed for USERMOD_FOUR_LINE_DISPLAY
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}
 
 [env:esp32_pico-D4]
@@ -409,75 +415,84 @@ board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
 [env:m5atom]
 extends = env:esp32dev  # we want to extend the existing esp32dev environment (and define only updated options)
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags} -D DATA_PINS=27 -D BTNPIN=39
+  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_m5atom\"
 
 [env:sp501e]
 board = esp_wroom_02
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D DATA_PINS=3 -D BTNPIN=1
+  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_sp501e\" -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:sp511e]
 board = esp_wroom_02
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D DATA_PINS=3 -D BTNPIN=2 -D IRPIN=5 -D WLED_MAX_BUTTONS=3
+  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_sp511e\" -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:Athom_RGBCW]        ;7w and 5w(GU10) bulbs
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D BTNPIN=-1 -D RLYPIN=-1 -D DATA_PINS=4,12,14,13,5
-                                            -D LED_TYPES=TYPE_ANALOG_5CH -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED -D WLED_MAX_CCT_BLEND=0
+              -D LED_TYPES=TYPE_ANALOG_5CH -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED -D WLED_MAX_CCT_BLEND=0
+              -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8285_Athom_RGBCW\" -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:Athom_15w_RGBCW]        ;15w bulb
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D BTNPIN=-1 -D RLYPIN=-1 -D DATA_PINS=4,12,14,5,13
-                                            -D LED_TYPES=TYPE_ANALOG_5CH -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED -D WLED_MAX_CCT_BLEND=0 -D WLED_USE_IC_CCT
+              -D LED_TYPES=TYPE_ANALOG_5CH -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED -D WLED_MAX_CCT_BLEND=0 -D WLED_USE_IC_CCT
+              -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8285_Athom_15W_RGBCW\" -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:Athom_3Pin_Controller]        ;small controller with only data
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D BTNPIN=0 -D RLYPIN=-1 -D DATA_PINS=1 -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED
+              -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8285_Athom_3Pin\" -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:Athom_4Pin_Controller]       ; With clock and data interface
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D BTNPIN=0 -D RLYPIN=12 -D DATA_PINS=1 -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED
+              -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8285_Athom_4Pin\" -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:Athom_5Pin_Controller]      ;Analog light strip controller
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D BTNPIN=0 -D RLYPIN=-1 DATA_PINS=4,12,14,13 -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED
+              -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8285_Athom_5Pin\" -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:MY9291]
 board = esp01_1m
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_1m128k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA -D USERMOD_MY9291
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp01_1m_full.custom_usermods} MY9291
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_MY9291\" -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -487,60 +502,33 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:codm-controller-0_6]
 board = esp_wroom_02
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_CODM06_2MB\" -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:codm-controller-0_6-rev2]
 board = esp_wroom_02
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_CODM06R2_4MB\" -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # EleksTube-IPS
+# See usermods/EleksTube_IPS/platformio_override.ini.sample
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-[env:elekstube_ips]
-extends = esp32              ;; use default esp32 platform
-board = esp32dev
-upload_speed = 921600
-custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} RTC EleksTube_IPS
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags} -D WLED_DISABLE_BROWNOUT_DET -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED
-  -D DATA_PINS=12
-  -D RLYPIN=27
-  -D BTNPIN=34
-  -D PIXEL_COUNTS=6
-  # Display config
-  -D ST7789_DRIVER
-  -D TFT_WIDTH=135
-  -D TFT_HEIGHT=240
-  -D CGRAM_OFFSET
-  -D TFT_SDA_READ
-  -D TFT_MOSI=23
-  -D TFT_SCLK=18
-  -D TFT_DC=25
-  -D TFT_RST=26
-  -D SPI_FREQUENCY=40000000
-  -D USER_SETUP_LOADED
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Usermod examples
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-# 433MHz RF remote example for esp32dev
-[env:esp32dev_usermod_RF433]
-extends = env:esp32dev
-custom_usermods =
-  ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods}
-  RF433
+# 433MHz RF remote example: see usermods/usermod_v2_RF433/platformio_override.ini.sample
 
 # External usermod from a git repository.
 # The library's `library.json` must include `"build": {"libArchive": false}`.
@@ -554,102 +542,4 @@ custom_usermods =
   https://github.com/wled/wled-usermod-example.git#main
 
 
-# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Hub75 examples
-# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Note: some panels may experience ghosting with default full brightness. use -D WLED_HUB75_MAX_BRIGHTNESS=239 or lower to fix it.
 
-[env:esp32dev_hub75]
-board = esp32dev
-upload_speed = 921600
-platform = ${esp32_idf_V4.platform}
-platform_packages =
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags}
-  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_hub75\"
-  -D WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX -D NO_GFX
-  -D WLED_DEBUG_BUS
-  ; -D WLED_DEBUG
-  -D SR_DMTYPE=1 -D I2S_SDPIN=-1 -D I2S_CKPIN=-1 -D I2S_WSPIN=-1 -D MCLK_PIN=-1  ;; Disable to prevent pin clash
-
-lib_deps = ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
-  https://github.com/mrfaptastic/ESP32-HUB75-MatrixPanel-DMA.git#3.0.11
-
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
-board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}
-board_build.flash_mode = dio
-custom_usermods = audioreactive
-
-[env:esp32dev_hub75_forum_pinout]
-extends = env:esp32dev_hub75
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags}
-              -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_hub75_forum_pinout\"
-              -D WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX -D NO_GFX 
-              -D ESP32_FORUM_PINOUT ;; enable for SmartMatrix default pins
-              -D WLED_DEBUG_BUS
-              -D SR_DMTYPE=1 -D I2S_SDPIN=-1 -D I2S_CKPIN=-1 -D I2S_WSPIN=-1 -D MCLK_PIN=-1  ;; Disable to prevent pin clash
-; -D WLED_DEBUG
-
-
-[env:adafruit_matrixportal_esp32s3]
-; ESP32-S3 processor, 8 MB flash, 2 MB of PSRAM, dedicated driver pins for HUB75
-board = adafruit_matrixportal_esp32s3_wled ; modified board definition: removed flash section that causes FS erase on upload
-;; adafruit recommends to use arduino-esp32 2.0.14
-;;platform = espressif32@ ~6.5.0
-;;platform_packages = platformio/framework-arduinoespressif32 @ 3.20014.231204 ;; arduino-esp32 2.0.14
-platform = ${esp32s3.platform}
-platform_packages =
-upload_speed = 921600
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_8M_qspi\"
-  -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; -DARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
-  -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM
-  -DLOLIN_WIFI_FIX ; seems to work much better with this (sets lower TX power)
-  -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
-  -D WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX -D NO_GFX
-  -D S3_LCD_DIV_NUM=20 ;; Attempt to fix wifi performance issue when panel active with S3 chips
-  -D ARDUINO_ADAFRUIT_MATRIXPORTAL_ESP32S3
-  -D WLED_DEBUG_BUS
-  -D SR_DMTYPE=1 -D I2S_SDPIN=-1 -D I2S_CKPIN=-1 -D I2S_WSPIN=-1 -D MCLK_PIN=-1  ;; Disable to prevent pin clash
-
-
-lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
-  https://github.com/mrfaptastic/ESP32-HUB75-MatrixPanel-DMA.git#aa28e2a ;; S3_LCD_DIV_NUM fix
-
-board_build.partitions = ${esp32.large_partitions}                  ;; standard bootloader and 8MB Flash partitions
-;; board_build.partitions = tools/partitions-8MB_spiffs-tinyuf2.csv ;; supports adafruit UF2 bootloader
-board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
-board_build.flash_mode = qio
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
-custom_usermods = audioreactive
-
-[env:esp32S3_PSRAM_HUB75]
-;; MOONHUB HUB75 adapter board (lilygo T7-S3 with 16MB flash and PSRAM)
-board = lilygo-t7-s3
-platform = ${esp32s3.platform}
-platform_packages =
-upload_speed = 921600
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-              ${Speed_Flags.build_unflags}    ;; optional: removes "-Os" so we can override with "-O2" in build_flags
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"esp32S3_16MB_PSRAM_HUB75\"
-              ${Speed_Flags.build_flags}      ;; optional: -O2 -> optimize for speed instead of size
-              -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; -DARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
-              -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM
-              -DLOLIN_WIFI_FIX ; seems to work much better with this (sets lower TX power)
-              -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
-              -D WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX -D NO_GFX 
-              -D S3_LCD_DIV_NUM=20 ;; Attempt to fix wifi performance issue when panel active with S3 chips
-              -D MOONHUB_S3_PINOUT ;; HUB75 pinout
-              -D WLED_DEBUG_BUS
-              -D LEDPIN=14 -D BTNPIN=0 -D RLYPIN=15 -D IRPIN=-1 -D AUDIOPIN=-1 ;; defaults that avoid pin conflicts with HUB75
-              -D SR_DMTYPE=1 -D I2S_SDPIN=10 -D I2S_CKPIN=11 -D I2S_WSPIN=12 -D MCLK_PIN=-1  ;; I2S mic
-
-lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
-           https://github.com/mrfaptastic/ESP32-HUB75-MatrixPanel-DMA.git#aa28e2a ;; S3_LCD_DIV_NUM fix
-
-;;board_build.partitions = ${esp32.large_partitions}               ;; for 8MB flash
-board_build.partitions = ${esp32.extreme_partitions}               ;; for 16MB flash
-board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
-board_build.flash_mode = qio
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
-custom_usermods = audioreactive

readme.md

@@ -7,81 +7,97 @@
   <a href="https://kno.wled.ge"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/quick_start-wiki-blue.svg?style=flat-square"></a>
   <a href="https://github.com/Aircoookie/WLED-App"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/app-wled-blue.svg?style=flat-square"></a>
   <a href="https://gitpod.io/#https://github.com/wled-dev/WLED"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Gitpod-ready--to--code-blue?style=flat-square&logo=gitpod"></a>
-
-  </p>
+</p>
 
 # Welcome to WLED! ✨
 
-A fast and feature-rich implementation of an ESP32 and ESP8266 webserver to control NeoPixel (WS2812B, WS2811, SK6812) LEDs or also SPI based chipsets like the WS2801 and APA102!
+A fast and feature-rich firmware for ESP32 microcontrollers to control addressable LEDs — from simple strips to large 2D matrices and HUB75 panels.
 
-Originally created by [Aircoookie](https://github.com/Aircoookie)
+Originally created by [Aircoookie](https://github.com/Aircoookie), now maintained by a community of contributors.
 
 ## ⚙️ Features
-- WS2812FX library with more than 100 special effects  
-- FastLED noise effects and 50 palettes  
-- Modern UI with color, effect and segment controls  
-- Segments to set different effects and colors to user defined parts of the LED string  
-- Settings page - configuration via the network  
-- Access Point and station mode - automatic failsafe AP  
-- [Up to 10 LED outputs](https://kno.wled.ge/features/multi-strip/#esp32) per instance
-- Support for RGBW strips  
-- Up to 250 user presets to save and load colors/effects easily, supports cycling through them.  
-- Presets can be used to automatically execute API calls  
-- Nightlight function (gradually dims down)  
-- Full OTA software updateability (HTTP + ArduinoOTA), password protectable  
-- Configurable analog clock (Cronixie, 7-segment and EleksTube IPS clock support via usermods) 
-- Configurable Auto Brightness limit for safe operation  
-- Filesystem-based config for easier backup of presets and settings  
 
-## 💡 Supported light control interfaces
-- WLED app for [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ca.cgagnier.wlednativeandroid) and [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/gb/app/wled-native/id6446207239)
-- JSON and HTTP request APIs  
-- MQTT   
-- E1.31, Art-Net, DDP and TPM2.net
-- [diyHue](https://github.com/diyhue/diyHue) (Wled is supported by diyHue, including Hue Sync Entertainment under udp. Thanks to [Gregory Mallios](https://github.com/gmallios))
-- [Hyperion](https://github.com/hyperion-project/hyperion.ng)
-- UDP realtime  
-- Alexa voice control (including dimming and color)  
-- Sync to Philips hue lights  
-- Adalight (PC ambilight via serial) and TPM2  
-- Sync color of multiple WLED devices (UDP notifier)  
-- Infrared remotes (24-key RGB, receiver required)  
-- Simple timers/schedules (time from NTP, timezones/DST supported)  
+### Effects & Visuals
+- [**200+ built-in effects**](https://kno.wled.ge/features/effects/) including classic animations, audio-reactive, and 2D/matrix effects
+- [50+ color palettes](https://kno.wled.ge/features/palettes/) plus a built-in **custom palette editor** (PixelForge)
+- [**2D LED matrix support**](https://kno.wled.ge/advanced/mapping/) with dedicated 2D effects and flexible panel mapping
+- [**HUB75 RGB matrix panel support**](https://kno.wled.ge/advanced/HUB75/) (ESP32)
+- [**AudioReactive**](https://kno.wled.ge/advanced/audio-reactive/) effects — included by default, responding to sound via microphone, line-in, or network audio source
+- Effect blending for smooth transitions between animations
+- Antialiased drawing functions for smooth graphics
+
+### Segments & Control
+- [**Segments**](https://kno.wled.ge/features/segments/) — apply different effects, colors and palettes to independent parts of your LED setup simultaneously
+- Up to **250 presets** to save and recall colors, effects and segment configurations — supports [playlists](https://kno.wled.ge/features/presets/) for automated cycling
+- Nightlight function with configurable dimming curve
+- Configurable **Auto Brightness Limiter** (per output) for safe operation
+
+### Hardware Support
+- **ESP32** (all variants: original, S2, S3, C3)
+- [**Up to 17 LED outputs**](https://kno.wled.ge/features/multi-strip/) on ESP32 using parallel I2S + RMT
+- [Addressable LED support](https://kno.wled.ge/basics/compatible-led-strips/): WS2812B, WS2811, WS2815, SK6812, WS2805, TM1914, APA102, WS2801, LPD8806, and many more
+- RGBW, [RGB+CCT](https://kno.wled.ge/features/cct/) and white-only strips
+- PWM outputs for analog LEDs and dimmers
+- [**Ethernet** support](https://kno.wled.ge/features/ethernet-lan/) for a wide range of boards (QuinLED, LILYGO, Olimex, and more)
+- Filesystem-based config for easy backup and restore of presets and settings
+- Full OTA firmware updates (HTTP + ArduinoOTA), password-protectable
+
+### Connectivity & Integrations
+- **WLED app** for [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ca.cgagnier.wlednativeandroid) and [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/gb/app/wled-native/id6446207239)
+- [JSON](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/json-api/) and [HTTP request](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/http-api/) APIs
+- **Multi-WiFi** — connect to up to 3 networks with automatic AP fallback
+- **ESP-NOW** wireless sync between devices (no WiFi router required)
+- [**MQTT**](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/mqtt/) with Home Assistant discovery
+- [**E1.31, Art-Net**](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/e1.31-dmx/), [DDP](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/ddp/) and [TPM2.net](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/udp-realtime/) for DMX/professional lighting control
+- [UDP realtime sync](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/udp-notifier/) across multiple WLED devices
+- Alexa voice control (on/off, brightness, color)
+- [Philips Hue sync](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/philips-hue/)
+- [diyHue](https://github.com/diyhue/diyHue) and [Hyperion](https://github.com/hyperion-project/hyperion.ng) integration
+- [Adalight / TPM2](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/serial/) (PC ambilight via serial)
+- [Infrared remote control](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/infrared/) (24-key RGB, receiver required)
+- Timers and schedules (NTP time sync, full timezone and DST support)
+
+### Developer-Friendly
+- **Usermod system** — extend WLED with community or custom modules without modifying core code
+- Large and active [usermod library](https://kno.wled.ge/advanced/community-usermods/) including AudioReactive, temperature sensors, rotary encoders, displays, and much more
+- Well-documented [JSON API](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/json-api/)
+- Licensed under the **EUPL v1.2**
 
 ## 📲 Quick start guide and documentation
 
-See the [documentation on our official site](https://kno.wled.ge)!
+See the [documentation at kno.wled.ge](https://kno.wled.ge)!
 
-[On this page](https://kno.wled.ge/basics/tutorials/) you can find excellent tutorials and tools to help you get your new project up and running!
+[Tutorials and getting-started guides](https://kno.wled.ge/basics/tutorials/) to help you get your project running quickly.
 
 ## 🖼️ User interface
+
 <img src="/images/macbook-pro-space-gray-on-the-wooden-table.jpg" width="50%"><img src="/images/walking-with-iphone-x.jpg" width="50%">
 
 ## 💾 Compatible hardware
 
-See [here](https://kno.wled.ge/basics/compatible-hardware)!
+See the [compatible hardware list](https://kno.wled.ge/basics/compatible-hardware) on the wiki.
 
 ## ✌️ Other
 
-Licensed under the EUPL v1.2 license  
-Credits [here](https://kno.wled.ge/about/contributors/)!
-CORS proxy by [Corsfix](https://corsfix.com/)
+Licensed under the [EUPL v1.2](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wled-dev/WLED/main/LICENSE).  
+Credits to all [contributors](https://kno.wled.ge/about/contributors/)!  
+CORS proxy by [Corsfix](https://corsfix.com/).
 
 Join the Discord server to discuss everything about WLED!
 
 <a href="https://discord.gg/QAh7wJHrRM"><img src="https://discordapp.com/api/guilds/473448917040758787/widget.png?style=banner2" width="25%"></a>
 
-Check out the WLED [Discourse forum](https://wled.discourse.group)!  
+Check out the WLED [Discourse forum](https://wled.discourse.group)!
 
-You can also send me mails to [dev.aircoookie@gmail.com](mailto:dev.aircoookie@gmail.com), but please, only do so if you want to talk to me privately.  
+If you'd like to reach the original creator privately: [dev.aircoookie@gmail.com](mailto:dev.aircoookie@gmail.com).
 
-If WLED really brightens up your day, you can [![](https://img.shields.io/badge/send%20me%20a%20small%20gift-paypal-blue.svg?style=flat-square)](https://paypal.me/aircoookie)
+If WLED brightens up your day, you can [send a gift to Aircoookie via PayPal](https://paypal.me/aircoookie).
 
+---
 
-*Disclaimer:*   
+*Disclaimer:*
 
-If you are prone to photosensitive epilepsy, we recommended you do **not** use this software.  
-If you still want to try, don't use strobe, lighting or noise modes or high effect speed settings.
-
-As per the EUPL license, I assume no liability for any damage to you or any other person or equipment.  
+If you are prone to photosensitive epilepsy, we recommend you do **not** use this software.  
+If you still want to try, avoid strobe, lightning or noise modes and high effect speed settings.
 
+As per the EUPL license, no liability is assumed for any damage to you or any other person or equipment.

requirements.txt

@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 #
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.11
+# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.13
 # by the following command:
 #
-#    pip-compile requirements.in
+#    pip-compile
 #
 ajsonrpc==1.2.0
     # via platformio
-anyio==4.8.0
+anyio==4.10.0
     # via starlette
-bottle==0.13.2
+bottle==0.13.4
     # via platformio
-certifi==2025.1.31
+certifi==2025.8.3
     # via requests
-charset-normalizer==3.4.1
+charset-normalizer==3.4.3
     # via requests
-click==8.1.8
+click==8.1.7
     # via
     #   platformio
     #   uvicorn
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ idna==3.10
     #   requests
 marshmallow==3.26.1
     # via platformio
-packaging==24.2
+packaging==25.0
     # via marshmallow
-platformio==6.1.17
+platformio==6.1.18
     # via -r requirements.in
 pyelftools==0.32
     # via platformio
@@ -44,15 +44,13 @@ semantic-version==2.10.0
     # via platformio
 sniffio==1.3.1
     # via anyio
-starlette==0.45.3
+starlette==0.46.2
     # via platformio
 tabulate==0.9.0
     # via platformio
-typing-extensions==4.12.2
-    # via anyio
 urllib3==2.5.0
     # via requests
-uvicorn==0.34.0
+uvicorn==0.34.3
     # via platformio
 wsproto==1.2.0
     # via platformio

tools/cdata-test.js

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ describe('Script', () => {
 
   async function checkIfFileWasNewlyCreated(file) {
     const modifiedTime = fs.statSync(file).mtimeMs;
-    assert(Date.now() - modifiedTime < 500, file + ' was not modified');
+    assert(Date.now() - modifiedTime < 850, file + ' was not modified');
   }
 
   async function testFileModification(sourceFilePath, resultFile) {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ describe('Script', () => {
     // modify file
     fs.appendFileSync(sourceFilePath, ' ');
     // delay for 1 second to ensure the modified time is different
-    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 1000));
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 1400));
 
     // run script cdata.js again and wait for it to finish
     await execPromise('node tools/cdata.js');
@@ -175,13 +175,19 @@ describe('Script', () => {
     });
 
     it('a settings file changes', async () => {
-      await testFileModification(path.join(dataPath, 'settings_leds.htm'), 'html_ui.h');
+      await testFileModification(path.join(dataPath, 'settings_leds.htm'), 'html_settings.h');
     });
 
-    it('the favicon changes', async () => {
-      await testFileModification(path.join(dataPath, 'favicon.ico'), 'html_ui.h');
+    it('common.js changes', async () => {
+      await testFileModification(path.join(dataPath, 'common.js'), 'html_settings.h');
     });
 
+    // this testcase currently fails - might be due to npm updates (maybe "faking" a favicon.ico change is harder now), or a real regression
+    // see https://github.com/wled/WLED/issues/5581
+    // it('the favicon changes', async () => {
+    //   await testFileModification(path.join(dataPath, 'favicon.ico'), 'html_other.h');
+    // });
+
     it('cdata.js changes', async () => {
       await testFileModification('tools/cdata.js', 'html_ui.h');
     });
@@ -209,4 +215,4 @@ describe('Script', () => {
       assert(secondRunTime < firstRunTime / 2, 'html_*.h files were rebuilt');
     });
   });
-});
+});

tools/dynarray_espressif32.ld

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-/* ESP32 linker script fragment to add dynamic array section to binary */
-SECTIONS
-{
-  .dynarray :
-  {
-    . = ALIGN(0x10);
-    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.dynarray.*)))
-  } > default_rodata_seg
-}
-INSERT AFTER .flash.rodata;

tools/wled-tools

@@ -141,8 +141,16 @@ discover_devices() {
         exit 1  
     fi  
 
-    # Map avahi responses to strings seperated by 0x1F (unit separator)
-    mapfile -t raw_devices < <(avahi-browse _wled._tcp --terminate -r -p | awk -F';' '/^=/ {print $7"\x1F"$8"\x1F"$9}')  
+    # Map avahi responses to strings separated by 0x1F (unit separator), deduplicated
+    mapfile -t raw_devices < <(
+        avahi-browse _wled._tcp --terminate -r -p |
+        awk -F';' '
+            /^=/ {
+                key = $7 "\x1F" $8 "\x1F" $9
+                if (!seen[key]++) print key
+            }
+        '
+    )
 
     local devices_array=()  
     for device in "${raw_devices[@]}"; do  

usermods/ADS1115_v2/ADS1115_v2.cpp

@@ -28,18 +28,19 @@ class ADS1115Usermod : public Usermod {
     }
 
     void loop() {
-      if (isEnabled && millis() - lastTime > loopInterval) {
-        lastTime = millis();
+      if (!isEnabled || strip.isUpdating() || millis() - lastTime <= loopInterval)
+        return;
 
-        // If we don't have new data, skip this iteration.
-        if (!ads.conversionComplete()) {
-          return;
-        }
+      lastTime = millis();
 
-        updateResult();
-        moveToNextChannel();
-        startReading();
+      // If we don't have new data, skip this iteration.
+      if (!ads.conversionComplete()) {
+        return;
       }
+
+      updateResult();
+      moveToNextChannel();
+      startReading();
     }
 
     void addToJsonInfo(JsonObject& root)
@@ -69,6 +70,8 @@ class ADS1115Usermod : public Usermod {
     {
       JsonObject top = root.createNestedObject(F("ADC ADS1115"));
       
+      top[F("Loop Interval")] = loopInterval;
+
       for (uint8_t i = 0; i < channelsCount; i++) {
         ChannelSettings* settingsPtr = &(channelSettings[i]);
         JsonObject channel = top.createNestedObject(settingsPtr->settingName);
@@ -79,8 +82,6 @@ class ADS1115Usermod : public Usermod {
         channel[F("Offset")] = settingsPtr->offset;
         channel[F("Decimals")] = settingsPtr->decimals;
       }
-
-      top[F("Loop Interval")] = loopInterval;
     }
 
     bool readFromConfig(JsonObject& root)

usermods/ADS1115_v2/library.json

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "name": "ADS1115_v2",
   "build": { "libArchive": false },
   "dependencies": {
-    "Adafruit BusIO": "https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_BusIO#1.13.2",
-    "Adafruit ADS1X15": "https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_ADS1X15#2.4.0"
+    "Adafruit BusIO": "https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_BusIO#1.17.4",
+    "Adafruit ADS1X15": "https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_ADS1X15#2.6.2"
   }
 }

usermods/ADS1115_v2/readme.md

@@ -1,10 +1,29 @@
-# ADS1115 16-Bit ADC with four inputs
+# ADS1115 Usermod
 
-This usermod will read from an ADS1115 ADC. The voltages are displayed in the Info section of the web UI.
+Reads values from an ADS1115 16-bit ADC and exposes them in the `Info` tab.
 
-Configuration is performed via the Usermod menu. There are no parameters to set in code!
+## Features
+- Reads values from an ADS1115 over I2C.
+- Supports 8 ADS1115 input modes:
+	- 4 single-ended inputs (`AIN0` to `AIN3`)
+	- 4 differential pairs (`AIN0-AIN1`, `AIN0-AIN3`, `AIN1-AIN3`, `AIN2-AIN3`)
+- Per-channel configuration in the Usermod settings:
+	- Enable/disable
+	- Display name
+	- Units
+	- Multiplier and offset
+	- Decimal precision
+- Configurable measurement loop interval.
+- Publishes configured channel values to the `Info` tab.
 
-## Installation 
+## Compatibility
+- Requires an ADS1115 module connected via I2C.
+- Works on targets with I2C support.
+- Default ADC gain is `1x` (input range `+/-4.096V`).
 
-Add 'ADS1115' to `custom_usermods` in your platformio environment.
+## Installation
+- Add `ADS1115` to `custom_usermods` in your `platformio.ini` (or `platformio_override.ini`).
+
+## Author
+- Dima Zhemkov [@dima-zhemkov](https://github.com/dima-zhemkov)
 

usermods/AHT10_v2/platformio_override.ini

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-[env:aht10_example]
-extends = env:esp32dev
-build_flags =
-  ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags}
-  ; -D USERMOD_AHT10_DEBUG ; -- add a debug status to the info modal

usermods/Animated_Staircase/Animated_Staircase.cpp

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
     unsigned int topMaxDist        = 50;    // default maximum measured distance in cm, top
     unsigned int bottomMaxDist     = 50;    // default maximum measured distance in cm, bottom
     bool togglePower               = false; // toggle power on/off with staircase on/off
+    bool topAPinInvert             = false; // invert output of top sensor
+    bool bottomAPinInvert          = false; // invert output of bottom sensor
 
     /* runtime variables */
     bool initDone = false;
@@ -91,6 +93,8 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
     static const char _topEchoCm[];
     static const char _bottomEchoCm[];
     static const char _togglePower[];
+    static const char _topPIRorTrigger_pin_invert[];
+    static const char _bottomPIRorTrigger_pin_invert[];
 
     void publishMqtt(bool bottom, const char* state) {
 #ifndef WLED_DISABLE_MQTT
@@ -156,6 +160,12 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
       return pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH, maxTimeUs) > 0;
     }
 
+    bool readPIRPin(int8_t pin, bool invert) {
+      if (pin < 0) return false;
+        bool v = digitalRead(pin);
+      return invert ? !v : v;
+    }
+
     bool checkSensors() {
       bool sensorChanged = false;
 
@@ -164,15 +174,15 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
 
         bottomSensorRead = bottomSensorWrite ||
           (!useUSSensorBottom ?
-            (bottomPIRorTriggerPin<0 ? false : digitalRead(bottomPIRorTriggerPin)) :
+            (bottomPIRorTriggerPin<0 ? false : readPIRPin(bottomPIRorTriggerPin, bottomAPinInvert)) :
             ultrasoundRead(bottomPIRorTriggerPin, bottomEchoPin, bottomMaxDist*59)  // cm to us
           );
         topSensorRead = topSensorWrite ||
           (!useUSSensorTop ?
-            (topPIRorTriggerPin<0 ? false : digitalRead(topPIRorTriggerPin)) :
+            (topPIRorTriggerPin<0 ? false : readPIRPin(topPIRorTriggerPin, topAPinInvert)) :
             ultrasoundRead(topPIRorTriggerPin, topEchoPin, topMaxDist*59)   // cm to us
           );
-
+     
         if (bottomSensorRead != bottomSensorState) {
           bottomSensorState = bottomSensorRead; // change previous state
           sensorChanged = true;
@@ -439,18 +449,20 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
       if (staircase.isNull()) {
         staircase = root.createNestedObject(FPSTR(_name));
       }
-      staircase[FPSTR(_enabled)]                   = enabled;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_segmentDelay)]              = segment_delay_ms;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_onTime)]                    = on_time_ms / 1000;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_useTopUltrasoundSensor)]    = useUSSensorTop;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_topPIRorTrigger_pin)]       = topPIRorTriggerPin;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_topEcho_pin)]               = useUSSensorTop ? topEchoPin : -1;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_useBottomUltrasoundSensor)] = useUSSensorBottom;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin)]    = bottomPIRorTriggerPin;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomEcho_pin)]            = useUSSensorBottom ? bottomEchoPin : -1;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_topEchoCm)]                 = topMaxDist;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomEchoCm)]              = bottomMaxDist;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_togglePower)]               = togglePower;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_enabled)]                       = enabled;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_segmentDelay)]                  = segment_delay_ms;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_onTime)]                        = on_time_ms / 1000;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_useTopUltrasoundSensor)]        = useUSSensorTop;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_topPIRorTrigger_pin)]           = topPIRorTriggerPin;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_topEcho_pin)]                   = useUSSensorTop ? topEchoPin : -1;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_useBottomUltrasoundSensor)]     = useUSSensorBottom;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin)]        = bottomPIRorTriggerPin;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomEcho_pin)]                = useUSSensorBottom ? bottomEchoPin : -1;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_topEchoCm)]                     = topMaxDist;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomEchoCm)]                  = bottomMaxDist;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_togglePower)]                   = togglePower;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_topPIRorTrigger_pin_invert)]    = topAPinInvert;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin_invert)] = bottomAPinInvert;
       DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("Staircase config saved."));
     }
 
@@ -462,11 +474,13 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
     bool readFromConfig(JsonObject& root) {
       bool oldUseUSSensorTop = useUSSensorTop;
       bool oldUseUSSensorBottom = useUSSensorBottom;
+      bool oldTopAPinInvert = topAPinInvert;
+      bool oldBottomAPinInvert = bottomAPinInvert;
       int8_t oldTopAPin = topPIRorTriggerPin;
       int8_t oldTopBPin = topEchoPin;
       int8_t oldBottomAPin = bottomPIRorTriggerPin;
       int8_t oldBottomBPin = bottomEchoPin;
-
+     
       JsonObject top = root[FPSTR(_name)];
       if (top.isNull()) {
         DEBUG_PRINT(FPSTR(_name));
@@ -485,10 +499,12 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
       useUSSensorTop     = top[FPSTR(_useTopUltrasoundSensor)] | useUSSensorTop;
       topPIRorTriggerPin = top[FPSTR(_topPIRorTrigger_pin)] | topPIRorTriggerPin;
       topEchoPin         = top[FPSTR(_topEcho_pin)] | topEchoPin;
-
+      topAPinInvert      = top[FPSTR(_topPIRorTrigger_pin_invert)] | topAPinInvert;
+     
       useUSSensorBottom     = top[FPSTR(_useBottomUltrasoundSensor)] | useUSSensorBottom;
       bottomPIRorTriggerPin = top[FPSTR(_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin)] | bottomPIRorTriggerPin;
       bottomEchoPin         = top[FPSTR(_bottomEcho_pin)] | bottomEchoPin;
+      bottomAPinInvert      = top[FPSTR(_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin_invert)] | bottomAPinInvert;
 
       topMaxDist    = top[FPSTR(_topEchoCm)] | topMaxDist;
       topMaxDist    = min(150,max(30,(int)topMaxDist));     // max distance ~1.5m (a lag of 9ms may be expected)
@@ -554,14 +570,15 @@ const char Animated_Staircase::_segmentDelay[]              PROGMEM = "segment-d
 const char Animated_Staircase::_onTime[]                    PROGMEM = "on-time-s";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_useTopUltrasoundSensor[]    PROGMEM = "useTopUltrasoundSensor";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_topPIRorTrigger_pin[]       PROGMEM = "topPIRorTrigger_pin";
+const char Animated_Staircase::_topPIRorTrigger_pin_invert[]    PROGMEM = "topPIRorTrigger_pin_invert";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_topEcho_pin[]               PROGMEM = "topEcho_pin";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_useBottomUltrasoundSensor[] PROGMEM = "useBottomUltrasoundSensor";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin[]    PROGMEM = "bottomPIRorTrigger_pin";
+const char Animated_Staircase::_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin_invert[] PROGMEM = "bottomPIRorTrigger_pin_invert";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_bottomEcho_pin[]            PROGMEM = "bottomEcho_pin";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_topEchoCm[]                 PROGMEM = "top-dist-cm";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_bottomEchoCm[]              PROGMEM = "bottom-dist-cm";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_togglePower[]               PROGMEM = "toggle-on-off";
 
-
 static Animated_Staircase animated_staircase;
 REGISTER_USERMOD(animated_staircase);

usermods/DHT/DHT.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include "wled.h"
-#ifdef WLED_DISABLE_MQTT
+#if defined(USERMOD_DHT_MQTT) && defined(WLED_DISABLE_MQTT)
 #error "This user mod requires MQTT to be enabled."
 #endif
 
@@ -246,4 +246,4 @@ class UsermodDHT : public Usermod {
 
 
 static UsermodDHT dht;
-REGISTER_USERMOD(dht);
+REGISTER_USERMOD(dht);

usermods/DHT/platformio_override.ini.sample

@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@
 ; USERMOD_DHT_MQTT                 - publish measurements to the MQTT broker
 ; USERMOD_DHT_STATS                - For debug, report delay stats
 
-[env:d1_mini_usermod_dht_C]
-extends = env:d1_mini
-custom_usermods = ${env:d1_mini.custom_usermods} DHT
-build_flags = ${env:d1_mini.build_flags} -D USERMOD_DHT_CELSIUS
+[env:esp8266_2m_usermod_dht_C]
+extends = env:esp8266_2m
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp8266_2m.custom_usermods} DHT
+build_flags = ${env:esp8266_2m.build_flags} -D USERMOD_DHT_CELSIUS
 
-[env:custom32_LEDPIN_16_usermod_dht_C]
-extends = env:custom32_LEDPIN_16
-custom_usermods = ${env:custom32_LEDPIN_16.custom_usermods} DHT
-build_flags = ${env:custom32_LEDPIN_16.build_flags} -D USERMOD_DHT_CELSIUS -D USERMOD_DHT_STATS
+[env:esp32dev_LEDPIN_16_usermod_dht_C]
+extends = env:esp32dev
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} DHT
+build_flags = ${env:esp32dev.build_flags} -D LEDPIN=16 -D USERMOD_DHT_CELSIUS -D USERMOD_DHT_STATS
 

usermods/EXAMPLE/usermod_v2_example.cpp

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class MyExampleUsermod : public Usermod {
     void loop() override {
       // if usermod is disabled or called during strip updating just exit
       // NOTE: on very long strips strip.isUpdating() may always return true so update accordingly
-      if (!enabled || strip.isUpdating()) return;
+      if (!enabled || (strip.isUpdating() && (millis() - lastTime < 200))) return; // adjust "200" (in millisecond) to your needs - prevents starvation with very long strips 
 
       // do your magic here
       if (millis() - lastTime > 1000) {
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ class MyExampleUsermod : public Usermod {
       JsonObject usermod = root[FPSTR(_name)];
       if (!usermod.isNull()) {
         // expect JSON usermod data in usermod name object: {"ExampleUsermod:{"user0":10}"}
-        userVar0 = usermod["user0"] | userVar0; //if "user0" key exists in JSON, update, else keep old value
+        userVar0 = usermod["user0"] | userVar0; //if "user0" key exists in JSON, update, else keep old value (userVar0 is defined in wled.h)
       }
       // you can as well check WLED state JSON keys
       //if (root["bri"] == 255) Serial.println(F("Don't burn down your garage!"));

usermods/EleksTube_IPS/library.json.disabled

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "name:": "EleksTube_IPS",
+  "name": "EleksTube_IPS",
   "build": { "libArchive": false },
   "dependencies": {
     "TFT_eSPI" : "2.5.33"

usermods/Fix_unreachable_netservices_v2/library.json

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 {
   "name": "Fix_unreachable_netservices_v2",
+  "build": { "libArchive": false },
   "platforms": ["espressif8266"]
 }

usermods/Fix_unreachable_netservices_v2/usermod_Fix_unreachable_netservices.cpp

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ public:
     }
     if (m_updateConfig)
     {
-      serializeConfig();
+      serializeConfigToFS();
       m_updateConfig = false;
     }
   }

usermods/INA226_v2/INA226_v2.cpp

@@ -1,14 +1,38 @@
 #include "wled.h"
 #include <INA226_WE.h>
 
+#ifndef INA226_ADDRESS
 #define INA226_ADDRESS 0x40 // Default I2C address for INA226
+#endif
 
-#define DEFAULT_CHECKINTERVAL 60000
+#ifndef INA226_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS
+#define INA226_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS 60000 // Default check interval in milliseconds
+#endif
+
+#define DEFAULT_CHECKINTERVAL INA226_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS
 #define DEFAULT_INASAMPLES 128
 #define DEFAULT_INASAMPLESENUM AVERAGE_128
 #define DEFAULT_INACONVERSIONTIME 1100
 #define DEFAULT_INACONVERSIONTIMEENUM CONV_TIME_1100
 
+// Compile-time defaults for shunt resistor (micro-ohms), current range (mA), and current offset (mA)
+// These can be overridden via -D flags in platformio.ini / platformio_override.ini
+#ifndef INA226_SHUNT_MICRO_OHMS
+#define INA226_SHUNT_MICRO_OHMS 1000000  // 1 Ohm = 1,000,000 μΩ
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INA226_DEFAULT_CURRENT_RANGE
+#define INA226_DEFAULT_CURRENT_RANGE 1000  // 1000 mA = 1 A
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INA226_CURRENT_OFFSET_MA
+#define INA226_CURRENT_OFFSET_MA 0  // No offset by default
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INA226_ENABLED_DEFAULT
+#define INA226_ENABLED_DEFAULT false
+#endif
+
 // A packed version of all INA settings enums and their human friendly counterparts packed into a 32 bit structure
 // Some values are shifted and need to be preprocessed before usage
 struct InaSettingLookup
@@ -81,10 +105,11 @@ private:
     uint16_t _settingInaSamples : 11;          // Number of samples for averaging, max 1024
 
     uint8_t _i2cAddress;
-    uint16_t _checkInterval; // milliseconds, user settings is in seconds
-    float _decimalFactor;    // a power of 10 factor. 1 would be no change, 10 is one decimal, 100 is two etc. User sees a power of 10 (0, 1, 2, ..)
-    uint16_t _shuntResistor; // Shunt resistor value in milliohms
-    uint16_t _currentRange;  // Expected maximum current in milliamps
+    uint32_t _checkIntervalMs;  // milliseconds, user settings is in seconds
+    float _decimalFactor;       // a power of 10 factor. 1 would be no change, 10 is one decimal, 100 is two etc. User sees a power of 10 (0, 1, 2, ..)
+    uint32_t _shuntResistorUOhm; // Shunt resistor value in micro-ohms (μΩ)
+    uint16_t _currentRangeMa;    // Expected maximum current in milliamps
+    int16_t _currentOffsetMa;    // Current offset in milliamps, subtracted from readings
 
     uint8_t _lastStatus = 0;
     float _lastCurrent = 0;
@@ -93,7 +118,7 @@ private:
     float _lastShuntVoltage = 0;
     bool _lastOverflow = false;
 
-#ifndef WLED_MQTT_DISABLE
+#ifndef WLED_DISABLE_MQTT
     float _lastCurrentSent = 0;
     float _lastVoltageSent = 0;
     float _lastPowerSent = 0;
@@ -118,9 +143,11 @@ private:
         _ina226 = new INA226_WE(_i2cAddress);
         if (!_ina226->init())
         {
-            DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("INA226 initialization failed!"));
+            DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("INA226: init failed!"));
             return;
         }
+        DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("INA226: addr=0x%02X shunt=%luμΩ range=%umA offset=%dmA\n"),
+                       _i2cAddress, _shuntResistorUOhm, _currentRangeMa, _currentOffsetMa);
         _ina226->setCorrectionFactor(1.0);
 
         uint16_t tmpShort = _settingInaSamples;
@@ -129,7 +156,7 @@ private:
         tmpShort = _settingInaConversionTimeUs << 2;
         _ina226->setConversionTime(getConversionTimeEnum(tmpShort));
 
-        if (_checkInterval >= 20000)
+        if (_checkIntervalMs >= 20000)
         {
             _isTriggeredOperationMode = true;
             _ina226->setMeasureMode(TRIGGERED);
@@ -140,7 +167,11 @@ private:
             _ina226->setMeasureMode(CONTINUOUS);
         }
 
-        _ina226->setResistorRange(static_cast<float>(_shuntResistor) / 1000.0, static_cast<float>(_currentRange) / 1000.0);
+        _ina226->setResistorRange(static_cast<float>(_shuntResistorUOhm) / 1000000.0f, static_cast<float>(_currentRangeMa) / 1000.0f);
+
+        DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("INA226: mode=%s interval=%lums samples=%u convTime=%uμs\n"),
+                       _isTriggeredOperationMode ? "triggered" : "continuous",
+                       _checkIntervalMs, _settingInaSamples, _settingInaConversionTimeUs << 2);
     }
 
     void fetchAndPushValues()
@@ -150,17 +181,19 @@ private:
         if (_lastStatus != 0)
             return;
 
-        float current = truncateDecimals(_ina226->getCurrent_mA() / 1000.0);
+        float current = truncateDecimals((_ina226->getCurrent_mA() - _currentOffsetMa) / 1000.0f);
         float voltage = truncateDecimals(_ina226->getBusVoltage_V());
-        float power = truncateDecimals(_ina226->getBusPower() / 1000.0);
-        float shuntVoltage = truncateDecimals(_ina226->getShuntVoltage_V());
+        float power = truncateDecimals(_ina226->getBusPower() / 1000.0f);
+        float shuntVoltage = truncateDecimals(_ina226->getShuntVoltage_mV());
         bool overflow = _ina226->overflow;
 
 #ifndef WLED_DISABLE_MQTT
         mqttPublishIfChanged(F("current"), _lastCurrentSent, current, 0.01f);
         mqttPublishIfChanged(F("voltage"), _lastVoltageSent, voltage, 0.01f);
         mqttPublishIfChanged(F("power"), _lastPowerSent, power, 0.1f);
-        mqttPublishIfChanged(F("shunt_voltage"), _lastShuntVoltageSent, shuntVoltage, 0.01f);
+        // Publish in V for backward compatibility
+        float shuntVoltageV = shuntVoltage / 1000.0f;
+        mqttPublishIfChanged(F("shunt_voltage"), _lastShuntVoltageSent, shuntVoltageV, 0.01f);
         mqttPublishIfChanged(F("overflow"), _lastOverflowSent, overflow);
 #endif
 
@@ -169,6 +202,9 @@ private:
         _lastPower = power;
         _lastShuntVoltage = shuntVoltage;
         _lastOverflow = overflow;
+
+        DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("INA226: %.3fA %.2fV %.2fW shunt=%.2fmV%s\n"),
+                       current, voltage, power, shuntVoltage, overflow ? " OVF" : "");
     }
 
     void handleTriggeredMode(unsigned long currentTime)
@@ -188,7 +224,7 @@ private:
         }
         else
         {
-            if (currentTime - _lastLoopCheck >= _checkInterval)
+            if (currentTime - _lastLoopCheck >= _checkIntervalMs)
             {
                 // Start a measurement and use isBusy() later to determine when it is done
                 _ina226->startSingleMeasurementNoWait();
@@ -201,7 +237,7 @@ private:
 
     void handleContinuousMode(unsigned long currentTime)
     {
-        if (currentTime - _lastLoopCheck >= _checkInterval)
+        if (currentTime - _lastLoopCheck >= _checkIntervalMs)
         {
             _lastLoopCheck = currentTime;
             fetchAndPushValues();
@@ -215,19 +251,23 @@ private:
             return;
 
         char topic[128];
-        snprintf_P(topic, 127, "%s/current", mqttDeviceTopic);
+        auto buildTopic = [&](const char *suffix) {
+            snprintf_P(topic, sizeof(topic), PSTR("%s/%s"), mqttDeviceTopic, suffix);
+        };
+
+        buildTopic("current");
         mqttCreateHassSensor(F("Current"), topic, F("current"), F("A"));
 
-        snprintf_P(topic, 127, "%s/voltage", mqttDeviceTopic);
+        buildTopic("voltage");
         mqttCreateHassSensor(F("Voltage"), topic, F("voltage"), F("V"));
 
-        snprintf_P(topic, 127, "%s/power", mqttDeviceTopic);
+        buildTopic("power");
         mqttCreateHassSensor(F("Power"), topic, F("power"), F("W"));
 
-        snprintf_P(topic, 127, "%s/shunt_voltage", mqttDeviceTopic);
+        buildTopic("shunt_voltage");
         mqttCreateHassSensor(F("Shunt Voltage"), topic, F("voltage"), F("V"));
 
-        snprintf_P(topic, 127, "%s/overflow", mqttDeviceTopic);
+        buildTopic("overflow");
         mqttCreateHassBinarySensor(F("Overflow"), topic);
     }
 
@@ -315,14 +355,23 @@ public:
     UsermodINA226()
     {
         // Default values
+        _settingEnabled = INA226_ENABLED_DEFAULT;
         _settingInaSamples = DEFAULT_INASAMPLES;
-        _settingInaConversionTimeUs = DEFAULT_INACONVERSIONTIME;
+        _settingInaConversionTimeUs = DEFAULT_INACONVERSIONTIME >> 2; // stored shifted to fit 12-bit field
 
         _i2cAddress = INA226_ADDRESS;
-        _checkInterval = DEFAULT_CHECKINTERVAL;
+        _checkIntervalMs = DEFAULT_CHECKINTERVAL;
         _decimalFactor = 100;
-        _shuntResistor = 1000;
-        _currentRange = 1000;
+        _shuntResistorUOhm = INA226_SHUNT_MICRO_OHMS;
+        _currentRangeMa = INA226_DEFAULT_CURRENT_RANGE;
+        _currentOffsetMa = INA226_CURRENT_OFFSET_MA;
+
+        _mqttPublish = false;
+        _mqttPublishAlways = false;
+        _mqttHomeAssistant = false;
+        _initDone = false;
+        _isTriggeredOperationMode = false;
+        _measurementTriggered = false;
     }
 
     void setup()
@@ -399,7 +448,7 @@ public:
         JsonArray jsonCurrent = user.createNestedArray(F("Current"));
         JsonArray jsonVoltage = user.createNestedArray(F("Voltage"));
         JsonArray jsonPower = user.createNestedArray(F("Power"));
-        JsonArray jsonShuntVoltage = user.createNestedArray(F("Shunt Voltage"));
+        JsonArray jsonShuntVoltage = user.createNestedArray(F("Shunt Voltage Drop"));
         JsonArray jsonOverflow = user.createNestedArray(F("Overflow"));
 
         if (_lastLoopCheck == 0)
@@ -432,7 +481,7 @@ public:
         jsonPower.add(F("W"));
 
         jsonShuntVoltage.add(_lastShuntVoltage);
-        jsonShuntVoltage.add(F("V"));
+        jsonShuntVoltage.add(F("mV"));
 
         jsonOverflow.add(_lastOverflow ? F("true") : F("false"));
     }
@@ -442,12 +491,13 @@ public:
         JsonObject top = root.createNestedObject(FPSTR(_name));
         top[F("Enabled")] = _settingEnabled;
         top[F("I2CAddress")] = static_cast<uint8_t>(_i2cAddress);
-        top[F("CheckInterval")] = _checkInterval / 1000;
+        top[F("CheckInterval")] = _checkIntervalMs / 1000;
         top[F("INASamples")] = _settingInaSamples;
         top[F("INAConversionTime")] = _settingInaConversionTimeUs << 2;
         top[F("Decimals")] = log10f(_decimalFactor);
-        top[F("ShuntResistor")] = _shuntResistor;
-        top[F("CurrentRange")] = _currentRange;
+        top[F("ShuntResistor")] = static_cast<float>(_shuntResistorUOhm) / 1000.0f;
+        top[F("CurrentRange")] = _currentRangeMa;
+        top[F("CurrentOffset")] = _currentOffsetMa;
 #ifndef WLED_DISABLE_MQTT
         top[F("MqttPublish")] = _mqttPublish;
         top[F("MqttPublishAlways")] = _mqttPublishAlways;
@@ -457,6 +507,17 @@ public:
         DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("INA226 config saved."));
     }
 
+    void appendConfigData() override
+    {
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:CheckInterval',1,'seconds');"));
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:INASamples',1,'samples (1-1024)');"));
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:INAConversionTime',1,'&micro;s');"));
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:Decimals',1,'(0-5)');"));
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:ShuntResistor',1,'m&Omega;');"));
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:CurrentRange',1,'mA');"));
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:CurrentOffset',1,'mA');"));
+    }
+
     bool readFromConfig(JsonObject &root) override
     {
         JsonObject top = root[FPSTR(_name)];
@@ -472,12 +533,12 @@ public:
             configComplete = false;
 
         configComplete &= getJsonValue(top[F("I2CAddress")], _i2cAddress);
-        if (getJsonValue(top[F("CheckInterval")], _checkInterval))
+        if (getJsonValue(top[F("CheckInterval")], _checkIntervalMs))
         {
-            if (1 <= _checkInterval && _checkInterval <= 600)
-                _checkInterval *= 1000;
+            if (1 <= _checkIntervalMs && _checkIntervalMs <= 600)
+                _checkIntervalMs *= 1000;
             else
-                _checkInterval = DEFAULT_CHECKINTERVAL;
+                _checkIntervalMs = DEFAULT_CHECKINTERVAL;
         }
         else
             configComplete = false;
@@ -511,8 +572,26 @@ public:
         else
             configComplete = false;
 
-        configComplete &= getJsonValue(top[F("ShuntResistor")], _shuntResistor);
-        configComplete &= getJsonValue(top[F("CurrentRange")], _currentRange);
+        float shuntMilliOhms;
+        if (getJsonValue(top[F("ShuntResistor")], shuntMilliOhms))
+        {
+            if (shuntMilliOhms > 0)
+                _shuntResistorUOhm = static_cast<uint32_t>(shuntMilliOhms * 1000.0f + 0.5f);
+            else
+                _shuntResistorUOhm = INA226_SHUNT_MICRO_OHMS;
+        }
+        else
+            configComplete = false;
+
+        if (getJsonValue(top[F("CurrentRange")], _currentRangeMa))
+        {
+            if (_currentRangeMa == 0 || _currentRangeMa > 20000)
+                _currentRangeMa = INA226_DEFAULT_CURRENT_RANGE;
+        }
+        else
+            configComplete = false;
+        if (!getJsonValue(top[F("CurrentOffset")], _currentOffsetMa))
+            _currentOffsetMa = INA226_CURRENT_OFFSET_MA;  // Use compile-time default if missing from config
 
 #ifndef WLED_DISABLE_MQTT
         if (getJsonValue(top[F("MqttPublish")], tmpBool))

usermods/INA226_v2/README.md

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ The following settings can be configured in the Usermod Menu:
 - **Decimals**: Number of decimals in the output.
 - **ShuntResistor**: Shunt resistor value in milliohms. An R100 shunt resistor should be written as "100", while R010 should be "10".
 - **CurrentRange**: Expected maximum current in milliamps (e.g., 5 A = 5000 mA).
+- **CurrentOffset**: Current offset in milliamps, subtracted from raw readings. Useful for compensating a consistent bias in the sensor. Default is 0.
 - **MqttPublish**: Enable or disable MQTT publishing.
 - **MqttPublishAlways**: Publish always, regardless if there is a change.
 - **MqttHomeAssistantDiscovery**: Enable Home Assistant discovery.
@@ -63,4 +64,33 @@ extends = env:esp32dev
 custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} INA226
 build_flags = ${env:esp32dev.build_flags}
   ; -D USERMOD_INA226_DEBUG ; -- add a debug status to the info modal
-```
+```
+
+### Compile-time Defaults
+
+Several parameters can be overridden at compile time via `-D` build flags. This is useful for setting board-specific defaults so the device works correctly on first boot without manual configuration.
+
+| Build Flag | Default | Unit | Description |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `INA226_ADDRESS` | `0x40` | — | I2C address of the INA226 |
+| `INA226_SHUNT_MICRO_OHMS` | `1000000` | μΩ | Shunt resistor value (1 000 000 μΩ = 1 Ω) |
+| `INA226_DEFAULT_CURRENT_RANGE` | `1000` | mA | Expected maximum current (1000 mA = 1 A) |
+| `INA226_CURRENT_OFFSET_MA` | `0` | mA | Current offset subtracted from readings |
+| `INA226_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS` | `60000` | ms | Default interval between readings on first boot |
+| `INA226_ENABLED_DEFAULT` | `false` | — | Enable the usermod on first boot |
+
+Example for a board with a 2.888 mΩ effective shunt, 10 A range, -118 mA offset, 1 second polling, and enabled by default:
+
+```ini
+[env:my_board]
+extends = env:esp32dev
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} INA226
+build_flags = ${env:esp32dev.build_flags}
+  -D INA226_ENABLED_DEFAULT=true
+  -D INA226_SHUNT_MICRO_OHMS=2888
+  -D INA226_DEFAULT_CURRENT_RANGE=10000
+  -D INA226_CURRENT_OFFSET_MA=-118
+  -D INA226_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS=1000
+```
+
+All compile-time defaults can still be changed at runtime through the Usermod settings page.

usermods/INA226_v2/platformio_override.ini

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-[env:ina226_example]
-extends = env:esp32dev
-custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} INA226_v2
-build_flags =
-  ${env:esp32dev.build_flags}
-  ; -D USERMOD_INA226_DEBUG ; -- add a debug status to the info modal

usermods/PWM_fan/PWM_fan.cpp

@@ -129,11 +129,14 @@ class PWMFanUsermod : public Usermod {
       if (pwmChannel == 255) { //no more free LEDC channels
         deinitPWMfan(); return;
       }
-      // configure LED PWM functionalitites
+      // configure LED PWM functionalitites - ESP-IDF 5.x API
+      #if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
+      ledcAttachChannel(pwmPin, 25000, 8, pwmChannel);  // New API: ledcAttach(pin, freq, resolution, channel); keep PinManager channel ownership consistent
+      #else
       ledcSetup(pwmChannel, 25000, 8);
-      // attach the channel to the GPIO to be controlled
       ledcAttachPin(pwmPin, pwmChannel);
       #endif
+      #endif
       DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("Fan PWM sucessfully initialized."));
     }
 

usermods/SN_Photoresistor/platformio_override.ini.sample

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ; Options
 ; -------
-; USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR                      - define this to have this user mod included wled00\usermods_list.cpp
 ; USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR_MEASUREMENT_INTERVAL - the number of milliseconds between measurements, defaults to 60 seconds
 ; USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR_FIRST_MEASUREMENT_AT - the number of milliseconds after boot to take first measurement, defaults to 20 seconds
 ; USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR_REFERENCE_VOLTAGE    - the voltage supplied to the sensor, defaults to 5v
@@ -8,9 +7,10 @@
 ; USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR_RESISTOR_VALUE       - the resistor size, defaults to 10000.0 (10K hms)
 ; USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR_OFFSET_VALUE         - the offset value to report on, defaults to 25
 ;
-[env:usermod_sn_photoresistor_d1_mini]
-extends = env:d1_mini
+[env:usermod_sn_photoresistor_esp8266_2m]
+extends = env:esp8266_2m
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp8266_2m.custom_usermods} SN_Photoresistor
 build_flags =
-    ${common.build_flags_esp8266}
-    -D USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR
-lib_deps = ${env.lib_deps}
+    ${env:esp8266_2m.build_flags}
+    -D USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR_MEASUREMENT_INTERVAL=60
+lib_deps = ${env:esp8266_2m.lib_deps}

usermods/ST7789_display/ST7789_display.cpp

@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class St7789DisplayUsermod : public Usermod {
 
         // Check if values which are shown on display changed from the last time.
         if ((((apActive) ? String(apSSID) : WiFi.SSID()) != knownSsid) ||
-            (knownIp != (apActive ? IPAddress(4, 3, 2, 1) : Network.localIP())) ||
+            (knownIp != (apActive ? IPAddress(4, 3, 2, 1) : WLEDNetwork.localIP())) ||
             (knownBrightness != bri) ||
             (knownEffectSpeed != strip.getMainSegment().speed) ||
             (knownEffectIntensity != strip.getMainSegment().intensity) ||
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ class St7789DisplayUsermod : public Usermod {
         #else
             knownSsid = WiFi.SSID();
         #endif
-        knownIp = apActive ? IPAddress(4, 3, 2, 1) : WiFi.localIP();
+        knownIp = apActive ? IPAddress(4, 3, 2, 1) : WLEDNetwork.localIP();
         knownBrightness = bri;
         knownMode = strip.getMainSegment().mode;
         knownPalette = strip.getMainSegment().palette;

usermods/ST7789_display/library.json.disabled

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "name:": "ST7789_display",
+  "name": "ST7789_display",
   "build": { "libArchive": false }
 }

usermods/TTGO-T-Display/platformio_override.ini

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-[env:esp32dev]
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags_esp32} 
-; PIN defines - uncomment and change, if needed:
-;  -D LEDPIN=2
-   -D BTNPIN=35
-;  -D IRPIN=4
-;  -D RLYPIN=12
-;  -D RLYMDE=1

usermods/Temperature/platformio_override.ini

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-; Options
-; -------
-; USERMOD_DALLASTEMPERATURE_MEASUREMENT_INTERVAL - the number of milliseconds between measurements, defaults to 60 seconds
-;
-

usermods/audioreactive/audio_reactive.cpp

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ static uint8_t binNum = 8;           // Used to select the bin for FFT based bea
 #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
 #define UM_AUDIOREACTIVE_USE_INTEGER_FFT // always use integer FFT on ESP32-S2 and ESP32-C3
 #endif
-#endif
+#endif // UM_AUDIOREACTIVE_USE_ARDUINO_FFT
 
 #if !defined(UM_AUDIOREACTIVE_USE_INTEGER_FFT)
 using FFTsampleType = float;
@@ -758,6 +758,8 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
   private:
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
 
+    static constexpr uint8_t SR_DMTYPE_NETWORK_ONLY = 254;
+
     #ifndef AUDIOPIN
     int8_t audioPin = -1;
     #else
@@ -874,11 +876,14 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
     static const char _dynamics[];
     static const char _frequency[];
     static const char _inputLvl[];
-#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+#if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32) // analog mic is only supported on classic esp32
     static const char _analogmic[];
 #endif
     static const char _digitalmic[];
     static const char _addPalettes[];
+    static const char _palName0[];
+    static const char _palName1[];
+    static const char _palName2[];
     static const char UDP_SYNC_HEADER[];
     static const char UDP_SYNC_HEADER_v1[];
 
@@ -1295,7 +1300,12 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
 
       size_t packetSize = fftUdp.parsePacket();
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
-      if ((packetSize > 0) && ((packetSize < 5) || (packetSize > UDPSOUND_MAX_PACKET))) fftUdp.flush(); // discard invalid packets (too small or too big) - only works on esp32
+      if ((packetSize > 0) && ((packetSize < 5) || (packetSize > UDPSOUND_MAX_PACKET)))
+        #if ESP_IDF_VERSION_MAJOR < 5
+        fftUdp.flush(); // discard invalid packets (too small or too big) - only works on esp32
+        #else
+        fftUdp.clear(); // function was renamed in newer frameworks
+        #endif
 #endif
       if ((packetSize > 5) && (packetSize <= UDPSOUND_MAX_PACKET)) {
         //DEBUGSR_PRINTLN("Received UDP Sync Packet");
@@ -1366,7 +1376,7 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
 
       // Reset I2S peripheral for good measure
       i2s_driver_uninstall(I2S_NUM_0);   // E (696) I2S: i2s_driver_uninstall(2006): I2S port 0 has not installed
-      #if !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
+      #if !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5)
         delay(100);
         periph_module_reset(PERIPH_I2S0_MODULE);   // not possible on -C3
       #endif
@@ -1374,15 +1384,15 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
       useBandPassFilter = false; // filter cuts lowest and highest frequency bands from FFT result (use on very noisy mic inputs)
       useMicFilter = true;       // filter fixes aliasing to base & highest frequency bands and reduces noise floor (recommended for all mic inputs)
 
-      #if !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
+      #if !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5)
         if ((i2sckPin == I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE) && (i2ssdPin >= 0) && (i2swsPin >= 0) && ((dmType == 1) || (dmType == 4)) ) dmType = 5;   // dummy user support: SCK == -1 --means--> PDM microphone
       #endif
 
       switch (dmType) {
-      #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+      #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
         // stub cases for not-yet-supported I2S modes on other ESP32 chips
         case 0:  //ADC analog
-        #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
+        #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5)
         case 5:  //PDM Microphone
         #endif
       #endif
@@ -1411,7 +1421,7 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
           delay(100);
           if (audioSource) audioSource->initialize(i2swsPin, i2ssdPin, i2sckPin, mclkPin);
           break;
-        #if  !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
+        #if  !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5)
         case 5:
           DEBUGSR_PRINT(F("AR: Generic PDM Microphone - ")); DEBUGSR_PRINTLN(F(I2S_PDM_MIC_CHANNEL_TEXT));
           audioSource = new I2SSource(SAMPLE_RATE, BLOCK_SIZE, 1.0f/4.0f);
@@ -1428,7 +1438,7 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
           if (audioSource) audioSource->initialize(i2swsPin, i2ssdPin, i2sckPin, mclkPin);
           break;
 
-        #if  !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+        #if  !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
         // ADC over I2S is only possible on "classic" ESP32
         case 0:
           DEBUGSR_PRINTLN(F("AR: Analog Microphone (left channel only)."));
@@ -1439,7 +1449,7 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
           break;
         #endif
 
-        case 254: // dummy "network receive only" mode
+        case SR_DMTYPE_NETWORK_ONLY: // dummy "network receive only" mode
           if (audioSource) delete audioSource; audioSource = nullptr;
           disableSoundProcessing = true;
           audioSyncEnabled = 2; // force udp sound receive mode
@@ -1456,19 +1466,25 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
       }
       delay(250); // give microphone enough time to initialise
 
-      if (!audioSource && (dmType != 254)) enabled = false;// audio failed to initialise
+      if (!audioSource && (dmType != SR_DMTYPE_NETWORK_ONLY)) enabled = false;// audio failed to initialise
 #endif
       if (enabled) onUpdateBegin(false);                 // create FFT task, and initialize network
 
 
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
-      if (FFT_Task == nullptr) enabled = false;          // FFT task creation failed
+      if (audioSource && FFT_Task == nullptr) enabled = false;          // FFT task creation failed
       if((!audioSource) || (!audioSource->isInitialized())) {  // audio source failed to initialize. Still stay "enabled", as there might be input arriving via UDP Sound Sync 
-      #ifdef WLED_DEBUG
-        DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("AR: Failed to initialize sound input driver. Please check input PIN settings."));
-      #else
-        DEBUGSR_PRINTLN(F("AR: Failed to initialize sound input driver. Please check input PIN settings."));
-      #endif
+#ifdef WLED_DEBUG
+        #define AR_INIT_DEBUG_PRINT DEBUG_PRINTLN
+#else
+        #define AR_INIT_DEBUG_PRINT DEBUGSR_PRINTLN
+#endif
+        if (dmType == SR_DMTYPE_NETWORK_ONLY) {
+          AR_INIT_DEBUG_PRINT(F("AR: No sound input driver configured - network receive only."));
+        } else {
+          AR_INIT_DEBUG_PRINT(F("AR: Failed to initialize sound input driver. Please check input PIN settings."));
+        }
+        #undef AR_INIT_DEBUG_PRINT
         disableSoundProcessing = true;
       }
 #endif
@@ -1522,14 +1538,9 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
       // We cannot wait indefinitely before processing audio data
       if (strip.isUpdating() && (millis() - lastUMRun < 2)) return;   // be nice, but not too nice
 
-      // suspend local sound processing when "real time mode" is active (E131, UDP, ADALIGHT, ARTNET)
-      if (  (realtimeOverride == REALTIME_OVERRIDE_NONE)  // please add other overrides here if needed
-          &&( (realtimeMode == REALTIME_MODE_GENERIC)
-            ||(realtimeMode == REALTIME_MODE_E131)
-            ||(realtimeMode == REALTIME_MODE_UDP)
-            ||(realtimeMode == REALTIME_MODE_ADALIGHT)
-            ||(realtimeMode == REALTIME_MODE_ARTNET) ) )  // please add other modes here if needed
-      {
+      // suspend local sound processing when "real time mode" is active (E131, UDP, ADALIGHT, ARTNET, DDP, DMX)
+      //  exception: sound input is still needed when useMainSegmentOnly - other segments are still running with local input.
+      if (realtimeMode && !realtimeOverride && !useMainSegmentOnly) {
         #if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32) && defined(WLED_DEBUG)
         if ((disableSoundProcessing == false) && (audioSyncEnabled == 0)) {  // we just switched to "disabled"
           DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("[AR userLoop]  realtime mode active - audio processing suspended."));
@@ -1606,7 +1617,11 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
             have_new_sample = receiveAudioData();
             if (have_new_sample) last_UDPTime = millis();
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
+            #if ESP_IDF_VERSION_MAJOR < 5
             else fftUdp.flush(); // Flush udp input buffers if we haven't read it - avoids hickups in receive mode. Does not work on 8266.
+            #else
+            else fftUdp.clear(); // function was renamed in newer frameworks
+            #endif
 #endif
             lastTime = millis();
           }
@@ -1711,7 +1726,7 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
           );
       }
       micDataReal = 0.0f;                     // just to be sure
-      if (enabled) disableSoundProcessing = false;
+      if (enabled) disableSoundProcessing = false;  // allows FFT_Task to run at least once, even when loop() might disable again
       updateIsRunning = init;
     }
 
@@ -1951,14 +1966,10 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
         }
 #endif
       }
-      if (palettes > 0 && root.containsKey(F("rmcpal"))) {
-        // handle removal of custom palettes from JSON call so we don't break things
-        removeAudioPalettes();
-      }
     }
 
     void onStateChange(uint8_t callMode) override {
-      if (initDone && enabled && addPalettes && palettes==0 && customPalettes.size()<WLED_MAX_CUSTOM_PALETTES) {
+      if (initDone && enabled && addPalettes && palettes==0) {
         // if palettes were removed during JSON call re-add them
         createAudioPalettes();
       }
@@ -2006,7 +2017,7 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
       top[FPSTR(_addPalettes)] = addPalettes;
 
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
-    #if !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+    #if !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
       JsonObject amic = top.createNestedObject(FPSTR(_analogmic));
       amic["pin"] = audioPin;
     #endif
@@ -2065,16 +2076,16 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
       configComplete &= getJsonValue(top[FPSTR(_addPalettes)], addPalettes);
 
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
-    #if !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+    #if !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
       configComplete &= getJsonValue(top[FPSTR(_analogmic)]["pin"], audioPin);
     #else
       audioPin = -1; // MCU does not support analog mic
     #endif
 
       configComplete &= getJsonValue(top[FPSTR(_digitalmic)]["type"],   dmType);
-    #if  defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+    #if  defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
       if (dmType == 0) dmType = SR_DMTYPE;   // MCU does not support analog
-      #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
+      #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5)
       if (dmType == 5) dmType = SR_DMTYPE;   // MCU does not support PDM
       #endif
     #endif
@@ -2112,17 +2123,20 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
       uiScript.print(F("uxp=ux+':digitalmic:pin[]';")); // uxp = shortcut for AudioReactive:digitalmic:pin[]
       uiScript.print(F("dd=addDropdown(ux,'digitalmic:type');"));
-    #if  !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+    #if  !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
       uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'Generic Analog',0);"));
     #endif
       uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'Generic I2S',1);"));
       uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'ES7243',2);"));
       uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'SPH0654',3);"));
       uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'Generic I2S with Mclk',4);"));
-    #if  !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
+    #if !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C61)
       uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'Generic PDM',5);"));
     #endif
     uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'ES8388',6);"));
+      uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'None - network receive only',"));
+      uiScript.print(SR_DMTYPE_NETWORK_ONLY);
+      uiScript.print(F(");"));
     
       uiScript.print(F("dd=addDropdown(ux,'config:AGC');"));
       uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'Off',0);"));
@@ -2155,7 +2169,7 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
       uiScript.print(F("addInfo(uxp,0,'<i>sd/data/dout</i>','I2S SD');"));
       uiScript.print(F("addInfo(uxp,1,'<i>ws/clk/lrck</i>','I2S WS');"));
       uiScript.print(F("addInfo(uxp,2,'<i>sck/bclk</i>','I2S SCK');"));
-      #if !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+      #if !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
         uiScript.print(F("addInfo(uxp,3,'<i>only use -1, 0, 1 or 3</i>','I2S MCLK');"));
       #else
         uiScript.print(F("addInfo(uxp,3,'<i>master clock</i>','I2S MCLK');"));
@@ -2187,24 +2201,21 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
 
 void AudioReactive::removeAudioPalettes(void) {
   DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("Removing audio palettes."));
-  while (palettes>0) {
-    customPalettes.pop_back();
-    DEBUG_PRINTLN(palettes);
-    palettes--;
-  }
-  DEBUG_PRINT(F("Total # of palettes: ")); DEBUG_PRINTLN(customPalettes.size());
+  palettes -= (int8_t)removeUsermodPalettes(_name);
+  if (palettes < 0) palettes = 0; // safeguard
 }
 
 void AudioReactive::createAudioPalettes(void) {
-  DEBUG_PRINT(F("Total # of palettes: ")); DEBUG_PRINTLN(customPalettes.size());
   if (palettes) return;
   DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("Adding audio palettes."));
-  for (int i=0; i<MAX_PALETTES; i++)
-    if (customPalettes.size() < WLED_MAX_CUSTOM_PALETTES) {
-      customPalettes.push_back(CRGBPalette16(CRGB(BLACK)));
+  static const char *const palNames[MAX_PALETTES] PROGMEM = {_palName0, _palName1, _palName2};
+  for (int i=0; i<MAX_PALETTES; i++) {
+    if (usermodPalettes.size() < WLED_MAX_USERMOD_PALETTES) {
+      usermodPalettes.push_back({CRGBPalette16(CRGB(BLACK)), _name, (uint8_t)i, palNames[i]}); // start black, filled each loop by fillAudioPalettes()
       palettes++;
       DEBUG_PRINTLN(palettes);
     } else break;
+  }
 }
 
 // credit @netmindz ar palette, adapted for usermod @blazoncek
@@ -2238,9 +2249,10 @@ CRGB AudioReactive::getCRGBForBand(int x, int pal) {
 
 void AudioReactive::fillAudioPalettes() {
   if (!palettes) return;
-  size_t lastCustPalette = customPalettes.size();
-  if (int(lastCustPalette) >= palettes) lastCustPalette -= palettes;
-  for (int pal=0; pal<palettes; pal++) {
+  // Scan by name pointer identity to find the palettes we added, palIndex = 0/1/2... selects the getCRGBForBand variant, matching how the entries were created.
+  for (auto &ump : usermodPalettes) {
+    if (ump.name != _name) continue;
+    const int pal = ump.palIndex;
     uint8_t tcp[16];  // Needs to be 4 times however many colors are being used.
                       // 3 colors = 12, 4 colors = 16, etc.
 
@@ -2248,26 +2260,26 @@ void AudioReactive::fillAudioPalettes() {
     tcp[1] = 0;
     tcp[2] = 0;
     tcp[3] = 0;
-    
+
     CRGB rgb = getCRGBForBand(1, pal);
     tcp[4] = 1;  // anchor of first color
     tcp[5] = rgb.r;
     tcp[6] = rgb.g;
     tcp[7] = rgb.b;
-    
+
     rgb = getCRGBForBand(128, pal);
     tcp[8] = 128;
     tcp[9] = rgb.r;
     tcp[10] = rgb.g;
     tcp[11] = rgb.b;
-    
+
     rgb = getCRGBForBand(255, pal);
     tcp[12] = 255;  // anchor of last color - must be 255
     tcp[13] = rgb.r;
     tcp[14] = rgb.g;
     tcp[15] = rgb.b;
 
-    customPalettes[lastCustPalette+pal].loadDynamicGradientPalette(tcp);
+    ump.palette.loadDynamicGradientPalette(tcp);
   }
 }
 
@@ -2278,11 +2290,14 @@ const char AudioReactive::_config[]     PROGMEM = "config";
 const char AudioReactive::_dynamics[]   PROGMEM = "dynamics";
 const char AudioReactive::_frequency[]  PROGMEM = "frequency";
 const char AudioReactive::_inputLvl[]   PROGMEM = "inputLevel";
-#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
 const char AudioReactive::_analogmic[]  PROGMEM = "analogmic";
 #endif
 const char AudioReactive::_digitalmic[] PROGMEM = "digitalmic";
-const char AudioReactive::_addPalettes[]       PROGMEM = "add-palettes";
+const char AudioReactive::_addPalettes[]          PROGMEM = "add-palettes";
+const char AudioReactive::_palName0[]              PROGMEM = "Ratio";
+const char AudioReactive::_palName1[]              PROGMEM = "Hue";
+const char AudioReactive::_palName2[]              PROGMEM = "Spectrum";
 const char AudioReactive::UDP_SYNC_HEADER[]    PROGMEM = "00002"; // new sync header version, as format no longer compatible with previous structure
 const char AudioReactive::UDP_SYNC_HEADER_v1[] PROGMEM = "00001"; // old sync header version - need to add backwards-compatibility feature
 

usermods/audioreactive/audio_source.h

@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@
 
 // see https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/latest/esp32s3/hw-reference/chip-series-comparison.html#related-documents
 // and https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/latest/esp32s3/api-reference/peripherals/i2s.html#overview-of-all-modes
-#if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32H2) || defined(ESP8266) || defined(ESP8265)
+#if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C61) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32H2) || defined(ESP8266) || defined(ESP8265)
   // there are two things in these MCUs that could lead to problems with audio processing:
   // * no floating point hardware (FPU) support - FFT uses float calculations. If done in software, a strong slow-down can be expected (between 8x and 20x)
   // * single core, so FFT task might slow down other things like LED updates
   #if !defined(SOC_I2S_NUM) || (SOC_I2S_NUM < 1)
-  #error This audio reactive usermod does not support ESP32-C2 or ESP32-C3.
+  #error This audio reactive usermod does not support your MCU yet.
   #else
-  #warning This audio reactive usermod does not support ESP32-C2 and ESP32-C3.
+  #warning This audio reactive usermod does not support your MCU yet.
   #endif
 #endif
 

usermods/pixels_dice_tray/platformio_override.ini.sample

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ board_build.partitions = ${esp32.large_partitions}
 board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
 board_build.flash_mode = qio
 monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=T-QT-PRO-8MB
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"T-QT-PRO-8MB_dice\"
   -D CONFIG_LITTLEFS_FOR_IDF_3_2 -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
   -D ARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 -D ARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
   
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ board_build.partitions = ${esp32.large_partitions}
 board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
 board_build.flash_mode = qio
 monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=ESP32-S3_8MB_qspi
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_8MB_qspi_dice\"
   -D CONFIG_LITTLEFS_FOR_IDF_3_2 -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
   -D ARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 -D ARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
   
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
 # https://github.com/wled-dev/WLED/issues/1382
 ; [env:esp32dev_dice]
 ; extends = env:esp32dev
-; build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=ESP32
+; build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_dice\"
 ;   ; Enable Pixels dice mod
 ;   -D USERMOD_PIXELS_DICE_TRAY
 ; lib_deps = ${esp32.lib_deps}

usermods/pov_display/library.json

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "name:": "pov_display",
+  "name": "pov_display",
   "build": { "libArchive": false},
   "platforms": ["espressif32"]
 }

usermods/quinled-an-penta/quinled-an-penta.cpp

@@ -234,11 +234,11 @@ class QuinLEDAnPentaUsermod : public Usermod
 
     bool oledCheckForNetworkChanges()
     {
-      if (lastKnownNetworkConnected != Network.isConnected() || lastKnownIp != Network.localIP()
+      if (lastKnownNetworkConnected != WLEDNetwork.isConnected() || lastKnownIp != WLEDNetwork.localIP()
           || lastKnownWiFiConnected != WiFi.isConnected() || lastKnownSsid != WiFi.SSID()
           || lastKnownApActive != apActive || lastKnownApSsid != apSSID || lastKnownApPass != apPass || lastKnownApChannel != apChannel) {
-        lastKnownNetworkConnected = Network.isConnected();
-        lastKnownIp = Network.localIP();
+        lastKnownNetworkConnected = WLEDNetwork.isConnected();
+        lastKnownIp = WLEDNetwork.localIP();
         lastKnownWiFiConnected = WiFi.isConnected();
         lastKnownSsid = WiFi.SSID();
         lastKnownApActive = apActive;

usermods/sht/sht.cpp

@@ -143,7 +143,13 @@ void ShtUsermod::appendDeviceToMqttDiscoveryMessage(JsonDocument& root) {
   device[F("ids")] = escapedMac.c_str();
   device[F("name")] = serverDescription;
   device[F("sw")] = versionString;
+  // AI: below section was generated by an AI
+  #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
   device[F("mdl")] = ESP.getChipModel();
+  #else
+  device[F("mdl")] = F("ESP8266");
+  #endif
+  // AI: end
   device[F("mf")] = F("espressif");
 }
 

usermods/usermod_v2_HttpPullLightControl/usermod_v2_HttpPullLightControl.cpp

@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ String HttpPullLightControl::generateUniqueId() {
     unsigned char shaResult[20]; // SHA1 produces a hash of 20 bytes  (which is 40 HEX characters)
     mbedtls_sha1_context ctx;
     mbedtls_sha1_init(&ctx);
+#if ESP_IDF_VERSION < ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
     status = mbedtls_sha1_starts_ret(&ctx);
     if (status != 0) {
       DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("Error starting SHA1 checksum calculation"));
@@ -83,6 +84,21 @@ String HttpPullLightControl::generateUniqueId() {
     if (status != 0) {
       DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("Error finishing SHA1 checksum calculation"));
     }
+#else
+    // function names have changed in esp-idf V5
+    status = mbedtls_sha1_starts(&ctx);
+    if (status != 0) {
+      DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("Error starting SHA1 checksum calculation"));
+    }
+    status = mbedtls_sha1_update(&ctx, reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(input.c_str()), input.length());
+    if (status != 0) {
+      DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("Error feeding update buffer into ongoing SHA1 checksum calculation"));
+    }
+    status = mbedtls_sha1_finish(&ctx, shaResult);
+    if (status != 0) {
+      DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("Error finishing SHA1 checksum calculation"));
+    }
+#endif
     mbedtls_sha1_free(&ctx);
 
     // Convert the Hash to a hexadecimal string

usermods/usermod_v2_four_line_display_ALT/platformio_override.ini.sample

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 default_envs = esp32dev_fld
 
 [env:esp32dev_fld]
-extends = env:esp32dev_V4
-custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev_V4.custom_usermods} four_line_display_ALT
+extends = env:esp32dev
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} four_line_display_ALT
 build_flags =
-    ${env:esp32dev_V4.build_flags}
+    ${env:esp32dev.build_flags}
     -D FLD_TYPE=SH1106
     -D I2CSCLPIN=27
     -D I2CSDAPIN=26

usermods/usermod_v2_four_line_display_ALT/usermod_v2_four_line_display_ALT.cpp

@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ void FourLineDisplayUsermod::setup() {
 // interfaces here
 void FourLineDisplayUsermod::connected() {
   knownSsid = WiFi.SSID();       //apActive ? apSSID : WiFi.SSID(); //apActive ? WiFi.softAPSSID() :
-  knownIp   = Network.localIP(); //apActive ? IPAddress(4, 3, 2, 1) : Network.localIP();
+  knownIp   = WLEDNetwork.localIP(); //apActive ? IPAddress(4, 3, 2, 1) : WLEDNetwork.localIP();
   networkOverlay(PSTR("NETWORK INFO"),7000);
 }
 

usermods/usermod_v2_rotary_encoder_ui_ALT/platformio_override.ini.sample

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 default_envs = esp32dev_re
 
 [env:esp32dev_re]
-extends = env:esp32dev_V4
-custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev_V4.custom_usermods} rotary_encoder_ui_ALT
+extends = env:esp32dev
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} rotary_encoder_ui_ALT
 build_flags =
-    ${env:esp32dev_V4.build_flags}
+    ${env:esp32dev.build_flags}
     -D USERMOD_ROTARY_ENCODER_GPIO=INPUT
     -D ENCODER_DT_PIN=21
     -D ENCODER_CLK_PIN=23

wled00/FX.cpp

@@ -701,7 +701,9 @@ void dissolve(uint32_t color) {
         unsigned i = hw_random16(SEGLEN);
         if (SEGENV.aux0) { //dissolve to primary/palette
           if (pixels[i] == SEGCOLOR(1)) {
-            pixels[i] = color == SEGCOLOR(0) ? SEGMENT.color_from_palette(i, true, PALETTE_SOLID_WRAP, 0) : color;
+            uint32_t c = color == SEGCOLOR(0) ? SEGMENT.color_from_palette(i, true, PALETTE_SOLID_WRAP, 0) : color;
+            if (SEGMENT.check2 && c == SEGCOLOR(1)) c ^= 0x00000001;  // change the color slightly so the effect doesn't get stuck in Complete mode if color is same as bkg color
+            pixels[i] = c;
             break; //only spawn 1 new pixel per frame
           }
         } else { //dissolve to secondary
@@ -1059,7 +1061,7 @@ void mode_traffic_light(void) {
       case 0: SEGMENT.setPixelColor(i, 0x00FF0000); mdelay = 150 + (100 * (uint32_t)(255 - SEGMENT.speed));break;
       case 1: SEGMENT.setPixelColor(i, 0x00FF0000); mdelay = 150 + (20 * (uint32_t)(255 - SEGMENT.speed)); SEGMENT.setPixelColor(i+1, 0x00EECC00); break;
       case 2: SEGMENT.setPixelColor(i+2, 0x0000FF00); mdelay = 150 + (100 * (uint32_t)(255 - SEGMENT.speed));break;
-      case 3: SEGMENT.setPixelColor(i+1, 0x00EECC00); mdelay = 150 + (20 * (uint32_t)(255 - SEGMENT.speed));break;
+      case 3: SEGMENT.setPixelColor(i+1, gamma32inv(0x00EECC00)); mdelay = 150 + (20 * (uint32_t)(255 - SEGMENT.speed));break; // gamma inversion to restore original pre 16.0 looks
     }
   }
 
@@ -2343,7 +2345,7 @@ void mode_colortwinkle() {
           unsigned index = i >> 3;
           unsigned  bitNum = i & 0x07;
           bitWrite(SEGENV.data[index], bitNum, true);
-          SEGMENT.setPixelColor(i, ColorFromPalette(SEGPALETTE, hw_random8(), 64, NOBLEND));
+          SEGMENT.setPixelColor(i, ColorFromPalette(SEGPALETTE, hw_random8(), gamma8inv(64), NOBLEND));  // note on gamma8inv: inverting results in non-linear brightness fade as originally designed
           break; //only spawn 1 new pixel per frame per 50 LEDs
         }
       }
@@ -2614,7 +2616,7 @@ static CRGBW twinklefox_one_twinkle(uint32_t ms, uint8_t salt, bool cat)
   unsigned hue = slowcycle8 - salt;
   CRGBW c;
   if (bright > 0) {
-    c = ColorFromPalette(SEGPALETTE, hue, bright, NOBLEND);
+    c = ColorFromPalette(SEGPALETTE, hue, gamma8inv(bright), NOBLEND); // note on gamma8inv: inverting results in non-linear brightness fade as originally designed
     if (!SEGMENT.check1) {
       // This code takes a pixel, and if its in the 'fading down'
       // part of the cycle, it adjusts the color a little bit like the
@@ -2649,19 +2651,18 @@ static void twinklefox_base(bool cat)
   if (SEGMENT.speed > 100) SEGENV.aux0 = 3 + ((255 - SEGMENT.speed) >> 3);
   else SEGENV.aux0 = 22 + ((100 - SEGMENT.speed) >> 1);
 
-  // Set up the background color, "bg".
+  // Set up the background color, "bg". Note: using gamma invert for brightness as the FX was written without any gamma correction, it will dim down too much now
   CRGBW bg = SEGCOLOR(1);
-  unsigned bglight = bg.getAverageLight();
+  unsigned bglight = bg.getRGBaverage();
   if (bglight > 64) {
-    bg = color_fade(bg, 16, true); // very bright, so scale to 1/16th
+    bg = color_fade(bg, gamma8inv(16), true); // very bright, so scale to 1/16th
   } else if (bglight > 16) {
-    bg = color_fade(bg, 64, true); // not that bright, so scale to 1/4th
+    bg = color_fade(bg, gamma8inv(64), true); // not that bright, so scale to 1/4
   } else {
-    bg = color_fade(bg, 86, true); // dim, scale to 1/3rd.
+    bg = color_fade(bg, gamma8inv(86), true); // dim, scale to 1/3rd
   }
-  bg = gamma32inv(bg); // need to invert gamma as the FX was written without any gamma correction and it will dim down too much otherwise
 
-  unsigned backgroundBrightness = bg.getAverageLight();
+  bglight = bg.getRGBaverage(); // update after scaling
 
   for (unsigned i = 0; i < SEGLEN; i++) {
 
@@ -2678,8 +2679,8 @@ static void twinklefox_base(bool cat)
     // on the "brightness = f( time )" idea.
     CRGBW c = twinklefox_one_twinkle(myclock30, myunique8, cat);
 
-    unsigned cbright = c.getAverageLight();
-    int deltabright = cbright - backgroundBrightness;
+    unsigned cbright = c.getRGBaverage();
+    int deltabright = cbright - bglight;
     if (deltabright >= 32 || (bg==0)) {
       // If the new pixel is significantly brighter than the background color,
       // use the new color.
@@ -4181,14 +4182,14 @@ void mode_pacifica()
   uint32_t nowOld = strip.now;
 
   CRGBPalette16 pacifica_palette_1 =
-    { 0x000507, 0x000409, 0x00030B, 0x00030D, 0x000210, 0x000212, 0x000114, 0x000117,
-      0x000019, 0x00001C, 0x000026, 0x000031, 0x00003B, 0x000046, 0x14554B, 0x28AA50 };
+    { 0x002229, 0x001E2F, 0x001934, 0x001938, 0x00143F, 0x001443, 0x00B047, 0x00B04C,  // note: palettes are gamma inverted using gamma 2.0 to get closer to pre 16.0 looks
+      0x00004F, 0x000054, 0x000062, 0x00006F, 0x00007A, 0x000085, 0x47938A, 0x64D08E };
   CRGBPalette16 pacifica_palette_2 =
-    { 0x000507, 0x000409, 0x00030B, 0x00030D, 0x000210, 0x000212, 0x000114, 0x000117,
-      0x000019, 0x00001C, 0x000026, 0x000031, 0x00003B, 0x000046, 0x0C5F52, 0x19BE5F };
+    { 0x002229, 0x001E2F, 0x001934, 0x001938, 0x00143F, 0x001443, 0x00B047, 0x00B04C,
+      0x00004F, 0x000054, 0x000062, 0x00006F, 0x00007A, 0x000085, 0x369B90, 0x4FDC9B };
   CRGBPalette16 pacifica_palette_3 =
-    { 0x000208, 0x00030E, 0x000514, 0x00061A, 0x000820, 0x000927, 0x000B2D, 0x000C33,
-      0x000E39, 0x001040, 0x001450, 0x001860, 0x001C70, 0x002080, 0x1040BF, 0x2060FF };
+    { 0x00142C, 0x00193B, 0x002247, 0x002551, 0x002C5A, 0x002F63, 0x00346B, 0x003671,
+      0x003B78, 0x003F7F, 0x00478E, 0x004D9C, 0x0054A9, 0x005AB4, 0x3F7FDC, 0x5A9CFF };
 
   if (SEGMENT.palette) {
     pacifica_palette_1 = SEGPALETTE;
@@ -4239,10 +4240,10 @@ void mode_pacifica()
       c += CRGB(overage, overage2, qadd8(overage2, overage2));
     }
 
-    //deepen the blues and greens
-    c.blue  = scale8(c.blue,  145);
-    c.green = scale8(c.green, 200);
-    c |= CRGB( 2, 5, 7);
+    //deepen the blues and greens  note: no longer needed with proper gamma in 16.0
+    //c.blue  = scale8(c.blue,  145);
+    //c.green = scale8(c.green, 200);
+    //c |= CRGB( 2, 5, 7);
 
     SEGMENT.setPixelColor(i, c);
   }
@@ -4372,8 +4373,8 @@ void mode_noisepal(void) {                                    // Slow noise pale
     SEGENV.step = strip.now;
 
     unsigned baseI = hw_random8();
-    //palettes[1] = CRGBPalette16(CHSV(baseI+hw_random8(64), 255, hw_random8(128,255)), CHSV(baseI+128, 255, hw_random8(128,255)), CHSV(baseI+hw_random8(92), 192, hw_random8(128,255)), CHSV(baseI+hw_random8(92), 255, hw_random8(128,255)));
-    palettes[1] = CRGBPalette16(CHSV(baseI+hw_random8(64), 255, hw_random8(128,255)), CHSV(baseI+128, 255, hw_random8(128,255)), CHSV(baseI+hw_random8(92), 192, hw_random8(128,255)), CHSV(baseI+hw_random8(92), 255, hw_random8(128,255)));
+    uint32_t minBri = gamma8inv(128); // use gamma inversion on min brightness value to restore pre 16.0 looks (more brilliant palettes)
+    palettes[1] = CRGBPalette16(CHSV(baseI+hw_random8(64), 255, hw_random8(minBri,255)), CHSV(baseI+128, 255, hw_random8(minBri,255)), CHSV(baseI+hw_random8(92), 192, hw_random8(minBri,255)), CHSV(baseI+hw_random8(92), 255, hw_random8(minBri,255)));
   }
 
   //EVERY_N_MILLIS(10) { //(don't have to time this, effect function is only called every 24ms)
@@ -4758,10 +4759,10 @@ void mode_tv_simulator(void) {
         tvSimulator->actualColorB = temp[n    ];
       }
     }
-    // Apply gamma correction, further expand to 16/16/16
-    nr = (uint8_t)gamma8(tvSimulator->actualColorR) * 257; // New R/G/B
-    ng = (uint8_t)gamma8(tvSimulator->actualColorG) * 257;
-    nb = (uint8_t)gamma8(tvSimulator->actualColorB) * 257;
+    // expand to 16 bit
+    nr = (uint8_t)(tvSimulator->actualColorR) * 257; // New R/G/B
+    ng = (uint8_t)(tvSimulator->actualColorG) * 257;
+    nb = (uint8_t)(tvSimulator->actualColorB) * 257;
 
   if (SEGENV.aux0 == 0) {  // initialize next iteration
     SEGENV.aux0 = 1;
@@ -5451,6 +5452,7 @@ void mode_2Dgameoflife(void) { // Written by Ewoud Wijma, inspired by https://na
         }
       }
     }
+    return;
   }
 
   // Repeat detection
@@ -5718,7 +5720,7 @@ void mode_2Dmatrix(void) {                  // Matrix2D. By Jeremy Williams. Ada
     SEGENV.step = 0;
   }
 
-  uint8_t fade = map(SEGMENT.custom1, 0, 255, 50, 250);    // equals trail size
+  uint8_t fade = map(SEGMENT.custom1, 0, 255, 30, 250);    // equals trail size
   uint8_t speed = (256-SEGMENT.speed) >> map(min(rows, 150), 0, 150, 0, 3);    // slower speeds for small displays
 
   uint32_t spawnColor;
@@ -5727,8 +5729,8 @@ void mode_2Dmatrix(void) {                  // Matrix2D. By Jeremy Williams. Ada
     spawnColor = SEGCOLOR(0);
     trailColor = SEGCOLOR(1);
   } else {
-    spawnColor = RGBW32(175,255,175,0);
-    trailColor = RGBW32(27,130,39,0);
+    spawnColor = RGBW32(gamma8inv(175), gamma8inv(255), gamma8inv(175), 0); // use gamma inversion to restor original pre 16.0 looks
+    trailColor = RGBW32(gamma8inv(27),  gamma8inv(130), gamma8inv(39),  0);
   }
 
   bool emptyScreen = true;
@@ -6834,7 +6836,7 @@ void mode_gravcenter_base(unsigned mode) {
   uint8_t gravity = 8 - SEGMENT.speed/32;
   int offset = 1;
   if(mode == 2) offset = 0;  // Gravimeter
-  if (tempsamp >= gravcen->topLED) gravcen->topLED = tempsamp-offset;
+  if (tempsamp >= gravcen->topLED + offset) gravcen->topLED = tempsamp-offset;
   else if (gravcen->gravityCounter % gravity == 0) gravcen->topLED--;
   
   if(mode == 1) {  //Gravcentric
@@ -7003,8 +7005,8 @@ static const char _data_FX_MODE_MIDNOISE[] PROGMEM = "Midnoise@Fade rate,Max. le
 //////////////////////
 // I am the god of hellfire. . . Volume (only) reactive fire routine. Oh, look how short this is.
 void mode_noisefire(void) {                 // Noisefire. By Andrew Tuline.
-  CRGBPalette16 myPal = CRGBPalette16(CHSV(0,255,2),    CHSV(0,255,4),    CHSV(0,255,8), CHSV(0, 255, 8),  // Fire palette definition. Lower value = darker.
-                                      CHSV(0, 255, 16), CRGB::Red,        CRGB::Red,     CRGB::Red,
+  CRGBPalette16 myPal = CRGBPalette16(CHSV(0,255,20),    CHSV(0,255,30),    CHSV(0,255,40), CHSV(0, 255, 44),  // Fire palette definition. Lower value = darker.
+                                      CHSV(0, 255, 64), CRGB::Red,        CRGB::Red,     CRGB::Red,
                                       CRGB::DarkOrange, CRGB::DarkOrange, CRGB::Orange,  CRGB::Orange,
                                       CRGB::Yellow,     CRGB::Orange,     CRGB::Yellow,  CRGB::Yellow);
 
@@ -7240,7 +7242,7 @@ void mode_DJLight(void) {                   // Written by ??? Adapted by Will Ta
   if (SEGENV.aux0 != secondHand) {                        // Triggered millis timing.
     SEGENV.aux0 = secondHand;
 
-    CRGB color = CRGB(fftResult[15]/2, fftResult[5]/2, fftResult[0]/2); // 16-> 15 as 16 is out of bounds
+    CRGB color = CRGB(gamma8inv(fftResult[15]/2), gamma8inv(fftResult[5]/2), gamma8inv(fftResult[0]/2)); // apply gamma inversion to restor pre 16.0 looks
     SEGMENT.setPixelColor(mid, color.fadeToBlackBy(map(fftResult[4], 0, 255, 255, 4)));     // TODO - Update
 
     // if SEGLEN equals 1 these loops won't execute
@@ -7320,7 +7322,7 @@ void mode_freqmatrix(void) {                // Freqmatrix. By Andreas Pleschung.
       uint8_t i =  lowerLimit!=upperLimit ? map(FFT_MajorPeak, lowerLimit, upperLimit, 0, 255) : FFT_MajorPeak;  // may under/overflow - so we enforce uint8_t
       unsigned b = 255 * intensity;
       if (b > 255) b = 255;
-      color = CHSV(i, 240, (uint8_t)b); // implicit conversion to RGB supplied by FastLED
+      color = CHSV(i, 240, gamma8inv(b)); // use gamma inversion on brightness to restore pre 16.0 looks
     }
 
     // shift the pixels one pixel up
@@ -7411,7 +7413,7 @@ void mode_freqwave(void) {                  // Freqwave. By Andreas Pleschung.
       int lowerLimit = 80 + 3 * SEGMENT.custom1;
       uint8_t i =  lowerLimit!=upperLimit ? map(FFT_MajorPeak, lowerLimit, upperLimit, 0, 255) : FFT_MajorPeak; // may under/overflow - so we enforce uint8_t
       unsigned b = min(255.0f, 255.0f * intensity);
-      color = CHSV(i, 240, (uint8_t)b); // implicit conversion to RGB supplied by FastLED
+      color = CHSV(i, 240, gamma8inv(b)); // use gamma inversion on brightness to restore pre 16.0 looks
     }
 
     SEGMENT.setPixelColor(SEGLEN/2, color);
@@ -7518,7 +7520,7 @@ void mode_waterfall(void) {                   // Waterfall. By: Andrew Tuline
 
     unsigned k = SEGLEN-1;
     if (samplePeak) {
-      pixels[k] = (uint32_t)CRGB(CHSV(92,92,92));
+      pixels[k] = (uint32_t)CRGB(CHSV(92,92,gamma8inv(92))); // use gamma inversion on brightness to restore pre 16.0 looks
     } else {
       pixels[k] = color_blend(SEGCOLOR(1), SEGMENT.color_from_palette(pixCol+SEGMENT.intensity, false, PALETTE_SOLID_WRAP, 0), (uint8_t)my_magnitude);
     }
@@ -7629,7 +7631,7 @@ void mode_2DFunkyPlank(void) {              // Written by ??? Adapted by Will Ta
       int v = map(fftResult[band % 16], 0, 255, 10, 255);
       for (int w = 0; w < barWidth; w++) {
          int xpos = (barWidth * b) + w;
-         SEGMENT.setPixelColorXY(xpos, 0, CHSV(hue, 255, v));
+         SEGMENT.setPixelColorXY(xpos, 0, CHSV(hue, 255, gamma8inv(v))); // use gamma inversion on brightness to restore original pre 16.0 looks
       }
     }
 
@@ -7978,7 +7980,7 @@ void mode_2Doctopus() {
       byte radius = rMap[XY(x,y)].radius;
       //CRGB c = CHSV(SEGENV.step / 2 - radius, 255, sin8_t(sin8_t((angle * 4 - radius) / 4 + SEGENV.step) + radius - SEGENV.step * 2 + angle * (SEGMENT.custom3/3+1)));
       unsigned intensity = sin8_t(sin8_t((angle * 4 - radius) / 4 + SEGENV.step/2) + radius - SEGENV.step + angle * (SEGMENT.custom3/4+1));
-      intensity = map((intensity*intensity) & 0xFFFF, 0, 65535, 0, 255); // add a bit of non-linearity for cleaner display
+      //intensity = map((intensity*intensity) & 0xFFFF, 0, 65535, 0, 255); // add a bit of non-linearity for cleaner display -> no longer needed with proper gamma correction
       SEGMENT.setPixelColorXY(x, y, ColorFromPalette(SEGPALETTE, SEGENV.step / 2 - radius, intensity));
     }
   }
@@ -8730,7 +8732,7 @@ void mode_particleperlin(void) {
 
   PartSys->update(); // update and render
 }
-static const char _data_FX_MODE_PARTICLEPERLIN[] PROGMEM = "PS Fuzzy Noise@Speed,Particles,Bounce,Friction,Scale,Cylinder,Smear,Collide;;!;2;pal=64,sx=50,ix=200,c1=130,c2=30,c3=5,o3=1";
+static const char _data_FX_MODE_PARTICLEPERLIN[] PROGMEM = "PS Fuzzy Noise@Speed,Particles,Bounce,Friction,Scale,Cylinder,Smear,Collide;;!;2;pal=64,sx=50,ix=200,c1=130,c2=30,c3=5";
 
 /*
   Particle smashing down like meteors and exploding as they hit the ground, has many parameters to play with
@@ -9836,6 +9838,7 @@ void mode_particleFireworks1D(void) {
       PartSys->setColorByPosition(false); // disable
       for (uint32_t e = 0; e < explosionsize; e++) { // emit explosion particles
         int idx = PartSys->sprayEmit(PartSys->sources[0]); // emit a particle
+        if (idx < 0) break; // no more particles available
         if(SEGMENT.custom3 > 23) {
           if(SEGMENT.custom3 == 31) { // highest slider value
             PartSys->setColorByAge(SEGMENT.check1); // color by age if colorful mode is enabled
@@ -9860,7 +9863,7 @@ void mode_particleFireworks1D(void) {
     PartSys->applyFriction(1); // apply friction to all particles
 
   PartSys->update(); // update and render
-  
+
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < PartSys->usedParticles; i++) {
     if (PartSys->particles[i].ttl > 20) PartSys->particles[i].ttl -= 20; //ttl is linked to brightness, this allows to use higher brightness but still a short spark lifespan
     else PartSys->particles[i].ttl = 0;
@@ -9910,7 +9913,7 @@ void mode_particleSparkler(void) {
     PartSys->sources[i].source.ttl = 400; // replenish its life (setting it perpetual uses more code)
     PartSys->sources[i].sat = SEGMENT.custom1; // color saturation
     if (SEGMENT.speed == 255) // random position at highest speed setting
-      PartSys->sources[i].source.x = hw_random16(PartSys->maxX);
+      PartSys->sources[i].source.x = hw_random(PartSys->maxX);
     else
       PartSys->particleMoveUpdate(PartSys->sources[i].source, PartSys->sources[i].sourceFlags, &sparklersettings); //move sparkler
   }

wled00/FX.h

@@ -61,10 +61,12 @@ extern byte realtimeMode;           // used in getMappedPixelIndex()
 #define WLED_FPS         42
 #define FRAMETIME_FIXED  (1000/WLED_FPS)
 #define FRAMETIME        strip.getFrameTime()
-#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2)
-  #define MIN_FRAME_DELAY  2                                              // minimum wait between repaints, to keep other functions like WiFi alive 
-#elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
-  #define MIN_FRAME_DELAY  3                                              // S2/C3 are slower than normal esp32, and only have one core
+#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32)
+  #if (SOC_CPU_CORES_NUM < 2)
+    #define MIN_FRAME_DELAY  3                                            // S2/C3/C6/C5 are slower than normal esp32, and only have one core
+  #else
+    #define MIN_FRAME_DELAY  2                                            // classic esp32/S3/P4: minimum wait between repaints, to keep other functions like WiFi alive
+  #endif
 #else
   #define MIN_FRAME_DELAY  8                                              // 8266 legacy MIN_SHOW_DELAY
 #endif
@@ -618,6 +620,7 @@ class Segment {
       DEBUGFX_PRINTLN();
       #endif
       clearName();
+      stopTransition();   // deallocate "_t" (transition) and with it "_segOld" note: _segOld has _t=null, see copy constructor
       #ifdef WLED_ENABLE_GIF
       endImagePlayback(this);
       #endif
@@ -879,6 +882,7 @@ class WS2812FX {
       printSize(),                                // prints memory usage for strip components
 #endif
       finalizeInit(),                             // initialises strip components
+      updatePixelBuffer(),                        // (re)allocate memory for _pixels[]
       service(),                                  // executes effect functions when due and calls strip.show()
       setCCT(uint16_t k),                         // sets global CCT (either in relative 0-255 value or in K)
       setBrightness(uint8_t b, bool direct = false),    // sets strip brightness

wled00/FX_fcn.cpp

@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@
   19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25]}
 */
 
-#if MAX_NUM_SEGMENTS < WLED_MAX_BUSSES
-  #error "Max segments must be at least max number of busses!"
-#endif
+static_assert(MAX_NUM_SEGMENTS >= WLED_MAX_BUSSES, "Max segments must be at least max number of busses!");
 
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -98,7 +96,7 @@ Segment& Segment::operator= (const Segment &orig) {
   if (this != &orig) {
     // clean destination
     if (name) { p_free(name); name = nullptr; }
-    if (_t) stopTransition(); // also erases _t
+    stopTransition(); // delete _t
     deallocateData();
     p_free(pixels);
     pixels = nullptr;
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@ Segment& Segment::operator= (Segment &&orig) noexcept {
   //DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("-- Moving segment: %p -> %p\n"), &orig, this);
   if (this != &orig) {
     if (name) { p_free(name); name = nullptr; } // free old name
-    if (_t) stopTransition(); // also erases _t
+    stopTransition(); // delete _t
     deallocateData(); // free old runtime data
     p_free(pixels);   // free old pixel buffer
     // move source data
@@ -228,12 +226,19 @@ void Segment::resetIfRequired() {
 void Segment::loadPalette(CRGBPalette16 &targetPalette, uint8_t pal) {
   // there is one randomly generated palette (1) followed by 4 palettes created from segment colors (2-5)
   // those are followed by 7 fastled palettes (6-12) and 59 gradient palettes (13-71)
-  // then come the custom palettes (255,254,...) growing downwards from 255 (255 being 1st custom palette)
+  // then come user custom palettes (IDs <=200) and usermod palettes (IDs 201-255), both growing downward from their respective base IDs
   // palette 0 is a varying palette depending on effect and may be replaced by segment's color if so
   // instructed in color_from_palette()
-  if (pal >= FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT && pal <= 255-customPalettes.size()) pal = 0; // out of bounds palette
-  //default palette. Differs depending on effect
-  if (pal == 0) pal = _default_palette; // _default_palette is set in setMode()
+  if (pal == 0) pal = _default_palette; // _default_palette is set in setMode(), differs depending on effect
+  const int umCount   = usermodPalettes.size();
+  const int custCount = customPalettes.size();
+  if (pal >= FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT) {
+    if (pal > WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE) { // usermod range (IDs 201-255)
+      if ((WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE - pal) >= umCount) pal = 0;
+    } else { // custom range
+      if ((WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE - pal) >= custCount) pal = 0;
+    }
+  }
   switch (pal) {
     case 0: //default palette. Exceptions for specific effects above
       targetPalette = PartyColors_gc22;
@@ -267,8 +272,10 @@ void Segment::loadPalette(CRGBPalette16 &targetPalette, uint8_t pal) {
       }
       break;}
     default: //progmem palettes
-      if (pal > 255 - customPalettes.size()) {
-        targetPalette = customPalettes[255-pal]; // we checked bounds above
+      if (pal > WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE) { // usermod palette
+        targetPalette = usermodPalettes[WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE - pal].palette;
+      } else if (pal >= FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT) { // user custom palette
+        targetPalette = customPalettes[WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE - pal];
       } else if (pal < DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT + FASTLED_PALETTE_COUNT) { // palette 6 - 12, fastled palettes
         targetPalette = *fastledPalettes[pal - DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT];
       } else {
@@ -281,6 +288,8 @@ void Segment::loadPalette(CRGBPalette16 &targetPalette, uint8_t pal) {
 }
 
 // starting a transition has to occur before change so we get current values 1st
+// note: _t is the temporary segment that holds the values transitioned from (palette, colors, brightness,...) and the current segment holds the "to" values
+//       if this is a non FADE transition or an FX change, the _oldSegment is created which is a full copy of the segment before the change
 void Segment::startTransition(uint16_t dur, bool segmentCopy) {
   if (dur == 0 || !isActive()) {
     if (isInTransition()) _t->_dur = 0;
@@ -290,15 +299,42 @@ void Segment::startTransition(uint16_t dur, bool segmentCopy) {
     if (segmentCopy && !_t->_oldSegment) {
       // already in transition but segment copy requested and not yet created
       _t->_oldSegment = new(std::nothrow) Segment(*this); // store/copy current segment settings
-      _t->_start = millis();                              // restart countdown
+      _t->_start = millis(); // restart transition timer
       _t->_dur   = dur;
-      _t->_prevPaletteBlends = 0;
+      _t->_prevPaletteBlends = 0; // reset palette blends
       if (_t->_oldSegment) {
-        _t->_oldSegment->palette = _t->_palette;          // restore original palette and colors (from start of transition)
+        _t->_oldSegment->palette = _t->_palette; // restore original palette, colors, brightness and CCT (from start of transition)
         for (unsigned i = 0; i < NUM_COLORS; i++) _t->_oldSegment->colors[i] = _t->_colors[i];
+        _t->_oldSegment->opacity = _t->_bri;
+        _t->_oldSegment->cct     = _t->_cct;
+        // if already partway through a FADE transition, set old segment's colors to current blend to avoid jumping back to original colors
+        if (_t->_progress > 0) {
+          // already in a transition, see comment below
+          for (unsigned i = 0; i < NUM_COLORS; i++) _t->_oldSegment->colors[i] = color_blend16(_t->_colors[i], colors[i], _t->_progress);
+          _t->_oldSegment->opacity = currentBri(); // update "original" brightness note: _t->_progress is updated in updateTransitionProgress() so still valid here
+          _t->_oldSegment->cct     = currentCCT(); // update "original" CCT (reduces jump)
+        }
         DEBUGFX_PRINTF_P(PSTR("-- Updated transition with segment copy: S=%p T(%p) O[%p] OP[%p]\n"), this, _t, _t->_oldSegment, _t->_oldSegment->pixels);
         if (!_t->_oldSegment->isActive()) stopTransition();
       }
+    } else if (_t->_progress > 0) {
+      // already in a transition: capture the current visual blend as the new "from" state so the incoming change does not cause a visible jump.
+      // _palT already holds the intermediate blended palette and will continue blending toward the new target (see beginDraw()), so no palette action needed.
+      // initial version by @blazoncek (https://github.com/blazoncek/WLED/commit/40d9812)
+      for (unsigned i = 0; i < NUM_COLORS; i++) _t->_colors[i] = color_blend16(_t->_colors[i], colors[i], _t->_progress);
+      _t->_bri = currentBri(); // update "original" brightness note: _t->_progress is updated in updateTransitionProgress() so still valid here
+      _t->_cct = currentCCT(); // update "original" CCT (reduces jump)
+      // restart transition timer only if a pure FADE transition, otherwise let the FX change or non-FADE transition finish
+      // this avoids a re-start of the transition if color or brightness is changed during an ongoing FX or non-FADE transition
+      if (blendingStyle == TRANSITION_FADE) {
+        if (_t->_oldSegment != nullptr) {
+          if (_t->_oldSegment->mode != mode)
+            return; // do not reset transition if this is an FX change, note: the disadvantage is that colors still jump in that case
+        }
+        _t->_start = millis();
+        _t->_dur   = dur;
+        _t->_prevPaletteBlends = 0;
+      }
     }
     return;
   }
@@ -324,6 +360,7 @@ void Segment::startTransition(uint16_t dur, bool segmentCopy) {
 }
 
 void Segment::stopTransition() {
+  if (_t == nullptr) return; // no ongoing transition
   DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("-- Stopping transition: S=%p T(%p) O[%p]\n"), this, _t, _t->_oldSegment);
   delete _t;
   _t = nullptr;
@@ -356,7 +393,7 @@ uint8_t Segment::currentBri() const {
   if (prog < 0xFFFFU) {
     // this will blend opacity in new mode if style is FADE (single effect call)
     if (blendingStyle == TRANSITION_FADE) curBri = (prog * curBri + _t->_bri * (0xFFFFU - prog)) / 0xFFFFU;
-    else                                   curBri = Segment::isPreviousMode() ? _t->_bri : curBri;
+    else                                  curBri = Segment::isPreviousMode() ? _t->_bri : curBri;
   }
   return curBri;
 }
@@ -443,7 +480,7 @@ void Segment::setGeometry(uint16_t i1, uint16_t i2, uint8_t grp, uint8_t spc, ui
 
   DEBUGFX_PRINTF_P(PSTR("Segment geometry: %d,%d -> %d,%d [%d,%d]\n"), (int)i1, (int)i2, (int)i1Y, (int)i2Y, (int)grp, (int)spc);
   markForReset();
-  if (_t) stopTransition(); // we can't use transition if segment dimensions changed
+  stopTransition(); // we can't use transition if segment dimensions changed
   stateChanged = true;      // send UDP/WS broadcast
 
   // apply change immediately
@@ -585,7 +622,13 @@ Segment &Segment::setMode(uint8_t fx, bool loadDefaults) {
 }
 
 Segment &Segment::setPalette(uint8_t pal) {
-  if (pal <= 255-customPalettes.size() && pal > FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT) pal = 0; // not built in palette or custom palette
+  if (pal >= FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT) {
+    if (pal > WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE) { // usermod range
+      if ((WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE - pal) >= (int)usermodPalettes.size()) pal = 0;
+    } else { // custom range
+      if ((WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE - pal) >= (int)customPalettes.size()) pal = 0;
+    }
+  }
   if (pal != palette) {
     //DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("- Starting palette transition: %d\n"), pal);
     startTransition(strip.getTransition(), blendingStyle != TRANSITION_FADE); // start transition prior to change (no need to copy segment)
@@ -1102,7 +1145,7 @@ void Segment::blur(uint8_t blur_amount, bool smear) const {
  * Rotates the color in HSV space, where pos is H. (0=0deg, 256=360deg)
  */
 uint32_t Segment::color_wheel(uint8_t pos) const {
-  if (palette) return color_from_palette(pos, false, false, 0); // only wrap if "always wrap" is set
+  if (palette) return color_from_palette(pos, false, true, 0); // color_wheel is a continuous (moving) wheel, so wrap end->start (restores pre-0.16 behaviour)
   uint8_t w = W(getCurrentColor(0));
   CRGBW rgb;
   rgb = CHSV32(static_cast<uint16_t>(pos << 8), 255, 255);
@@ -1161,7 +1204,7 @@ void WS2812FX::finalizeInit() {
   BusManager::removeAll();
   // TODO: ideally we would free everything segment related here to reduce fragmentation (pixel buffers, ledamp, segments, etc) but that somehow leads to heap corruption if touchig any of the buffers.
   unsigned digitalCount = 0;
-  #if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
+  #if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32) && defined(WLED_HAS_PARALLEL_I2S)
   // validate the bus config: count I2S buses and check if they meet requirements
   unsigned i2sBusCount = 0;
 
@@ -1203,7 +1246,7 @@ void WS2812FX::finalizeInit() {
     unsigned busMemUsage = bus.memUsage(); // does not include DMA/RMT buffer but includes pixel buffers (segment buffer + global buffer)
     mem += busMemUsage;
     // estimate maximum I2S memory usage (only relevant for digital non-2pin busses when I2S is enabled)
-    #if !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(ESP8266)
+    #if defined(WLED_HAS_PARALLEL_I2S)
     bool usesI2S = (bus.iType & 0x01) == 0; // I2S bus types are even numbered, can't use bus.driverType == 1 as getI() may have defaulted to RMT
     if (Bus::isDigital(bus.type) && !Bus::is2Pin(bus.type) && usesI2S) {
       #ifdef NPB_CONF_4STEP_CADENCE
@@ -1257,11 +1300,17 @@ void WS2812FX::finalizeInit() {
   deserializeMap();     // (re)load default ledmap (will also setUpMatrix() if ledmap does not exist)
 
   // allocate frame buffer after matrix has been set up (gaps!)
+  updatePixelBuffer();
+  DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("Heap after strip init: %uB\n"), getFreeHeapSize());
+}
+
+// update global _pixels[] buffer to match getLengthTotal() note: if allocation fails, WLED will not render anything
+void WS2812FX::updatePixelBuffer() {
+  uint32_t requiredMem = getLengthTotal() * sizeof(uint32_t);
   p_free(_pixels); // using realloc on large buffers can cause additional fragmentation instead of reducing it
   // use PSRAM if available: there is no measurable perfomance impact between PSRAM and DRAM on S2/S3 with QSPI PSRAM for this buffer
-  _pixels = static_cast<uint32_t*>(allocate_buffer(getLengthTotal() * sizeof(uint32_t), BFRALLOC_ENFORCE_PSRAM | BFRALLOC_NOBYTEACCESS | BFRALLOC_CLEAR));
-  DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("strip buffer size: %uB\n"), getLengthTotal() * sizeof(uint32_t));
-  DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("Heap after strip init: %uB\n"), getFreeHeapSize());
+  _pixels = static_cast<uint32_t*>(allocate_buffer(requiredMem, BFRALLOC_ENFORCE_PSRAM | BFRALLOC_NOBYTEACCESS | BFRALLOC_CLEAR));
+  DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("strip buffer size: %uB\n"), requiredMem);
 }
 
 void WS2812FX::service() {
@@ -1341,8 +1390,8 @@ static uint8_t _add       (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { unsigned t = a + b; return t
 static uint8_t _subtract  (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return b > a ? (b - a) : 0; }
 static uint8_t _difference(uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return b > a ? (b - a) : (a - b); }
 static uint8_t _average   (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return (a + b) >> 1; }
-#if defined(ESP8266) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
-static uint8_t _multiply  (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return ((a * b) + 255) >> 8; } // faster than division on C3 but slightly less accurate
+#if !defined(WLED_HAVE_FAST_int_DIVIDE)
+static uint8_t _multiply  (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return ((a * b) + 255) >> 8; } // faster than division on C3/C5 but slightly less accurate
 #else
 static uint8_t _multiply  (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return (a * b) / 255; } // origianl uses a & b in range [0,1]
 #endif
@@ -1352,7 +1401,7 @@ static uint8_t _darken    (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return a < b ? a : b; }
 static uint8_t _screen    (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return 255 - _multiply(~a,~b); } // 255 - (255-a)*(255-b)/255
 static uint8_t _overlay   (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return b < 128 ? 2 * _multiply(a,b) : (255 - 2 * _multiply(~a,~b)); }
 static uint8_t _hardlight (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return a < 128 ? 2 * _multiply(a,b) : (255 - 2 * _multiply(~a,~b)); }
-#if defined(ESP8266) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
+#if !defined(WLED_HAVE_FAST_int_DIVIDE)
 static uint8_t _softlight (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return (((b * b * (255 - 2 * a))) + ((2 * a * b + 256) << 8)) >> 16; } // Pegtop's formula (1 - 2a)b^2
 #else
 static uint8_t _softlight (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return (b * b * (255 - 2 * a) + 255 * 2 * a * b) / (255 * 255); } // Pegtop's formula (1 - 2a)b^2 + 2ab
@@ -1367,6 +1416,7 @@ static uint8_t _dummy     (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return a; } // dummy (same as
 void WS2812FX::blendSegment(const Segment &topSegment) const {
   typedef uint8_t(*FuncType)(uint8_t, uint8_t);
   // function pointer array: fill with _dummy if using special case: avoid OOB access and always provide a valid path
+  // note: making the function array static const uses more ram and comes at no significant speed gain
   FuncType funcs[] = {
     _dummy,      _dummy,     _dummy,    _subtract,
     _difference, _average,   _dummy,    _divide,
@@ -1398,14 +1448,71 @@ void WS2812FX::blendSegment(const Segment &topSegment) const {
   const size_t  matrixSize = Segment::maxWidth * Segment::maxHeight;
   const size_t  startIndx  = XY(topSegment.start, topSegment.startY);
   const size_t  stopIndx   = startIndx + length;
-  const unsigned progress  = topSegment.progress();
-  const unsigned progInv   = 0xFFFFU - progress;
   uint8_t       opacity    = topSegment.currentBri(); // returns transitioned opacity for style FADE
   uint8_t       cct        = topSegment.currentCCT();
   if (gammaCorrectCol) opacity = gamma8inv(opacity); // use inverse gamma on brightness for correct color scaling after gamma correction (see #5343 for details)
 
-  Segment::setClippingRect(0, 0);             // disable clipping by default
+  const Segment *segO = topSegment.getOldSegment();
+  const bool hasGrouping = topSegment.groupLength() != 1;
 
+  // fast path: handle the default case - no transitions, no grouping/spacing, no mirroring, no CCT
+  if (!segO && blendingStyle == TRANSITION_FADE && !hasGrouping && !topSegment.mirror && !topSegment.mirror_y) {
+    if (isMatrix && stopIndx <= matrixSize && !_pixelCCT) {
+#ifndef WLED_DISABLE_2D
+      // Calculate pointer steps to avoid 'if' and 'XY()' inside loops
+      int x_inc = 1;
+      int y_inc = Segment::maxWidth;
+      int start_offset = XY(topSegment.start, topSegment.startY);
+
+      // adjust starting position and steps based on Reverse/Transpose
+      // note: transpose is handled in separate loop so it is still fast and no branching is needed in default path
+      if (!topSegment.transpose) {
+        if (topSegment.reverse)   { start_offset += (width - 1); x_inc = -1; }
+        if (topSegment.reverse_y) { start_offset += (height - 1) * Segment::maxWidth; y_inc = -Segment::maxWidth; }
+
+        for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+          uint32_t* pRow = &_pixels[start_offset + y * y_inc];
+          const int y_width = y * width;
+          for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+            uint32_t* p = pRow + x * x_inc;
+            uint32_t c_a = topSegment.getPixelColorRaw(x + y_width);
+            *p = color_blend(*p, segblend(c_a, *p), opacity);
+          }
+        }
+      } else { // transposed
+        for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+          const int px = topSegment.reverse ? (height - y - 1) : y;  // source pixel: swap y into x, reverse if needed
+          for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+            const int py = topSegment.reverse_y ? (width  - x - 1) : x;  // source pixel: swap x into y, reverse if needed
+            const uint32_t c_a = topSegment.getPixelColorRaw(px + py * height); // height = virtual width
+            const size_t idx = XY(topSegment.start + x, topSegment.startY + y); // write logical (non swapped) pixel coordinate
+            _pixels[idx] = color_blend(_pixels[idx], segblend(c_a, _pixels[idx]), opacity);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return;
+#endif
+    } else if (!isMatrix) {
+      // 1D fast path, include CCT as it is more common on 1D setups
+      uint32_t* strip = _pixels;
+      int start = topSegment.start;
+      int off   = topSegment.offset;
+      for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        uint32_t c_a = topSegment.getPixelColorRaw(i);
+        int p = topSegment.reverse ? (length - i - 1) : i;
+        int idx = start + p + off;
+        if (idx >= topSegment.stop) idx -= length;
+        strip[idx] = color_blend(strip[idx], segblend(c_a, strip[idx]), opacity);
+        if (_pixelCCT) _pixelCCT[idx] = cct;
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // slow path: handle transitions, grouping/spacing, segments with clipping and CCT pixels
+  Segment::setClippingRect(0, 0);  // disable clipping by default
+  const unsigned progress = topSegment.progress();
+  const unsigned progInv  = 0xFFFFU - progress;
   const unsigned dw = (blendingStyle==TRANSITION_OUTSIDE_IN ? progInv : progress) * width / 0xFFFFU + 1;
   const unsigned dh = (blendingStyle==TRANSITION_OUTSIDE_IN ? progInv : progress) * height / 0xFFFFU + 1;
   const unsigned orgBS = blendingStyle;
@@ -1466,7 +1573,6 @@ void WS2812FX::blendSegment(const Segment &topSegment) const {
 #ifndef WLED_DISABLE_2D
     const int nCols = topSegment.virtualWidth();
     const int nRows = topSegment.virtualHeight();
-    const Segment *segO = topSegment.getOldSegment();
     const int oCols = segO ? segO->virtualWidth() : nCols;
     const int oRows = segO ? segO->virtualHeight() : nRows;
 
@@ -1562,8 +1668,8 @@ void WS2812FX::blendSegment(const Segment &topSegment) const {
     }
 #endif
   } else {
+    // 1D Slow Path
     const int nLen = topSegment.virtualLength();
-    const Segment *segO = topSegment.getOldSegment();
     const int oLen = segO ? segO->virtualLength() : nLen;
 
     const auto setMirroredPixel = [&](int i, uint32_t c, uint8_t o) {
@@ -1643,7 +1749,7 @@ void WS2812FX::show() {
 
   if (realtimeMode == REALTIME_MODE_INACTIVE || useMainSegmentOnly || realtimeOverride > REALTIME_OVERRIDE_NONE) {
     // clear frame buffer
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < totalLen; i++) _pixels[i] = BLACK; // memset(_pixels, 0, sizeof(uint32_t) * getLengthTotal());
+    memset(_pixels, 0, sizeof(uint32_t) * totalLen);
     // blend all segments into (cleared) buffer
     for (Segment &seg : _segments) if (seg.isActive() && (seg.on || seg.isInTransition())) {
       blendSegment(seg);              // blend segment's buffer into frame buffer
@@ -1658,6 +1764,9 @@ void WS2812FX::show() {
   int oldCCT = Bus::getCCT(); // store original CCT value (since it is global)
   // when cctFromRgb is true we implicitly calculate WW and CW from RGB values (cct==-1)
   if (cctFromRgb) BusManager::setSegmentCCT(-1);
+  // use color gamma correction if enabled, not in realtime mode with gamma disabled or currently overriding RT mode
+  bool useGammaCorrection = gammaCorrectCol && !(realtimeMode && arlsDisableGammaCorrection && !realtimeOverride);
+
   for (size_t i = 0; i < totalLen; i++) {
     // when correctWB is true setSegmentCCT() will convert CCT into K with which we can then
     // correct/adjust RGB value according to desired CCT value, it will still affect actual WW/CW ratio
@@ -1666,8 +1775,8 @@ void WS2812FX::show() {
     }
 
     uint32_t c = _pixels[i]; // need a copy, do not modify _pixels directly (no byte access allowed on ESP32)
-    if (c > 0 && !(realtimeMode && arlsDisableGammaCorrection))
-        c = gamma32(c); // apply gamma correction if enabled note: applying gamma after brightness has too much color loss
+    if (c > 0 && useGammaCorrection)
+      c = gamma32(c); // apply gamma correction if enabled note: applying gamma after brightness has too much color loss
     BusManager::setPixelColor(getMappedPixelIndex(i), c);
   }
   Bus::setCCT(oldCCT);  // restore old CCT for ABL adjustments
@@ -2008,10 +2117,13 @@ bool WS2812FX::deserializeMap(unsigned n) {
   customMappingSize = 0; // prevent use of mapping if anything goes wrong
   currentLedmap = 0;
   if (n == 0 || isFile) interfaceUpdateCallMode = CALL_MODE_WS_SEND; // schedule WS update (to inform UI)
+  uint32_t lengthTotalBefore = strip.getLengthTotal();
 
   if (!isFile && n==0 && isMatrix) {
     // 2D panel support creates its own ledmap (on the fly) if a ledmap.json does not exist
     setUpMatrix();
+    if (strip.getLengthTotal() != lengthTotalBefore)
+      strip.updatePixelBuffer(); // allocate _pixels[] to match new length
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -2059,6 +2171,7 @@ bool WS2812FX::deserializeMap(unsigned n) {
         int index = atoi(number);
         if (index < 0 || index > 65535) index = 0xFFFF; // prevent integer wrap around
         customMappingTable[customMappingSize++] = index;
+        if (end != nullptr) break; // array closing ']' was in this chunk; stop before atoi() coerces trailing JSON keys into bogus entries
         if (customMappingSize >= getLengthTotal()) break;
       } else break; // there was nothing to read, stop
     }
@@ -2086,6 +2199,8 @@ bool WS2812FX::deserializeMap(unsigned n) {
   }
 
   releaseJSONBufferLock();
+  if (strip.getLengthTotal() != lengthTotalBefore)
+    strip.updatePixelBuffer(); // allocate _pixels[] to match new length
   return (customMappingSize > 0);
 }
 

wled00/FXparticleSystem.cpp

@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ void ParticleSystem2D::applyGravity(PSparticle &part) {
 // note: a coefficient smaller than 0 will speed them up (this is a feature, not a bug), coefficient larger than 255 inverts the speed, so don't do that
 void ParticleSystem2D::applyFriction(PSparticle &part, const int32_t coefficient) {
   // note: not checking if particle is dead can be done by caller (or can be omitted)
-  #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(ESP8266) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
+  #if !defined(WLED_HAVE_FAST_int_DIVIDE) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
   int32_t friction = 256 - coefficient;
   part.vx = ((int32_t)part.vx * friction + (((int32_t)part.vx >> 31) & 0xFF)) >> 8; // note: (v>>31) & 0xFF)) extracts the sign and adds 255 if negative for correct rounding using shifts
   part.vy = ((int32_t)part.vy * friction + (((int32_t)part.vy >> 31) & 0xFF)) >> 8;
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ void ParticleSystem2D::applyFriction(PSparticle &part, const int32_t coefficient
 // apply friction to all particles
 // note: not checking if particle is dead is faster as most are usually alive and if few are alive, rendering is fast anyways
 void ParticleSystem2D::applyFriction(const int32_t coefficient) {
-  #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(ESP8266) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
+  #if !defined(WLED_HAVE_FAST_int_DIVIDE) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
   int32_t friction = 256 - coefficient;
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < usedParticles; i++) {
     particles[i].vx = ((int32_t)particles[i].vx * friction + (((int32_t)particles[i].vx >> 31) & 0xFF)) >> 8; // note: (v>>31) & 0xFF)) extracts the sign and adds 255 if negative for correct rounding using shifts
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ void WLED_O2_ATTR ParticleSystem2D::collideParticles(PSparticle &particle1, PSpa
     int32_t surfacehardness = max(collisionHardness, (int32_t)PS_P_MINSURFACEHARDNESS >> 1); // if particles are soft, the impulse must stay above a limit or collisions slip through at higher speeds, 170 seems to be a good value
     int32_t impulse = (((((-dotProduct) << 15) / distanceSquared) * surfacehardness) >> 8); // note: inverting before bitshift corrects for asymmetry in right-shifts (is slightly faster)
 
-    #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(ESP8266) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
+    #if !defined(WLED_HAVE_FAST_int_DIVIDE) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
     int32_t ximpulse = (impulse * dx + ((dx >> 31) & 0x7FFF)) >> 15; // note: extracting sign bit and adding rounding value to correct for asymmetry in right shifts
     int32_t yimpulse = (impulse * dy + ((dy >> 31) & 0x7FFF)) >> 15;
     #else
@@ -955,7 +955,7 @@ void WLED_O2_ATTR ParticleSystem2D::collideParticles(PSparticle &particle1, PSpa
     if (collisionHardness < PS_P_MINSURFACEHARDNESS && (SEGMENT.call & 0x07) == 0) { // if particles are soft, they become 'sticky' i.e. apply some friction (they do pile more nicely and stop sloshing around)
       const uint32_t coeff = collisionHardness + (255 - PS_P_MINSURFACEHARDNESS);
       // Note: could call applyFriction, but this is faster and speed is key here
-      #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(ESP8266) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
+      #if !defined(WLED_HAVE_FAST_int_DIVIDE) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
       particle1.vx = ((int32_t)particle1.vx * coeff + (((int32_t)particle1.vx >> 31) & 0xFF)) >> 8; // note: (v>>31) & 0xFF)) extracts the sign and adds 255 if negative for correct rounding using shifts
       particle1.vy = ((int32_t)particle1.vy * coeff + (((int32_t)particle1.vy >> 31) & 0xFF)) >> 8;
       particle2.vx = ((int32_t)particle2.vx * coeff + (((int32_t)particle2.vx >> 31) & 0xFF)) >> 8;
@@ -1408,7 +1408,7 @@ void ParticleSystem1D::applyGravity(PSparticle1D &part, PSparticleFlags1D &partF
 // slow down particle by friction, the higher the speed, the higher the friction. a high friction coefficient slows them more (255 means instant stop)
 // note: a coefficient smaller than 0 will speed them up (this is a feature, not a bug), coefficient larger than 255 inverts the speed, so don't do that
 void ParticleSystem1D::applyFriction(int32_t coefficient) {
-  #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(ESP8266) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
+  #if !defined(WLED_HAVE_FAST_int_DIVIDE) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
   int32_t friction = 256 - coefficient;
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < usedParticles; i++) {
     if (particles[i].ttl)
@@ -1699,7 +1699,7 @@ void WLED_O2_ATTR ParticleSystem1D::collideParticles(uint32_t partIdx1, uint32_t
       }
       int32_t surfacehardness = max(collisionHardness, (int32_t)PS_P_MINSURFACEHARDNESS_1D); // if particles are soft, the impulse must stay above a limit or collisions slip through
       // Calculate new velocities after collision  note: not using dot product like in 2D as impulse is purely speed depnedent
-      #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(ESP8266) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
+      #if !defined(WLED_HAVE_FAST_int_DIVIDE) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
       int32_t impulse = (dv * surfacehardness + ((dv >> 31) & 0xFF)) >> 8; // note: (v>>31) & 0xFF)) extracts the sign and adds 255 if negative for correct rounding using shifts
       #else // division is faster on ESP32, S2 and S3
       int32_t impulse = (dv * surfacehardness) / 255;
@@ -1720,7 +1720,7 @@ void WLED_O2_ATTR ParticleSystem1D::collideParticles(uint32_t partIdx1, uint32_t
 
       if (collisionHardness < PS_P_MINSURFACEHARDNESS_1D && (SEGMENT.call & 0x07) == 0) { // if particles are soft, they become 'sticky' i.e. apply some friction
         const uint32_t coeff = collisionHardness + (250 - PS_P_MINSURFACEHARDNESS_1D);
-        #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(ESP8266) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
+        #if !defined(WLED_HAVE_FAST_int_DIVIDE) // use bitshifts with rounding instead of division (2x faster)
         particles[partIdx1].vx = ((int32_t)particles[partIdx1].vx * coeff + (((int32_t)particles[partIdx1].vx >> 31) & 0xFF)) >> 8; // note: (v>>31) & 0xFF)) extracts the sign and adds 255 if negative for correct rounding using shifts
         particles[partIdx2].vx = ((int32_t)particles[partIdx2].vx * coeff + (((int32_t)particles[partIdx2].vx >> 31) & 0xFF)) >> 8;
         #else // division is faster on ESP32, S2 and S3

wled00/NodeStruct.h

@@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ struct NodeStruct
 };
 typedef std::map<uint8_t, NodeStruct> NodesMap;
 
-#endif // WLED_NODESTRUCT_H
+#endif // WLED_NODESTRUCT_H

wled00/bus_manager.cpp

@@ -351,26 +351,25 @@ void BusDigital::setColorOrder(uint8_t colorOrder) {
 // credit @willmmiles & @netmindz https://github.com/wled/WLED/pull/4056
 std::vector<LEDType> BusDigital::getLEDTypes() {
   return {
-    {TYPE_WS2812_RGB,    "D",  PSTR("WS281x")},
+    {TYPE_WS2812_RGB,    "D",  PSTR("WS281x RGB")},
+    {TYPE_WS2811_400KHZ, "D",  PSTR("400kHz RGB")},
+    {TYPE_TM1829,        "D",  PSTR("TM1829 RGB")},
+    {TYPE_UCS8903,       "D",  PSTR("UCS8903 RGB")},
+    {TYPE_APA106,        "D",  PSTR("APA106/PL9823 RGB")},
+    {TYPE_TM1914,        "D",  PSTR("TM1914 RGB")},
     {TYPE_SK6812_RGBW,   "D",  PSTR("SK6812/WS2814 RGBW")},
-    {TYPE_TM1814,        "D",  PSTR("TM1814")},
-    {TYPE_WS2811_400KHZ, "D",  PSTR("400kHz")},
-    {TYPE_TM1829,        "D",  PSTR("TM1829")},
-    {TYPE_UCS8903,       "D",  PSTR("UCS8903")},
-    {TYPE_APA106,        "D",  PSTR("APA106/PL9823")},
-    {TYPE_TM1914,        "D",  PSTR("TM1914")},
-    {TYPE_FW1906,        "D",  PSTR("FW1906 GRBCW")},
     {TYPE_UCS8904,       "D",  PSTR("UCS8904 RGBW")},
-    {TYPE_WS2805,        "D",  PSTR("WS2805 RGBCW")},
-    {TYPE_SM16825,       "D",  PSTR("SM16825 RGBCW")},
+    {TYPE_TM1814,        "D",  PSTR("TM1814 RGBW")},
+    {TYPE_FW1906,        "D",  PSTR("FW1906/WS2811 RGBCCT")},
+    {TYPE_WS2805,        "D",  PSTR("WS2805 RGBCCT")},
+    {TYPE_SM16825,       "D",  PSTR("SM16825 RGBCCT")},
     {TYPE_WS2812_1CH_X3, "D",  PSTR("WS2811 White")},
-    //{TYPE_WS2812_2CH_X3, "D",  PSTR("WS281x CCT")}, // not implemented
     {TYPE_WS2812_WWA,    "D",  PSTR("WS281x WWA")}, // amber ignored
-    {TYPE_WS2801,        "2P", PSTR("WS2801")},
-    {TYPE_APA102,        "2P", PSTR("APA102")},
-    {TYPE_LPD8806,       "2P", PSTR("LPD8806")},
-    {TYPE_LPD6803,       "2P", PSTR("LPD6803")},
-    {TYPE_P9813,         "2P", PSTR("PP9813")},
+    {TYPE_WS2801,        "2P", PSTR("WS2801 RGB")},
+    {TYPE_APA102,        "2P", PSTR("APA102 RGB")},
+    {TYPE_LPD8806,       "2P", PSTR("LPD8806 RGB")},
+    {TYPE_LPD6803,       "2P", PSTR("LPD6803 RGB")},
+    {TYPE_P9813,         "2P", PSTR("P9813 RGB")},
   };
 }
 
@@ -453,8 +452,13 @@ BusPwm::BusPwm(const BusConfig &bc)
       pinMode(_pins[i], OUTPUT);
       #else
       unsigned channel = _ledcStart + i;
+      #if ESP_IDF_VERSION < ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
       ledcSetup(channel, _frequency, _depth - (dithering*4)); // with dithering _frequency doesn't really matter as resolution is 8 bit
       ledcAttachPin(_pins[i], channel);
+      #else
+      ledcAttachChannel(_pins[i], _frequency,  _depth - (dithering*4), channel);
+      // LEDC timer reset credit @dedehai
+      #endif
       // LEDC timer reset credit @dedehai
       uint8_t group = (channel / 8), timer = ((channel / 2) % 4); // same fromula as in ledcSetup()
       ledc_timer_rst((ledc_mode_t)group, (ledc_timer_t)timer); // reset timer so all timers are almost in sync (for phase shift)
@@ -586,10 +590,23 @@ void BusPwm::show() {
     unsigned ch = channel%8;  // group channel
     // directly write to LEDC struct as there is no HAL exposed function for dithering
     // duty has 20 bit resolution with 4 fractional bits (24 bits in total)
+    #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C61) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32P4)
+    // TODO: we need a full rewrite of the "analog LEDs" driver!
+    //   see https://github.com/wled/WLED/pull/5048#discussion_r2794185845
+
+    // the .duty_init.duty member seems to only affect fade operations, and its necessary to also trigger an update with
+    // LEDC.channel_group[gr].channel[ch].conf0.para_up = 1;
+    // --> research latest (V5.5.x) esp-idf documentation on how to set the duty cycle registers (by API calls?).
+    //    https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/v5.5.2/esp32c5/api-reference/peripherals/ledc.html#_CPPv424ledc_set_duty_and_update11ledc_mode_t14ledc_channel_t8uint32_t8uint32_t
+    //   LEDC.channel_group[gr].channel[ch].duty_init.duty = duty << ((!dithering)*4);  // C5 LEDC struct uses duty_init, but requires additional steps to activate
+    // TODO: find out if / how dithering support can be implemented on P4
+    ledc_set_duty_and_update((ledc_mode_t)gr, (ledc_channel_t)ch, duty >> bitShift, hPoint >> bitShift);
+    #else
     LEDC.channel_group[gr].channel[ch].duty.duty = duty << ((!dithering)*4);  // lowest 4 bits are used for dithering, shift by 4 bits if not using dithering
     LEDC.channel_group[gr].channel[ch].hpoint.hpoint = hPoint >> bitShift;    // hPoint is at _depth resolution (needs shifting if dithering)
     ledc_update_duty((ledc_mode_t)gr, (ledc_channel_t)ch);
-    #endif
+    #endif // ESP32C5
+    #endif // 8266
 
     if (!_reversed) hPoint += duty;
     hPoint += deadTime;        // offset to cascade the signals
@@ -611,7 +628,7 @@ std::vector<LEDType> BusPwm::getLEDTypes() {
     {TYPE_ANALOG_2CH, "AA",     PSTR("PWM CCT")},
     {TYPE_ANALOG_3CH, "AAA",    PSTR("PWM RGB")},
     {TYPE_ANALOG_4CH, "AAAA",   PSTR("PWM RGBW")},
-    {TYPE_ANALOG_5CH, "AAAAA",  PSTR("PWM RGB+CCT")},
+    {TYPE_ANALOG_5CH, "AAAAA",  PSTR("PWM RGBCCT")},
     //{TYPE_ANALOG_6CH, "AAAAAA", PSTR("PWM RGB+DCCT")}, // unimplementable ATM
   };
 }
@@ -624,7 +641,11 @@ void BusPwm::deallocatePins() {
     #ifdef ESP8266
     digitalWrite(_pins[i], LOW); //turn off PWM interrupt
     #else
+    #if ESP_IDF_VERSION < ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
     if (_ledcStart < WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS) ledcDetachPin(_pins[i]);
+    #else
+    if (_ledcStart < WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS) ledcDetach(_pins[i]);
+    #endif
     #endif
   }
   #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
@@ -745,7 +766,7 @@ size_t BusNetwork::getPins(uint8_t* pinArray) const {
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
 void BusNetwork::resolveHostname() {
   static std::shared_ptr<AsyncDNS> DNSlookup; // TODO: make this dynamic? requires to handle the callback properly
-  if (Network.isConnected()) {
+  if (WLEDNetwork.isConnected()) {
     IPAddress clnt;
     if (strlen(cmDNS) > 0) {
       clnt = MDNS.queryHost(_hostname);
@@ -813,6 +834,7 @@ BusHub75Matrix::BusHub75Matrix(const BusConfig &bc) : Bus(bc.type, bc.start, bc.
 
   // mxconfig.driver = HUB75_I2S_CFG::ICN2038S;  // experimental - use specific shift register driver
   // mxconfig.driver = HUB75_I2S_CFG::FM6124;    // try this driver in case you panel stays dark, or when colors look too pastel
+  // Other possible shiftreg drivers: HUB75_I2S_CFG::FM6126A, HUB75_I2S_CFG::ICN2038S, HUB75_I2S_CFG::MBI5124, HUB75_I2S_CFG::DP3246
 
   // mxconfig.latch_blanking = 3;
   // mxconfig.i2sspeed = HUB75_I2S_CFG::HZ_10M;  // experimental - 5MHZ should be enugh, but colours looks slightly better at 10MHz
@@ -824,8 +846,13 @@ BusHub75Matrix::BusHub75Matrix(const BusConfig &bc) : Bus(bc.type, bc.start, bc.
   mxconfig.chain_length = max((uint8_t) 1, min(chainLength, (uint8_t) 4));
 
   if (mxconfig.mx_height >= 64 && (mxconfig.chain_length > 1)) {
-    DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN(F("WARNING, only single panel can be used of 64 pixel boards due to memory"));
-    mxconfig.chain_length = 1;
+  #if defined(BOARD_HAS_PSRAM)                    // limitation to one panel only applies to boards without PSRAM
+    if (!psramFound() || ESP.getPsramSize() == 0) // PSRAM sanity check
+  #endif
+    {
+      DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN(F("WARNING, only single panel can be used of 64 pixel boards due to memory"));
+      mxconfig.chain_length = 1;
+    }
   }
 
   if (bc.type == TYPE_HUB75MATRIX_HS) {
@@ -835,6 +862,7 @@ BusHub75Matrix::BusHub75Matrix(const BusConfig &bc) : Bus(bc.type, bc.start, bc.
       _isVirtual = true;
       mxconfig.mx_width = min((uint8_t) 64, panelWidth) * 2;
       mxconfig.mx_height = min((uint8_t) 64, panelHeight) / 2;
+      mxconfig.driver = HUB75_I2S_CFG::FM6124;  // use FM6124 for "outdoor" 4-scan panels - workaround until we can make the driver user-configurable
   } else {
     DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN("Unknown type");
     return;
@@ -858,6 +886,14 @@ BusHub75Matrix::BusHub75Matrix(const BusConfig &bc) : Bus(bc.type, bc.start, bc.
   DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN("MatrixPanel_I2S_DMA - Matrix Portal S3 config");
   mxconfig.gpio = { 42, 41, 40, 38, 39, 37,  45, 36, 48, 35, 21, 47, 14, 2 };
 
+#elif defined(HD_WF2_PINOUT) // Huidu HD-WF2 ESP32-S3 (no PSRAM)
+
+  // https://www.aliexpress.com/item/1005002258734810.html
+  // https://github.com/mrcodetastic/ESP32-HUB75-MatrixPanel-DMA/issues/433
+  DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN("MatrixPanel_I2S_DMA - HD-WF2 S3 config");
+  // HUB75_I2S_CFG::i2s_pins _pins={R1_PIN, G1_PIN, B1_PIN, R2_PIN, G2_PIN, B2_PIN, A_PIN, B_PIN, C_PIN, D_PIN, E_PIN, LAT_PIN, OE_PIN, CLK_PIN};
+  mxconfig.gpio = { 2, 6, 10, 3, 7, 11, 39, 38, 37, 36, 21, 33, 35, 34 };
+
 #elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3) && defined(BOARD_HAS_PSRAM)// ESP32-S3 with PSRAM
 
 #if defined(MOONHUB_S3_PINOUT)
@@ -866,6 +902,12 @@ BusHub75Matrix::BusHub75Matrix(const BusConfig &bc) : Bus(bc.type, bc.start, bc.
   // HUB75_I2S_CFG::i2s_pins _pins={R1_PIN, G1_PIN, B1_PIN, R2_PIN, G2_PIN, B2_PIN, A_PIN, B_PIN, C_PIN, D_PIN, E_PIN, LAT_PIN, OE_PIN, CLK_PIN};
   mxconfig.gpio = { 1, 5, 6, 7, 13, 9, 16, 48, 47, 21, 38, 8, 4, 18 };
 
+#elif defined(WAVESHARE_S3_PINOUT)
+  DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN("MatrixPanel_I2S_DMA - Waveshare S3 with PSRAM, Waveshare pinout");
+
+  // HUB75_I2S_CFG::i2s_pins _pins={R1_PIN, G1_PIN, B1_PIN, R2_PIN, G2_PIN, B2_PIN, A_PIN, B_PIN, C_PIN, D_PIN, E_PIN, LAT_PIN, OE_PIN, CLK_PIN};
+  mxconfig.gpio = {4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 16, 18, 8, 3, 42, 9, 40, 2, 41};
+  
 #else
   DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN("MatrixPanel_I2S_DMA - S3 with PSRAM");
   // HUB75_I2S_CFG::i2s_pins _pins={R1_PIN, G1_PIN, B1_PIN, R2_PIN, G2_PIN, B2_PIN, A_PIN, B_PIN, C_PIN, D_PIN, E_PIN, LAT_PIN, OE_PIN, CLK_PIN};
@@ -982,10 +1024,8 @@ BusHub75Matrix::BusHub75Matrix(const BusConfig &bc) : Bus(bc.type, bc.start, bc.
     }
     setBitArray(_ledsDirty, _len, false);             // reset dirty bits
 
-    if (mxconfig.double_buff == false) {
-      // create LEDs buffer (initialized to BLACK), prefer DRAM if enough heap is available (faster in case global _pixels buffer is in PSRAM as not both will fit the cache)
-      _ledBuffer = static_cast<CRGB*>(allocate_buffer(_len * sizeof(CRGB), BFRALLOC_PREFER_DRAM | BFRALLOC_CLEAR));
-    }
+    // create LEDs buffer (initialized to BLACK), prefer DRAM if enough heap is available (faster in case global _pixels buffer is in PSRAM as not both will fit the cache)
+    _ledBuffer = static_cast<CRGB*>(allocate_buffer(_len * sizeof(CRGB), BFRALLOC_PREFER_DRAM | BFRALLOC_CLEAR));
   }
 
   PANEL_CHAIN_TYPE chainType = CHAIN_NONE; // default for quarter-scan panels that do not use chaining
@@ -1078,6 +1118,7 @@ uint32_t BusHub75Matrix::getPixelColor(unsigned pix) const {
 
 void BusHub75Matrix::setBrightness(uint8_t b) {
   _bri = b;
+  if (!_valid || !display) return;
   display->setBrightness(_bri); 
 }
 
@@ -1266,6 +1307,10 @@ void BusManager::removeAll() {
 // since I2S outputs are known only during config of buses, lets just assume RMT is used for digital buses
 // unused RMT channels should have no effect
 void BusManager::esp32RMTInvertIdle() {
+#if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C61) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32P4)
+  // ESP32-C5/C6/P4 use shared RMT method - idle level inversion not supported
+  return;
+#else
   bool idle_out;
   unsigned rmt = 0;
   unsigned u = 0;
@@ -1283,6 +1328,7 @@ void BusManager::esp32RMTInvertIdle() {
     rmt_set_idle_level(ch, idle_out, lvl);
     u++;
   }
+#endif
 }
 #endif
 

wled00/bus_manager.h

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class Bus {
     inline  bool     containsPixel(uint16_t pix) const          { return pix >= _start && pix < _start + _len; }
 
     static inline std::vector<LEDType> getLEDTypes()            { return {{TYPE_NONE, "", PSTR("None")}}; } // not used. just for reference for derived classes
-    static constexpr size_t   getNumberOfPins(uint8_t type)     { return isVirtual(type) ? 4 : isPWM(type) ? numPWMPins(type) : isHub75(type) ? 5 : is2Pin(type) + 1; } // credit @PaoloTK
+    static constexpr size_t   getNumberOfPins(uint8_t type)     { return isVirtual(type) ? 4 : isPWM(type) ? numPWMPins(type) : isHub75(type) ? 5 : is2Pin(type) + 1; } // credit @PaoloTK; for HUB75 the 5 slots store config params (panelW, panelH, chain, rows, cols), not GPIO pins
     static constexpr size_t   getNumberOfChannels(uint8_t type) { return hasWhite(type) + 3*hasRGB(type) + hasCCT(type); }
     static constexpr bool hasRGB(uint8_t type) {
       return !((type >= TYPE_WS2812_1CH && type <= TYPE_WS2812_WWA) || type == TYPE_ANALOG_1CH || type == TYPE_ANALOG_2CH || type == TYPE_ONOFF);
@@ -184,10 +184,9 @@ class Bus {
               type == TYPE_NET_DDP_RGBW || type == TYPE_NET_ARTNET_RGBW;                   // network types with white channel
     }
     static constexpr bool hasCCT(uint8_t type) {
-      return  type == TYPE_WS2812_2CH_X3 || type == TYPE_WS2812_WWA ||
+      return  type == TYPE_WS2812_WWA    || type == TYPE_SM16825 ||
               type == TYPE_ANALOG_2CH    || type == TYPE_ANALOG_5CH ||
-              type == TYPE_FW1906        || type == TYPE_WS2805     ||
-              type == TYPE_SM16825;
+              type == TYPE_FW1906        || type == TYPE_WS2805;
     }
     static constexpr bool  isTypeValid(uint8_t type)  { return (type > 15 && type < 128); }
     static constexpr bool  isDigital(uint8_t type)    { return (type >= TYPE_DIGITAL_MIN && type <= TYPE_DIGITAL_MAX) || is2Pin(type); }

wled00/bus_wrapper.h

@@ -5,6 +5,13 @@
 //#define NPB_CONF_4STEP_CADENCE
 #include "NeoPixelBus.h"
 
+#include "wled_boards.h"  // pull in board-specific capability defines
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5
+// see https://github.com/wled/WLED/pull/5048#issuecomment-3937888182
+#warning "second output on -C5 may fail, until NPB channel handling is fixed"
+#endif
+
 //Hardware SPI Pins
 #define P_8266_HS_MOSI 13
 #define P_8266_HS_CLK  14
@@ -50,7 +57,7 @@
 #define I_8266_U1_UCS_4 26
 #define I_8266_DM_UCS_4 27
 #define I_8266_BB_UCS_4 28
-//FW1906 GRBCW
+//FW1906 GRBCCT
 #define I_8266_U0_FW6_5 29
 #define I_8266_U1_FW6_5 30
 #define I_8266_DM_FW6_5 31
@@ -60,7 +67,7 @@
 #define I_8266_U1_APA106_3 34
 #define I_8266_DM_APA106_3 35
 #define I_8266_BB_APA106_3 36
-//WS2805 (RGBCW)
+//WS2805 (RGBCCT)
 #define I_8266_U0_2805_5 37
 #define I_8266_U1_2805_5 38
 #define I_8266_DM_2805_5 39
@@ -70,7 +77,7 @@
 #define I_8266_U1_TM1914_3 42
 #define I_8266_DM_TM1914_3 43
 #define I_8266_BB_TM1914_3 44
-//SM16825 (RGBCW)
+//SM16825 (RGBCCT)
 #define I_8266_U0_SM16825_5 45
 #define I_8266_U1_SM16825_5 46
 #define I_8266_DM_SM16825_5 47
@@ -98,19 +105,19 @@
 //UCS8904 (RGBW)
 #define I_32_RN_UCS_4 25
 #define I_32_I2_UCS_4 26
-//FW1906 GRBCW
+//FW1906 GRBCCT 6 color channels
 #define I_32_RN_FW6_5 29
 #define I_32_I2_FW6_5 30
 //APA106
 #define I_32_RN_APA106_3 33
 #define I_32_I2_APA106_3 34
-//WS2805 (RGBCW)
+//WS2805 (RGBCCT)
 #define I_32_RN_2805_5 37
 #define I_32_I2_2805_5 38
 //TM1914 (RGB)
 #define I_32_RN_TM1914_3 41
 #define I_32_I2_TM1914_3 42
-//SM16825 (RGBCW)
+//SM16825 (RGBCCT)
 #define I_32_RN_SM16825_5 45
 #define I_32_I2_SM16825_5 46
 
@@ -180,12 +187,12 @@
 #define B_8266_U1_APA106_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoRbgFeature, NeoEsp8266Uart1Apa106Method> //3 chan, esp8266, gpio2
 #define B_8266_DM_APA106_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbFeature, NeoEsp8266DmaApa106Method>  //3 chan, esp8266, gpio3
 #define B_8266_BB_APA106_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbFeature, NeoEsp8266BitBangApa106Method> //3 chan, esp8266, bb (any pin but 16)
-//FW1906 GRBCW
+//FW1906 GRBCCT
 #define B_8266_U0_FW6_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbcwxFeature, NeoEsp8266Uart0Ws2813Method>   //esp8266, gpio1
 #define B_8266_U1_FW6_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbcwxFeature, NeoEsp8266Uart1Ws2813Method>   //esp8266, gpio2
 #define B_8266_DM_FW6_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbcwxFeature, NeoEsp8266Dma800KbpsMethod>   //esp8266, gpio3
 #define B_8266_BB_FW6_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbcwxFeature, NeoEsp8266BitBang800KbpsMethod>   //esp8266, bb
-//WS2805 GRBCW
+//WS2805 GRBCCT
 #define B_8266_U0_2805_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbwwFeature, NeoEsp8266Uart0Ws2805Method> //esp8266, gpio1
 #define B_8266_U1_2805_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbwwFeature, NeoEsp8266Uart1Ws2805Method> //esp8266, gpio2
 #define B_8266_DM_2805_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbwwFeature, NeoEsp8266DmaWs2805Method> //esp8266, gpio3
@@ -195,7 +202,7 @@
 #define B_8266_U1_TM1914_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoRgbTm1914Feature, NeoEsp8266Uart1Tm1914Method>
 #define B_8266_DM_TM1914_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoRgbTm1914Feature, NeoEsp8266DmaTm1914Method>
 #define B_8266_BB_TM1914_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoRgbTm1914Feature, NeoEsp8266BitBangTm1914Method>
-//Sm16825 (RGBWC)
+//Sm16825 (RGBCCT)
 #define B_8266_U0_SM16825_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoRgbwcSm16825eFeature, NeoEsp8266Uart0Ws2813Method>
 #define B_8266_U1_SM16825_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoRgbwcSm16825eFeature, NeoEsp8266Uart1Ws2813Method>
 #define B_8266_DM_SM16825_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoRgbwcSm16825eFeature, NeoEsp8266Dma800KbpsMethod>
@@ -231,7 +238,7 @@
   typedef NeoEsp32I2s0Apa106Method X1Apa106Method;
   typedef NeoEsp32I2s0Ws2805Method X1Ws2805Method;
   typedef NeoEsp32I2s0Tm1914Method X1Tm1914Method;
-#elif !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
+#elif !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C61) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32P4)
   // regular ESP32 will use I2S1
   typedef NeoEsp32I2s1Ws2812xMethod X1Ws2812xMethod;
   typedef NeoEsp32I2s1Sk6812Method X1Sk6812Method;
@@ -245,7 +252,9 @@
 #endif
 
 // RMT driver selection
-#if !defined(WLED_USE_SHARED_RMT)  && !defined(__riscv)
+#if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
+#define NeoEsp32RmtMethod(x) NeoEsp32RmtX ## x ## Method
+#elif !defined(WLED_USE_SHARED_RMT)  && !defined(__riscv)
 #include <NeoEsp32RmtHIMethod.h>
 #define NeoEsp32RmtMethod(x) NeoEsp32RmtHIN ## x ## Method
 #else
@@ -285,11 +294,11 @@
 #define B_32_RN_APA106_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbFeature, NeoEsp32RmtMethod(Apa106)>
 #define B_32_I2_APA106_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbFeature, X1Apa106Method>
 #define B_32_IP_APA106_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbFeature, X8Apa106Method> // parallel I2S
-//FW1906 GRBCW
+//FW1906 GRBCCT 6 color channels
 #define B_32_RN_FW6_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbcwxFeature, NeoEsp32RmtMethod(Ws2812x)>
 #define B_32_I2_FW6_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbcwxFeature, X1800KbpsMethod>
 #define B_32_IP_FW6_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbcwxFeature, X8800KbpsMethod> // parallel I2S
-//WS2805 RGBWC
+//WS2805 RGBCCT
 #define B_32_RN_2805_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbwwFeature, NeoEsp32RmtMethod(Ws2805)>
 #define B_32_I2_2805_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbwwFeature, X1Ws2805Method>
 #define B_32_IP_2805_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbwwFeature, X8Ws2805Method> // parallel I2S
@@ -297,7 +306,7 @@
 #define B_32_RN_TM1914_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbTm1914Feature, NeoEsp32RmtMethod(Tm1914)>
 #define B_32_I2_TM1914_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbTm1914Feature, X1Tm1914Method>
 #define B_32_IP_TM1914_3 NeoPixelBus<NeoGrbTm1914Feature, X8Tm1914Method> // parallel I2S
-//Sm16825 (RGBWC)
+//Sm16825 (RGBCCT)
 #define B_32_RN_SM16825_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoRgbcwSm16825eFeature, NeoEsp32RmtMethod(Ws2812x)>
 #define B_32_I2_SM16825_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoRgbcwSm16825eFeature, X1Ws2812xMethod>
 #define B_32_IP_SM16825_5 NeoPixelBus<NeoRgbcwSm16825eFeature, X8Ws2812xMethod> // parallel I2S
@@ -358,6 +367,7 @@ class PolyBus {
     #ifdef ESP8266
     dotStar_strip->Begin();
     #else
+    if (miso == -1) miso = 127; // note: in arduino core, -1 means "default" not "none", passing 127 as the MISO pin is a workaround to prevent SPI.begin() assign the default pin, see #5670
     if (sck == -1 && mosi == -1) dotStar_strip->Begin();
     else                         dotStar_strip->Begin(sck, miso, mosi, ss);
     #endif
@@ -453,7 +463,7 @@ class PolyBus {
       case I_32_RN_TM1914_3: beginTM1914<B_32_RN_TM1914_3*>(busPtr); break;
       case I_32_RN_SM16825_5: (static_cast<B_32_RN_SM16825_5*>(busPtr))->Begin(); break;
       // I2S1 bus or parellel buses
-      #ifndef CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3
+      #if defined(WLED_HAS_PARALLEL_I2S)
       case I_32_I2_NEO_3: if (_useParallelI2S) (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_3*>(busPtr))->Begin(); else (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_3*>(busPtr))->Begin(); break;
       case I_32_I2_NEO_4: if (_useParallelI2S) (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_4*>(busPtr))->Begin(); else (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_4*>(busPtr))->Begin(); break;
       case I_32_I2_400_3: if (_useParallelI2S) (static_cast<B_32_IP_400_3*>(busPtr))->Begin(); else (static_cast<B_32_I2_400_3*>(busPtr))->Begin(); break;
@@ -551,7 +561,7 @@ class PolyBus {
       case I_32_RN_TM1914_3: busPtr = new B_32_RN_TM1914_3(len, pins[0], (NeoBusChannel)_rmtChannel++); break;
       case I_32_RN_SM16825_5: busPtr = new B_32_RN_SM16825_5(len, pins[0], (NeoBusChannel)_rmtChannel++); break;
       // I2S1 bus or paralell buses
-      #ifndef CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3
+      #if defined(WLED_HAS_PARALLEL_I2S)
       case I_32_I2_NEO_3: if (_useParallelI2S) busPtr = new B_32_IP_NEO_3(len, pins[0]); else busPtr = new B_32_I2_NEO_3(len, pins[0]); break;
       case I_32_I2_NEO_4: if (_useParallelI2S) busPtr = new B_32_IP_NEO_4(len, pins[0]); else busPtr = new B_32_I2_NEO_4(len, pins[0]); break;
       case I_32_I2_400_3: if (_useParallelI2S) busPtr = new B_32_IP_400_3(len, pins[0]); else busPtr = new B_32_I2_400_3(len, pins[0]); break;
@@ -650,7 +660,7 @@ class PolyBus {
       case I_32_RN_TM1914_3: (static_cast<B_32_RN_TM1914_3*>(busPtr))->Show(consistent); break;
       case I_32_RN_SM16825_5: (static_cast<B_32_RN_SM16825_5*>(busPtr))->Show(consistent); break;
       // I2S1 bus or paralell buses
-      #ifndef CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3
+      #if defined(WLED_HAS_PARALLEL_I2S)
       case I_32_I2_NEO_3: if (_useParallelI2S) (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_3*>(busPtr))->Show(consistent); else (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_3*>(busPtr))->Show(consistent); break;
       case I_32_I2_NEO_4: if (_useParallelI2S) (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_4*>(busPtr))->Show(consistent); else (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_4*>(busPtr))->Show(consistent); break;
       case I_32_I2_400_3: if (_useParallelI2S) (static_cast<B_32_IP_400_3*>(busPtr))->Show(consistent); else (static_cast<B_32_I2_400_3*>(busPtr))->Show(consistent); break;
@@ -746,7 +756,7 @@ class PolyBus {
       case I_32_RN_TM1914_3: return (static_cast<B_32_RN_TM1914_3*>(busPtr))->CanShow(); break;
       case I_32_RN_SM16825_5: return (static_cast<B_32_RN_SM16825_5*>(busPtr))->CanShow(); break;
       // I2S1 bus or paralell buses
-      #ifndef CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3
+      #if defined(WLED_HAS_PARALLEL_I2S)
       case I_32_I2_NEO_3: if (_useParallelI2S) return (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_3*>(busPtr))->CanShow(); else return (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_3*>(busPtr))->CanShow(); break;
       case I_32_I2_NEO_4: if (_useParallelI2S) return (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_4*>(busPtr))->CanShow(); else return (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_4*>(busPtr))->CanShow(); break;
       case I_32_I2_400_3: if (_useParallelI2S) return (static_cast<B_32_IP_400_3*>(busPtr))->CanShow(); else return (static_cast<B_32_I2_400_3*>(busPtr))->CanShow(); break;
@@ -868,7 +878,7 @@ class PolyBus {
       case I_32_RN_TM1914_3: (static_cast<B_32_RN_TM1914_3*>(busPtr))->SetPixelColor(pix, RgbColor(col)); break;
       case I_32_RN_SM16825_5: (static_cast<B_32_RN_SM16825_5*>(busPtr))->SetPixelColor(pix, Rgbww80Color(col.R*257, col.G*257, col.B*257, cctWW*257, cctCW*257)); break;
       // I2S1 bus or paralell buses
-      #ifndef CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3
+      #if defined(WLED_HAS_PARALLEL_I2S)
       case I_32_I2_NEO_3: if (_useParallelI2S) (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_3*>(busPtr))->SetPixelColor(pix, RgbColor(col)); else (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_3*>(busPtr))->SetPixelColor(pix, RgbColor(col)); break;
       case I_32_I2_NEO_4: if (_useParallelI2S) (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_4*>(busPtr))->SetPixelColor(pix, col); else (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_4*>(busPtr))->SetPixelColor(pix, col); break;
       case I_32_I2_400_3: if (_useParallelI2S) (static_cast<B_32_IP_400_3*>(busPtr))->SetPixelColor(pix, RgbColor(col)); else (static_cast<B_32_I2_400_3*>(busPtr))->SetPixelColor(pix, RgbColor(col)); break;
@@ -965,7 +975,7 @@ class PolyBus {
       case I_32_RN_TM1914_3: col = (static_cast<B_32_RN_TM1914_3*>(busPtr))->GetPixelColor(pix); break;
       case I_32_RN_SM16825_5: { Rgbww80Color c = (static_cast<B_32_RN_SM16825_5*>(busPtr))->GetPixelColor(pix); col = RGBW32(c.R/257,c.G/257,c.B/257,max(c.WW,c.CW)/257); } break; // will not return original W
       // I2S1 bus or paralell buses
-      #ifndef CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3
+      #if defined(WLED_HAS_PARALLEL_I2S)
       case I_32_I2_NEO_3: col = (_useParallelI2S) ? (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_3*>(busPtr))->GetPixelColor(pix) : (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_3*>(busPtr))->GetPixelColor(pix); break;
       case I_32_I2_NEO_4: col = (_useParallelI2S) ? (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_4*>(busPtr))->GetPixelColor(pix) : (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_4*>(busPtr))->GetPixelColor(pix); break;
       case I_32_I2_400_3: col = (_useParallelI2S) ? (static_cast<B_32_IP_400_3*>(busPtr))->GetPixelColor(pix) : (static_cast<B_32_I2_400_3*>(busPtr))->GetPixelColor(pix); break;
@@ -1080,7 +1090,7 @@ class PolyBus {
       case I_32_RN_TM1914_3: delete (static_cast<B_32_RN_TM1914_3*>(busPtr)); break;
       case I_32_RN_SM16825_5: delete (static_cast<B_32_RN_SM16825_5*>(busPtr)); break;
       // I2S1 bus or paralell buses
-      #ifndef CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3
+      #if defined(WLED_HAS_PARALLEL_I2S)
       case I_32_I2_NEO_3: if (_useParallelI2S) delete (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_3*>(busPtr)); else delete (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_3*>(busPtr)); break;
       case I_32_I2_NEO_4: if (_useParallelI2S) delete (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_4*>(busPtr)); else delete (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_4*>(busPtr)); break;
       case I_32_I2_400_3: if (_useParallelI2S) delete (static_cast<B_32_IP_400_3*>(busPtr)); else delete (static_cast<B_32_I2_400_3*>(busPtr)); break;
@@ -1180,7 +1190,7 @@ class PolyBus {
       case I_32_RN_TM1914_3: size += (static_cast<B_32_RN_TM1914_3*>(busPtr))->PixelsSize()*2; break;
       case I_32_RN_SM16825_5: size += (static_cast<B_32_RN_SM16825_5*>(busPtr))->PixelsSize()*2; break;
       // I2S1 bus or paralell buses (front + DMA; DMA = front * cadence, aligned to 4 bytes) not: for parallel I2S only the largest bus counts for DMA memory, this is not done correctly here, also assumes 3-step cadence
-      #ifndef CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3
+      #if defined(WLED_HAS_PARALLEL_I2S)
       case I_32_I2_NEO_3: size += (_useParallelI2S) ? (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_3*>(busPtr))->PixelsSize()*4 : (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_3*>(busPtr))->PixelsSize()*4; break;
       case I_32_I2_NEO_4: size += (_useParallelI2S) ? (static_cast<B_32_IP_NEO_4*>(busPtr))->PixelsSize()*4 : (static_cast<B_32_I2_NEO_4*>(busPtr))->PixelsSize()*4; break;
       case I_32_I2_400_3: size += (_useParallelI2S) ? (static_cast<B_32_IP_400_3*>(busPtr))->PixelsSize()*4 : (static_cast<B_32_I2_400_3*>(busPtr))->PixelsSize()*4; break;
@@ -1260,7 +1270,7 @@ class PolyBus {
       case I_32_RN_2805_5   : size = (size + 2*count)*2;   break; // 5 channels
       case I_32_RN_SM16825_5: size = (size + 2*count)*2*2; break; // 16bit, 5 channels
       // I2S bus or paralell I2S buses (1x front, does not include DMA buffer which is front*cadence, a bit(?) more for LCD)
-      #ifndef CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3
+      #if defined(WLED_HAS_PARALLEL_I2S) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32)
       case I_32_I2_NEO_3    : // fallthrough
       case I_32_I2_400_3    : // fallthrough
       case I_32_I2_TM2_3    : // fallthrough
@@ -1315,7 +1325,6 @@ class PolyBus {
       if (offset > 3) offset = 3;
       switch (busType) {
         case TYPE_WS2812_1CH_X3:
-        case TYPE_WS2812_2CH_X3:
         case TYPE_WS2812_RGB:
         case TYPE_WS2812_WWA:
           t = I_8266_U0_NEO_3 + offset; break;
@@ -1358,7 +1367,6 @@ class PolyBus {
       // Now determine actual bus type with the chosen offset
       switch (busType) {
         case TYPE_WS2812_1CH_X3:
-        case TYPE_WS2812_2CH_X3:
         case TYPE_WS2812_RGB:
         case TYPE_WS2812_WWA:
           t = I_32_RN_NEO_3 + offset; break;

wled00/button.cpp

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ bool isButtonPressed(uint8_t b)
       break;
     case BTN_TYPE_TOUCH:
     case BTN_TYPE_TOUCH_SWITCH:
-      #if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
+      #if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C61) && !defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32P4)
         #ifdef SOC_TOUCH_VERSION_2 //ESP32 S2 and S3 provide a function to check touch state (state is updated in interrupt)
         if (touchInterruptGetLastStatus(pin)) return true;
         #else
@@ -396,7 +396,9 @@ void handleOnOff(bool forceOff)
   }
 }
 
+#ifdef SOC_TOUCH_VERSION_2 //ESP32 S2 and S3 provide a function to check touch state (state is updated in interrupt)
 void IRAM_ATTR touchButtonISR()
 {
   // used for ESP32 S2 and S3: nothing to do, ISR is just used to update registers of HAL driver
 }
+#endif

wled00/cfg.cpp

@@ -30,8 +30,10 @@ static constexpr bool validatePinsAndTypes(const unsigned* types, unsigned numTy
   // Pins provided < pins required -> always invalid
   // Pins provided = pins required -> always valid
   // Pins provided > pins required -> valid if excess pins are a product of last type pins since it will be repeated
-  return (sumPinsRequired(types, numTypes) > numPins) ? false :
-          (numPins - sumPinsRequired(types, numTypes)) % Bus::getNumberOfPins(types[numTypes-1]) == 0;
+  // HUB75 types use their pin slots for config params, not GPIO - skip GPIO pin validation for them
+  return Bus::isHub75(types[numTypes-1]) ? true :
+         (sumPinsRequired(types, numTypes) > numPins) ? false :
+         (numPins - sumPinsRequired(types, numTypes)) % Bus::getNumberOfPins(types[numTypes-1]) == 0;
 }
 
 
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ bool deserializeConfig(JsonObject doc, bool fromFS) {
   //int rev_major = doc["rev"][0]; // 1
   //int rev_minor = doc["rev"][1]; // 0
 
-  //long vid = doc[F("vid")]; // 2010020
+  long vid = doc[F("vid")] | VERSION; // 2605010 note: "vid" can be used to detect an update from older versions but only on first call, it is written to the new VID after buses are initialized
 
   JsonObject id = doc["id"];
   getStringFromJson(cmDNS, id[F("mdns")], 33);
@@ -157,9 +159,17 @@ bool deserializeConfig(JsonObject doc, bool fromFS) {
   noWifiSleep = !(wifi[F("sleep")] | !noWifiSleep); // inverted
   //noWifiSleep = !noWifiSleep;
   CJSON(force802_3g, wifi[F("phy")]); //force phy mode g?
+#ifdef SOC_WIFI_SUPPORT_5G
+  CJSON(wifiBandMode, wifi[F("band")]);
+  if (wifiBandMode < WIFI_BAND_MODE_2G_ONLY || wifiBandMode > WIFI_BAND_MODE_AUTO) wifiBandMode = WIFI_BAND_MODE_AUTO;
+#endif
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
   CJSON(txPower, wifi[F("txpwr")]);
-  txPower = min(max((int)txPower, (int)WIFI_POWER_2dBm), (int)WIFI_POWER_19_5dBm);
+  #if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32) && (ESP_IDF_VERSION_MAJOR > 4)
+    txPower = min(max((int)txPower, (int)WIFI_POWER_2dBm), (int)WIFI_POWER_21dBm);  // V5 allows WIFI_POWER_21dBm = 84 ... WIFI_POWER_MINUS_1dBm = -4
+  #else
+    txPower = min(max((int)txPower, (int)WIFI_POWER_2dBm), (int)WIFI_POWER_19_5dBm);
+  #endif
 #endif
 
   JsonObject hw = doc[F("hw")];
@@ -659,6 +669,12 @@ bool deserializeConfig(JsonObject doc, bool fromFS) {
 
   JsonObject if_ntp = interfaces[F("ntp")];
   CJSON(ntpEnabled, if_ntp["en"]);
+#ifdef CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5 // ToDO: esp32-c5 crashes on NTP requests, see https://github.com/wled/WLED/pull/5048/changes#r3003182550
+  if (ntpEnabled) { DEBUG_PRINTLN("NTP disabled on -C5, as it leads to crashes"); }
+                                 // assert failed: udp_new_ip_type /IDF/components/lwip/lwip/src/core/udp.c:1278 (Required to lock TCPIP core functionality!)
+  ntpEnabled = false;            // --> disable NTP support, until the crash is resolved
+  #warning "enabling NTP lead to crashes on -C5. NTP disabled"
+#endif
   getStringFromJson(ntpServerName, if_ntp[F("host")], 33); // "1.wled.pool.ntp.org"
   CJSON(currentTimezone, if_ntp[F("tz")]);
   CJSON(utcOffsetSecs, if_ntp[F("offset")]);
@@ -693,8 +709,18 @@ bool deserializeConfig(JsonObject doc, bool fromFS) {
   JsonArray timersArray = tm["ins"];
   if (!timersArray.isNull()) {
     clearTimers();
+    bool legacySunriseLoaded = false;  // migration flag: pre 16.0 used hour=255 for both sunrise & sunset (type determined by array position)
     for (JsonObject timer : timersArray) {
       uint8_t h = timer[F("hour")] | 0;
+      // legacy migration for pre 16.0 (vid < 2605010): first occurrence = sunrise, second occurrence = sunset
+      if (vid < 2605010 && h == 255) {
+        if (legacySunriseLoaded) {
+          h = TH_SUNSET;   // second "255" entry is actually sunset
+        } else {
+          legacySunriseLoaded = true;
+        }
+      }
+
       int8_t m = timer[F("min")] | 0;
       uint8_t p = timer[F("macro")] | 0;
       uint8_t dow = timer[F("dow")] | 127;
@@ -897,6 +923,9 @@ void serializeConfig(JsonObject root) {
   JsonObject wifi = root.createNestedObject(F("wifi"));
   wifi[F("sleep")] = !noWifiSleep;
   wifi[F("phy")] = force802_3g;
+#ifdef SOC_WIFI_SUPPORT_5G
+  wifi[F("band")] = wifiBandMode;
+#endif
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
   wifi[F("txpwr")] = txPower;
 #endif

wled00/colors.cpp

@@ -269,7 +269,10 @@ void loadCustomPalettes() {
     char fileName[32];
     sprintf_P(fileName, PSTR("/palette%d.json"), index);
     if (WLED_FS.exists(fileName)) {
-      emptyPaletteGap = 0; // reset gap counter if file exists
+      // add gray placeholders to preserve palette IDs for subsequent slots (is omitted in UI but shown in cpal.htm)
+      for (unsigned g = 0; g < emptyPaletteGap; g++)
+        customPalettes.push_back(CRGBPalette16(CRGB(128, 128, 128)));
+      emptyPaletteGap = 0;  // reset gap counter if file exists
       DEBUGFX_PRINTF_P(PSTR("Reading palette from %s\n"), fileName);
       if (readObjectFromFile(fileName, nullptr, &pDoc)) {
         JsonArray pal = pDoc[F("palette")];
@@ -309,6 +312,15 @@ void loadCustomPalettes() {
   }
 }
 
+size_t removeUsermodPalettes(const char *name) {
+  size_t before = usermodPalettes.size();
+  for (int i = usermodPalettes.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    if (usermodPalettes[i].name == name)
+      usermodPalettes.erase(usermodPalettes.begin() + i);
+  }
+  return before - usermodPalettes.size();
+}
+
 // convert HSV (16bit hue) to RGB (32bit with white = 0), optimized for speed
 WLED_O2_ATTR void hsv2rgb_spectrum(const CHSV32& hsv, CRGBW& rgb) {
   unsigned p, q, t;

wled00/colors.h

@@ -61,9 +61,20 @@ void adjust_color(CRGBW& rgb, int32_t hueShift, int32_t satChange,int32_t valueC
 [[gnu::hot, gnu::pure]] uint32_t ColorFromPalette(const CRGBPalette16 &pal, unsigned index, uint8_t brightness = (uint8_t)255U, TBlendType blendType = LINEARBLEND);
 CRGBPalette16 generateHarmonicRandomPalette(const CRGBPalette16 &basepalette);
 CRGBPalette16 generateRandomPalette();
+// Palette registered by a usermod at fixed IDs (255, 254, 253... 201).
+// Display name is "name: palName" (if palName non-null) or falls back to "name index" (e.g. "AudioReactive 1"), see util.cpp
+struct UsermodPalette {
+  CRGBPalette16 palette;
+  const char   *name;      // PROGMEM base name string (must not be nullptr), this name is used in removeUsermodPalettes()
+  uint8_t       palIndex;  // index of the palette for a usermod
+  const char   *palName;   // optional PROGMEM display name; if set, shown as "name: palName" (e.g. "AudioReactive: Audio Responsive Hue"), otherwise falls back to "name index"
+};
+
 void loadCustomPalettes();
+size_t removeUsermodPalettes(const char *name); // remove all entries from usermodPalettes whose name pointer matches 'name'
 extern std::vector<CRGBPalette16> customPalettes;
-inline size_t getPaletteCount() { return FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT + customPalettes.size(); }
+extern std::vector<UsermodPalette> usermodPalettes;
+inline size_t getPaletteCount() { return FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT + usermodPalettes.size() + customPalettes.size(); }
 
 void hsv2rgb_spectrum(const CHSV32& hsv, CRGBW& rgb);
 void hsv2rgb_spectrum(const CHSV& hsv, CRGB& rgb);
@@ -187,6 +198,11 @@ struct CRGBW {
   uint8_t getAverageLight() const {
     return (r + g + b + w) >> 2;
   }
+
+  // get the average of the R, G, B values
+  uint8_t getRGBaverage() const {
+    return ((r + g + b) * 21846) >> 16; // x*21846>>16 is equal to "divide by 3"
+  }
 };
 
 inline CHSV32::CHSV32(const CRGBW& rgb) {

wled00/const.h

@@ -10,8 +10,16 @@ constexpr size_t FASTLED_PALETTE_COUNT = 7;   //  6-12 = sizeof(fastledPalettes)
 constexpr size_t GRADIENT_PALETTE_COUNT = 59; // 13-72 = sizeof(gGradientPalettes) / sizeof(gGradientPalettes[0]);
 constexpr size_t DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT = 6;   //  0- 5 = dynamic palettes (0=default(virtual),1=random,2=primary,3=primary+secondary,4=primary+secondary+tertiary,5=primary+secondary(+tertiary if not black)
 constexpr size_t FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT = DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT + FASTLED_PALETTE_COUNT + GRADIENT_PALETTE_COUNT; // total number of fixed palettes
+
+// Palette ID space layout (palette IDs are uint8_t, 0-255):
+//   0  .. FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT-1            : fixed built-in palettes
+//   72 .. WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE(200) : user custom palettes (index 0 = ID 200, growing downward)
+//   201.. WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE(255): usermod-registered palettes (index 0 = ID 255, growing downward)
+constexpr uint8_t WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE = 255; // highest ID for usermod palettes
+constexpr uint8_t WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE  = 200; // highest ID for user custom palettes
+constexpr size_t  WLED_MAX_USERMOD_PALETTES     = WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE - WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE; // 55 slots (IDs 201-255)
 #ifndef ESP8266
-  #define WLED_MAX_CUSTOM_PALETTES (255 - FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT) // allow up to 255 total palettes, user is warned about stability issues when adding more than 10
+  #define WLED_MAX_CUSTOM_PALETTES (WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE - FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT + 1) // 129 slots (IDs 72-200)
 #else
   #define WLED_MAX_CUSTOM_PALETTES 10 // ESP8266: limit custom palettes to 10
 #endif
@@ -65,8 +73,18 @@ constexpr size_t FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT = DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT + FASTLED_PALETTE_C
   #if !defined(LEDC_CHANNEL_MAX) || !defined(LEDC_SPEED_MODE_MAX)
     #include "driver/ledc.h" // needed for analog/LEDC channel counts
   #endif
-  #define WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS (LEDC_CHANNEL_MAX*LEDC_SPEED_MODE_MAX)
-  #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)    // 2 RMT, 6 LEDC, only has 1 I2S but NPB does not support it ATM
+
+  // define -> constexpr to avoid preprocessor errors and enum arithmetic warnings from newer compilers
+  #ifdef WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS
+    #undef WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS   // avoid clash between macro name and constexpr constant
+  #endif
+  constexpr size_t WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS = static_cast<size_t>(LEDC_CHANNEL_MAX) * static_cast<size_t>(LEDC_SPEED_MODE_MAX);
+
+  // ToDO: check if the complete logic below can be replaced by SOC_CAPS_.. macros
+  //       SOC_I2S_NUM, SOC_RMT_CHANNELS_PER_GROUP, etc
+  //       see https://github.com/wled/WLED/pull/5048#issuecomment-3868678248
+
+  #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
     #define WLED_MAX_RMT_CHANNELS 2         // ESP32-C3 has 2 RMT output channels
     #define WLED_MAX_I2S_CHANNELS 0         // I2S not supported by NPB
     //#define WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS 6
@@ -82,20 +100,32 @@ constexpr size_t FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT = DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT + FASTLED_PALETTE_C
     //#define WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS 8
     #define WLED_PLATFORM_ID 3       // used in UI to distinguish ESP type in UI, needs a proper fix!
   #else
-    #define WLED_MAX_RMT_CHANNELS 8         // ESP32 has 8 RMT output channels
-    #define WLED_MAX_I2S_CHANNELS 8         // I2S parallel output supported by NPB
-    //#define WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS 16
-    #define WLED_PLATFORM_ID 4       // used in UI to distinguish ESP type in UI, needs a proper fix!
+    #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32)  // classic esp32
+      #define WLED_MAX_RMT_CHANNELS 8         // ESP32 has 8 RMT output channels
+      #define WLED_MAX_I2S_CHANNELS 8         // I2S parallel output supported by NPB
+      //#define WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS 16
+      #define WLED_PLATFORM_ID 4       // used in UI to distinguish ESP type in UI, needs a proper fix!
+    #else // all other risc-v based boards: same as C3
+      #define WLED_MAX_RMT_CHANNELS 2         // ESP32-C3 has 2 RMT output channels
+      #define WLED_MAX_I2S_CHANNELS 0         // I2S not supported by NPB
+      //#define WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS 6
+      #define WLED_PLATFORM_ID 1       // used in UI to distinguish ESP types - falls back to "C3" until we have a proper fix!
+    #endif      
   #endif
   #define WLED_MAX_TIMERS 64                // maximum number of timers
-  #define WLED_MAX_DIGITAL_CHANNELS (WLED_MAX_RMT_CHANNELS + WLED_MAX_I2S_CHANNELS)
+  #ifndef WLED_MAX_DIGITAL_CHANNELS
+    #define WLED_MAX_DIGITAL_CHANNELS (WLED_MAX_RMT_CHANNELS + WLED_MAX_I2S_CHANNELS)
+  #else
+    #warning "buildenv overrides WLED_MAX_DIGITAL_CHANNELS - please check that the value is correct" 
+  #endif
 #endif
 // WLED_MAX_BUSSES was used to define the size of busses[] array which is no longer needed
 // instead it will help determine max number of buses that can be defined at compile time
 #ifdef WLED_MAX_BUSSES
   #undef WLED_MAX_BUSSES
 #endif
-#define WLED_MAX_BUSSES (WLED_MAX_DIGITAL_CHANNELS+WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS)
+// define -> constexpr to align with definition of WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS
+constexpr size_t WLED_MAX_BUSSES = WLED_MAX_DIGITAL_CHANNELS + WLED_MAX_ANALOG_CHANNELS;
 static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
 
 // Maximum number of pins per output. 5 for RGBCCT analog LEDs.
@@ -157,9 +187,14 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
 
 #define WLED_MAX_PANELS 18                      // must not be more than 32
 
-//Usermod IDs
-#define USERMOD_ID_RESERVED               0     //Unused. Might indicate no usermod present
-#define USERMOD_ID_UNSPECIFIED            1     //Default value for a general user mod that does not specify a custom ID
+// Usermod IDs
+// A unique ID is only required when a usermod needs one or more of:
+//   1. Inter-usermod communication: UsermodManager::lookup(mod_id) or getUMData(..., mod_id)
+//   2. Pin ownership via pinManager: PinOwner enum entries map to these IDs (see pin_manager.h)
+//   3. Identification in JSON info: addToJsonInfo emits each mod's ID into the "um" array
+// If none of the above apply, omit getId() (or return USERMOD_ID_UNSPECIFIED) and do NOT add an entry here.
+#define USERMOD_ID_RESERVED               0     //Unused. Reserved; may indicate no usermod present
+#define USERMOD_ID_UNSPECIFIED            1     //Default for usermods that do not require a unique ID
 #define USERMOD_ID_EXAMPLE                2     //Usermod "usermod_v2_example.h"
 #define USERMOD_ID_TEMPERATURE            3     //Usermod "usermod_temperature.h"
 #define USERMOD_ID_FIXNETSERVICES         4     //Usermod "usermod_Fix_unreachable_netservices.h"
@@ -306,7 +341,7 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
 #define TYPE_DIGITAL_MIN         16            // first usable digital type
 #define TYPE_WS2812_1CH          18            //white-only chips (1 channel per IC) (unused)
 #define TYPE_WS2812_1CH_X3       19            //white-only chips (3 channels per IC)
-#define TYPE_WS2812_2CH_X3       20            //CCT chips (1st IC controls WW + CW of 1st zone and CW of 2nd zone, 2nd IC controls WW of 2nd zone and WW + CW of 3rd zone)
+//#define TYPE_WS2812_2CH_X3       20            // use FW1906
 #define TYPE_WS2812_WWA          21            //amber + warm + cold white
 #define TYPE_WS2812_RGB          22
 #define TYPE_GS8608              23            //same driver as WS2812, but will require signal 2x per second (else displays test pattern)
@@ -382,7 +417,7 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
 #define BTN_TYPE_TOUCH_SWITCH     9
 
 //Ethernet board types
-#define WLED_NUM_ETH_TYPES        14
+#define WLED_NUM_ETH_TYPES        16
 
 
 #define WLED_ETH_NONE              0
@@ -399,6 +434,9 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
 #define WLED_ETH_ESP32_POE_WROVER 11
 #define WLED_ETH_LILYGO_T_POE_PRO 12
 #define WLED_ETH_GLEDOPTO         13
+#define WLED_ETH_QUINLED_V4_UNOQUAD  14
+#define WLED_ETH_QUINLED_V4_OCTA     15
+
 
 //Hue error codes
 #define HUE_ERROR_INACTIVE        0
@@ -456,6 +494,8 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
 #define ERR_OVERTEMP    30  // An attached temperature sensor has measured above threshold temperature (not implemented)
 #define ERR_OVERCURRENT 31  // An attached current sensor has measured a current above the threshold (not implemented)
 #define ERR_UNDERVOLT   32  // An attached voltmeter has measured a voltage below the threshold (not implemented)
+#define ERR_REBOOT_NEEDED 98 // reboot needed after changing hardware setting
+#define ERR_POWEROFF_NEEDED 99 // power-cycle needed after changing hardware setting
 
 // JSON buffer lock owners
 #define JSON_LOCK_UNKNOWN        255
@@ -481,6 +521,7 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
 #define JSON_LOCK_LEDGAP          20
 #define JSON_LOCK_LEDMAP_ENUM     21
 #define JSON_LOCK_REMOTE          22
+#define JSON_LOCK_OTA             23
 
 // Timer mode types
 #define NL_MODE_SET               0            //After nightlight time elapsed, set to target brightness
@@ -517,8 +558,10 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
     #define MAX_LEDS 1536 //can't rely on memory limit to limit this to 1536 LEDs
   #elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2)
     #define MAX_LEDS 2048 //due to memory constraints S2
+  #elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C61)
+    #define MAX_LEDS 4096
   #else
-    #define MAX_LEDS 16384
+    #define MAX_LEDS 16384 // classic esp32, S3 and P4 can take more
   #endif
 #endif
 
@@ -527,15 +570,15 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
   #ifdef ESP8266
     #define MAX_LED_MEMORY (8*1024)
   #else
-    #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2)
+    #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C61)
       #ifndef BOARD_HAS_PSRAM
         #define MAX_LED_MEMORY (28*1024)  // S2 has ~170k of free heap after boot, using 28k is the absolute limit to keep WLED functional
       #else
         #define MAX_LED_MEMORY (48*1024)  // with PSRAM there is more wiggle room as buffers get moved to PSRAM when needed (prioritize functionality over speed)
       #endif
-    #elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+    #elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32P4)
       #define MAX_LED_MEMORY (192*1024) // S3 has ~330k of free heap after boot
-    #elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
+    #elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6)
       #define MAX_LED_MEMORY (100*1024) // C3 has ~240k of free heap after boot, even with 8000 LEDs configured (2D) there is 30k of contiguous heap left
     #else
       #define MAX_LED_MEMORY (85*1024) // ESP32 has ~160k of free heap after boot and an additional 64k of 32bit access memory that is used for pixel buffers
@@ -651,7 +694,7 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
 #endif
 
 // Defaults pins, type and counts to configure LED output
-#if defined(ESP8266) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
+#if defined(ESP8266) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C61) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32P4)
   #ifdef WLED_ENABLE_DMX
     #define DEFAULT_LED_PIN 1
     #warning "Compiling with DMX. The default LED pin has been changed to pin 1."

wled00/data/common.js

@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ function sendDDP(ws, start, len, colors) {
 		let pkt = new Uint8Array(11 + dLen); // DDP header is 10 bytes, plus 1 byte for WLED websocket protocol indicator
 		pkt[0] = 0x02; // DDP protocol indicator for WLED websocket. Note: below DDP protocol bytes are offset by 1
 		pkt[1] = 0x40; // flags: 0x40 = no push, 0x41 = push (i.e. render), note: this is DDP protocol byte 0
-		pkt[2] = 0x00; // reserved
+		pkt[2] = 0x00; // upper nibble is reserved, lower nibble is sequence number, if set to 0 no sequence checking is done (if enabled)
 		pkt[3] = 0x0B; // RGB, 8bit per channel
 		pkt[4] = 0x01; // destination id (not used but 0x01 is default output)
 		pkt[5] = (off >> 24) & 255; // DDP protocol 4-7 is offset
@@ -222,3 +222,138 @@ function sendDDP(ws, start, len, colors) {
 	}
 	return true;
 }
+
+// Pin utilities
+function getOwnerName(o,t,n) {
+	// Use firmware-provided name if available
+	if(n) return n;
+	if(!o) return "System"; // no owner provided
+	if(o===0x85){ return getBtnTypeName(t); } // button pin
+	return "UM #"+o;
+}
+function getBtnTypeName(t) {
+	var n=["None","Reserved","Push","Push Inv","Switch","PIR","Touch","Analog","Analog Inv","Touch Switch"];
+	var label = n[t] || "?";
+	return 'Button <span style="font-size:10px;color:#888">'+label+'</span>';
+}
+function getCaps(p,c) {
+	var r=[];
+	// Use touch info from settings endpoint
+	if(d.touch && d.touch.includes(p)) r.push("Touch");
+	if(d.ro_gpio && d.ro_gpio.includes(p)) r.push("Input Only");
+	// Use other caps from JSON (Analog, Boot, Input Only)
+	if(c&0x02) r.push("Analog");
+	if(c&0x08) r.push("Flash Boot");
+	if(c&0x10) r.push("Bootstrap");
+	return r.length?r.join(", "):"-";
+}
+
+// Fetch GPIO caps (/settings/s.js?p=11) then pin occupancy (/json/pins) with retry.
+// Caches result in d.pinsData. Calls cb() when ready (or on failure).
+// If page already loaded its own s.js (d.max_gpio set), skips caps load and goes straight to pins fetch.
+function fetchPinInfo(cb, retries=5) {
+	if (d.pinsData) { cb&&cb(); return; }
+	var done=false, fr=retries;
+	function doFetch() {
+		fetch(getURL('/json/pins'))
+			.then(r=>r.json())
+			.then(j=>{ if(!done){done=true; d.pinsData=j.pins||[]; cb&&cb();} })
+			.catch(()=>{ fr-->0 ? setTimeout(doFetch,100) : (!done&&(done=true,d.pinsData=[],cb&&cb())); });
+	}
+	if (d.max_gpio) { doFetch(); return; }
+	// Load GPIO caps from s.js?p=11 first (sets d.rsvd/ro_gpio/max_gpio/touch/adc/um_p)
+	d.max_gpio=50; d.rsvd=[]; d.ro_gpio=[]; d.touch=[]; d.adc=[]; d.um_p=[];
+	var cr=retries;
+	function tryCaps() {
+		var s=cE("script"); s.src=getURL('/settings/s.js?p=11');
+		d.body.appendChild(s);
+		s.onload=function(){ GetV(); doFetch(); };
+		s.onerror=function(){ cr-->0 ? setTimeout(tryCaps,100) : doFetch(); };
+	}
+	tryCaps();
+}
+
+// Pin dropdown utilities
+// Create or rebuild a pin <select> from an <input> or existing <select>
+// name: form field name, requirement flags bitmask: 1=output, 2=touch, 4=ADC
+function makePinSelect(name, flags) {
+	let el = gN(name);
+	if (!el) return null;
+	let v = parseInt(el.value);
+	if (isNaN(v)) v = -1;
+
+	let sel;
+	if (el.tagName === "SELECT") {
+		sel = el;
+		while (sel.lastChild) sel.lastChild.remove();
+	} else {
+		sel = cE('select');
+		sel.classList.add("pin");
+		sel.name = el.name;
+		if (el.required) sel.required = true;
+		let oc = el.getAttribute("onchange");
+		if (oc) sel.setAttribute("onchange", oc);
+		el.parentElement.replaceChild(sel, el);
+	}
+
+	let hasV = false;
+	for (let j = -1; j < (d.max_gpio||0); j++) {
+		if (j > -1 && d.rsvd && d.rsvd.includes(j)) continue;
+		if (j > -1 && (flags & 1) && d.ro_gpio && d.ro_gpio.includes(j)) continue;
+		if (j > -1 && (flags & 2) && (!d.touch || !d.touch.includes(j))) continue;
+		if (j > -1 && (flags & 4) && (!d.adc || !d.adc.includes(j))) continue;
+
+		let pInfo = d.pinsData && d.pinsData.find(p => p.p === j);
+		let used = j > -1 && pInfo && pInfo.a && j !== v;
+		let txt = j === -1 ? "unused" : `${j}`;
+		if (used) txt += ` (${getOwnerName(pInfo.o, pInfo.t, pInfo.n)})`;
+		// if (j > -1 && d.ro_gpio && d.ro_gpio.includes(j)) txt += " (R/O)"; // read only pins  note: removed as pin is not shown for outputs
+
+		let opt = cE("option");
+		opt.value = j;
+		opt.text = txt;
+		sel.appendChild(opt);
+
+		if (j === v) { opt.selected = true; hasV = true; }
+		else if (used) opt.disabled = true;
+	}
+
+	// Safety for invalid pins currently saved
+	if (!hasV && v >= 0) {
+		let opt = cE("option");
+		opt.value = v; opt.text = v + " ⚠"; opt.selected = true;
+		sel.insertBefore(opt, sel.options[1]);
+	}
+	sel.dataset.val = v;
+	return sel;
+}
+
+// Convert pin <select> back to <input type="number">
+function unmakePinSelect(name) {
+	let sel = gN(name);
+	if (!sel || sel.tagName !== "SELECT") return null;
+	let inp = cE('input');
+	inp.type = "number";
+	inp.name = sel.name;
+	inp.value = sel.value;
+	inp.className = "s";
+	if (sel.required) inp.required = true;
+	let oc = sel.getAttribute("onchange");
+	if (oc) inp.setAttribute("onchange", oc);
+	sel.parentElement.replaceChild(inp, sel);
+	return inp;
+}
+// Add option to select, auto-select matching data-val
+function addOption(sel, txt, val) {
+	if (!sel) return null;
+	let opt = cE("option");
+	opt.value = val;
+	opt.text = txt;
+	sel.appendChild(opt);
+	if (sel.dataset.val !== undefined) {
+		for (let i = 0; i < sel.options.length; i++) {
+			if (sel.options[i].value == sel.dataset.val) { sel.selectedIndex = i; break; }
+		}
+	}
+	return opt;
+}

wled00/data/cpal/cpal.htm

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 	<title>WLED Palette Editor</title>
 	<!--* <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
 	<script src="common.js"></script>
-	<script src="iro.js"></script> 
+	<script src="iro.js"></script>
 	<link rel="icon" href="data:,"> *-->
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -71,6 +71,8 @@
 		let copyColor = '#000';
 		let ws = null;
 		let maxCol; // max colors to send out in one chunk, ESP8266 is limited to ~50 (500 bytes), ESP32 can do ~128 (1340 bytes)
+		let _applySeq = 0; // incremented each time applyLED fires; used to cancel stale in-flight previews
+		let _httpQueue = [], _httpRun = 0;
 
 		// load external resources in sequence to avoid 503 errors if heap is low, repeats indefinitely until loaded
 		(function loadFiles() {
@@ -329,17 +331,7 @@
 			});
 			draw();
 		}
-/*
-		function rndPal() {
-			gr.innerHTML = '';
-			addMk(0, rndHex(), 1);
-			const cnt = Math.floor(Math.random() * 3) + 2, pos = new Set();
-			while (pos.size < cnt) pos.add(Math.floor(Math.random() * 254) + 1);
-			[...pos].sort((a,b)=>a-b).forEach(t => addMk(t, rndHex()));
-			addMk(255, rndHex(), 1);
-		}*/
 
-		
 		// convert hsl to hex using canvas
 		function hslToHex(h, s, l) {
 			let ctx = cE("canvas").getContext("2d");
@@ -468,7 +460,11 @@
 				rm.className = 'sml';
 				rm.title = 'Delete palette';
 				rm.innerHTML = '&#10006;';
-				rm.onclick = () => { requestJson({rmcpal:i}); setTimeout(refr, 500); };
+				rm.onclick = () => { 
+					requestJson({rmcpal:i}); // send remove command
+					setTimeout(refr, 500);   // slight delay to allow ESP to process deletion before fetching updated list
+					localStorage.removeItem('wledPalx'); // invalidate main UI cache
+				};
 
 				const name = isEmpty(p.palette) ? 'Empty slot' : 'Custom' + i;
 				const css = isEmpty(p.palette) ? '#666' : cssArr(p.palette);
@@ -592,7 +588,7 @@
 		// download external palettes, these were hand picked from cpt-city (http://seaviewsensing.com/pub/cpt-city/)
 		// all palettes are licensed "free to use", converted to WLED JSON format by @dedehai
 		function fetchExt() {
-			fetch('https://dedehai.github.io/cpt_city_selection.json')
+			fetch('https://wled.github.io/wled-web-tools/cpt_city_selection.json')
 				.then(r => { if (!r.ok) throw new Error(); return r.json(); })
 				.then(data => {
 					try { localStorage.setItem('wledCptCityJson', JSON.stringify(data)); } catch(e) {}
@@ -621,21 +617,16 @@
 
 		async function requestJson(cmd)
 		{
-			if (ws && ws.readyState == 1) {
+			if (ws && ws.readyState == 1 && ws.bufferedAmount < 32768) {
 				try {
 					ws.send(JSON.stringify(cmd));
+					await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 15)); // short delay to give ESP time to process (fewer packets dropped)
 					return 1;
 				} catch (e) {}
 			}
 
-			if (!window._httpQueue) {
-				window._httpQueue = [];
-				window._httpRun = 0;
-			}
-			if (_httpQueue.length >= 5) {
-				return Promise.resolve(-1); // reject if too many queued requests
-			}
-
+			// HTTP fallback
+			if (_httpQueue.length >= 5) return -1; // queue full; applyLED cancels stale queues before sending
 			return new Promise(resolve => {
 				_httpQueue.push({ cmd, resolve });
 				(async function run() {
@@ -650,7 +641,7 @@
 								cache: 'no-store'
 							});
 						} catch (e) {}
-						await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 120));
+						await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 120)); // delay between requests (go slow, this is the http fallback if WS fails)
 						q.resolve(0);
 					}
 					_httpRun = 0;
@@ -662,8 +653,12 @@
 		async function applyLED()
 		{
 			if (!palCache.length) return;
+			const seq = ++_applySeq;
+			// discard pending HTTP chunks from any previous preview so stale data doesn't drain slowly
+			while (_httpQueue.length) _httpQueue.shift().resolve(-1); // resolve dropped entries so their awaiters can observe the seq change and exit
 			try {
 				let st = await (await fetch(getURL('/json/state'), { cache: 'no-store' })).json();
+				if (seq !== _applySeq) return; // superseded by a newer preview request
 				if (!st.seg || !st.seg.length) return;
 
 				// get selected segments, use main segment if none selected
@@ -680,6 +675,7 @@
 						arr.push(palCache[len > 1 ? Math.round(i * 255 / (len - 1)) : 0]);
 					// send colors in chunks
 					for (let j = 0; j < arr.length; j += maxCol) {
+						if (seq !== _applySeq) return; // superseded mid-send
 						let chunk = [s.start + j, ...arr.slice(j, j + maxCol)];
 						await requestJson({ seg: { id: s.id, i: chunk } });
 					}

wled00/data/icons-ui/demo-files/demo.css

@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ p {
   font-size: 16px;
 }
 .fs1 {
-  font-size: 48px;
+  font-size: 32px;
 }
 .fs2 {
   font-size: 28px;

wled00/data/icons-ui/demo.html

@@ -9,10 +9,24 @@
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"></head>
 <body>
     <div class="bgc1 clearfix">
-        <h1 class="mhmm mvm"><span class="fgc1">Font Name:</span> wled122 <small class="fgc1">(Glyphs:&nbsp;25)</small></h1>
+        <h1 class="mhmm mvm"><span class="fgc1">Font Name:</span> wled122 <small class="fgc1">(Glyphs:&nbsp;26)</small></h1>
     </div>
     <div class="clearfix mhl ptl">
         <h1 class="mvm mtn fgc1">Grid Size: 16</h1>
+        <div class="glyph fs1">
+            <div class="clearfix bshadow0 pbs">
+                <span class="i-search"></span>
+                <span class="mls"> i-search</span>
+            </div>
+            <fieldset class="fs0 size1of1 clearfix hidden-false">
+                <input type="text" readonly value="e0a1" class="unit size1of2" />
+                <input type="text" maxlength="1" readonly value="&#xe0a1;" class="unitRight size1of2 talign-right" />
+            </fieldset>
+            <div class="fs0 bshadow0 clearfix hidden-true">
+                <span class="unit pvs fgc1">liga: </span>
+                <input type="text" readonly value="search, magnifier" class="liga unitRight" />
+            </div>
+        </div>
         <div class="glyph fs1">
             <div class="clearfix bshadow0 pbs">
                 <span class="i-pixelforge"></span>

wled00/data/icons-ui/fonts/wled122.svg

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 <glyph unicode="&#xe04c;" glyph-name="presets" d="M704 704c131.413 0 234.667-103.253 234.667-234.667 0-161.28-145.067-292.693-364.8-491.946l-61.867-56.32-61.867 55.893c-219.733 199.68-364.8 331.093-364.8 492.373 0 131.414 103.254 234.667 234.667 234.667 74.24 0 145.493-34.56 192-89.173 46.507 54.613 117.76 89.173 192 89.173zM516.267 40.533c203.093 183.894 337.066 305.494 337.066 428.8 0 85.334-64 149.334-149.333 149.334-65.707 0-129.707-42.24-151.893-100.694h-79.787c-22.613 58.454-86.613 100.694-152.32 100.694-85.333 0-149.333-64-149.333-149.334 0-123.306 133.973-244.906 337.066-428.8l4.267-4.266z" />
 <glyph unicode="&#xe066;" glyph-name="info" d="M512 746.667c235.52 0 426.667-191.147 426.667-426.667s-191.147-426.667-426.667-426.667-426.667 191.147-426.667 426.667 191.147 426.667 426.667 426.667zM554.667 106.667v256h-85.334v-256h85.334zM554.667 448v85.333h-85.334v-85.333h85.334z" />
 <glyph unicode="&#xe08f;" glyph-name="power" d="M554.667 704v-426.667h-85.334v426.667h85.334zM760.747 611.413c82.773-70.4 135.253-174.506 135.253-291.413 0-212.053-171.947-384-384-384s-384 171.947-384 384c0 116.907 52.48 221.013 135.253 291.413l60.16-60.16c-66.986-54.613-110.080-137.813-110.080-231.253 0-165.12 133.547-298.667 298.667-298.667s298.667 133.547 298.667 298.667c0 93.44-43.094 176.64-110.507 230.827z" />
+<glyph unicode="&#xe0a1;" glyph-name="search" d="M902.213 27.99l-197.073 167.615c-20.373 18.336-42.161 26.752-59.761 25.941 46.52 54.492 74.622 125.188 74.622 202.455 0 172.313-139.687 312-312 312-172.311 0-312-139.687-312-312s139.687-312 312-312c77.266 0 147.962 28.1 202.455 74.624-0.812-17.6 7.605-39.388 25.941-59.761l167.615-197.073c28.698-31.887 75.58-34.574 104.178-5.976s25.913 75.48-5.974 104.178zM408 216c-114.874 0-208 93.125-208 208s93.125 208 208 208 208-93.125 208-208-93.125-208-208-208z" />
 <glyph unicode="&#xe0a2;" glyph-name="settings" d="M816.64 280.064l85.504-67.584c8.192-6.144 10.24-16.896 5.12-26.112l-81.92-141.824c-5.12-9.216-15.872-12.8-25.088-9.216l-101.888 40.96c-20.992-15.872-44.032-29.696-69.12-39.936l-15.36-108.544c-1.024-10.24-9.728-17.408-19.968-17.408h-163.84c-10.24 0-18.432 7.168-20.48 17.408l-15.36 108.544c-25.088 10.24-47.616 23.552-69.12 39.936l-101.888-40.96c-9.216-3.072-19.968 0-25.088 9.216l-81.92 141.824c-4.608 8.704-2.56 19.968 5.12 26.112l86.528 67.584c-2.048 12.8-3.072 26.624-3.072 39.936s1.536 27.136 3.584 39.936l-86.528 67.584c-8.192 6.144-10.24 16.896-5.12 26.112l81.92 141.824c5.12 9.216 15.872 12.8 25.088 9.216l101.888-40.96c20.992 15.872 44.032 29.696 69.12 39.936l15.36 108.544c1.536 10.24 9.728 17.408 19.968 17.408h163.84c10.24 0 18.944-7.168 20.48-17.408l15.36-108.544c25.088-10.24 47.616-23.552 69.12-39.936l101.888 40.96c9.216 3.072 19.968 0 25.088-9.216l81.92-141.824c4.608-8.704 2.56-19.968-5.12-26.112l-86.528-67.584c2.048-12.8 3.072-26.112 3.072-39.936s-1.024-27.136-2.56-39.936zM512 166.4c84.48 0 153.6 69.12 153.6 153.6s-69.12 153.6-153.6 153.6-153.6-69.12-153.6-153.6 69.12-153.6 153.6-153.6z" />
 <glyph unicode="&#xe0e8;" glyph-name="eye" d="M512 640c213.333 0 395.52-132.693 469.333-320-73.813-187.307-256-320-469.333-320s-395.52 132.693-469.333 320c73.813 187.307 256 320 469.333 320zM512 106.667c117.76 0 213.333 95.573 213.333 213.333s-95.573 213.333-213.333 213.333-213.333-95.573-213.333-213.333 95.573-213.333 213.333-213.333zM512 448c70.827 0 128-57.173 128-128s-57.173-128-128-128-128 57.173-128 128 57.173 128 128 128z" />
 <glyph unicode="&#xe116;" glyph-name="sync" d="M512 661.333c188.587 0 341.333-152.746 341.333-341.333 0-66.987-19.626-129.28-52.906-181.76l-62.294 62.293c19.2 35.414 29.867 76.374 29.867 119.467 0 141.227-114.773 256-256 256v-128l-170.667 170.667 170.667 170.666v-128zM512 64v128l170.667-170.667-170.667-170.666v128c-188.587 0-341.333 152.746-341.333 341.333 0 66.987 19.626 129.28 52.906 181.76l62.294-62.293c-19.2-35.414-29.867-76.374-29.867-119.467 0-141.227 114.773-256 256-256z" />

wled00/data/icons-ui/style.css

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 @font-face {
   font-family: 'wled122';
   src:
-    url('fonts/wled122.ttf?yzxblb') format('truetype'),
-    url('fonts/wled122.woff?yzxblb') format('woff'),
-    url('fonts/wled122.svg?yzxblb#wled122') format('svg');
+    url('fonts/wled122.ttf?2tjc6') format('truetype'),
+    url('fonts/wled122.woff?2tjc6') format('woff'),
+    url('fonts/wled122.svg?2tjc6#wled122') format('svg');
   font-weight: normal;
   font-style: normal;
   font-display: block;
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@
   -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
 }
 
+.i-search:before {
+  content: "\e0a1";
+}
 .i-pixelforge:before {
   content: "\e900";
 }

wled00/data/index.css

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 @font-face {
 	font-family: "WIcons";
-  src: url(data:font/woff2;charset=utf-8;base64,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);
+  src: url(data:font/woff2;charset=utf-8;base64,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);
 }
 
 :root {

wled00/data/index.js

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ var pN = "", pI = 0, pNum = 0;
 var pmt = 1, pmtLS = 0;
 var lastinfo = {};
 var isM = false, mw = 0, mh=0;
+var bsOpts = null; // blending style options snapshot, used for dynamic filtering based on matrix mode (iOS compatibility)
 var ws, wsRpt=0;
 var cfg = {
 	theme:{base:"dark", bg:{url:"", rnd: false, rndGrayscale: false, rndBlur: false}, alpha:{bg:0.6,tab:0.8}, color:{bg:""}},
@@ -660,12 +661,14 @@ function parseInfo(i) {
 	mw = i.leds.matrix ? i.leds.matrix.w : 0;
 	mh = i.leds.matrix ? i.leds.matrix.h : 0;
 	isM = mw>0 && mh>0;
+	if (!bsOpts) bsOpts = Array.from(gId('bs').options).map(o => o.cloneNode(true)); // snapshot all options on first call
+	const bsSel = gId('bs');
+	// note: style.display='none' for option elements is not supported on all browsers (notably iOS)
+	bsSel.replaceChildren(...bsOpts.filter(o => isM || o.dataset.type !== "2D").map(o => o.cloneNode(true))); // allow all in matrix mode, filter 2D blends otherwise
 	if (!isM) {
-		gId("filter2D").classList.add('hide');
-		gId('bs').querySelectorAll('option[data-type="2D"]').forEach((o,i)=>{o.style.display='none';});
+		gId("filter2D").classList.add('hide'); // hide 2D effects in non-matrix mode
 	} else {
 		gId("filter2D").classList.remove('hide');
-		gId('bs').querySelectorAll('option[data-type="2D"]').forEach((o,i)=>{o.style.display='';});
 	}
 	gId("updBt").style.display = (i.opt & 1) ? '':'none';
 //	if (i.noaudio) {
@@ -718,6 +721,7 @@ ${urows===""?'':'<tr><td colspan=2><hr style="height:1px;border-width:0;color:gr
 ${i.opt&0x100?inforow("Debug","<button class=\"btn btn-xs\" onclick=\"requestJson({'debug':"+(i.opt&0x0080?"false":"true")+"});\"><i class=\"icons "+(i.opt&0x0080?"on":"off")+"\">&#xe08f;</i></button>"):''}
 ${inforow("Build",i.vid)}
 ${inforow("Signal strength",i.wifi.signal +"% ("+ i.wifi.rssi, " dBm)")}
+${i.wifi.band?inforow("WiFi band",i.wifi.band + " (Ch " + i.wifi.channel + ")"):""}
 ${inforow("Uptime",getRuntimeStr(i.uptime))}
 ${inforow("Time",i.time)}
 ${inforow("Free heap",(i.freeheap/1024).toFixed(1)," kB")}
@@ -986,21 +990,39 @@ function populatePalettes()
 		);
 	}
 	gId('pallist').innerHTML=html;
-	// append custom palettes (when loading for the 1st time)
+	// append usermod palettes (fixed ID space: 255 down to 201)
 	let li = lastinfo;
-	if (!isEmpty(li) && li.cpalcount) {
-		for (let j = 0; j<li.cpalcount; j++) {
+	if (!isEmpty(li) && li.umpalcount && li.umpalnames) {
+		for (let j = 0; j < li.umpalcount; j++) {
 			let div = d.createElement("div");
 			gId('pallist').appendChild(div);
 			div.outerHTML = generateListItemHtml(
 				'palette',
 				255-j,
-				'~ Custom '+j+' ~',
+				li.umpalnames[j],
 				'setPalette',
 				`<div class="lstIprev" style="${genPalPrevCss(255-j)}"></div>`
 			);
 		}
 	}
+	// append user custom palettes (fixed ID space: 200 down to FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT+1)
+	if (!isEmpty(li) && li.cpalcount) {
+		for (let j = 0; j < li.cpalcount; j++) {
+			const id = 200 - j;
+			const pd = palettesData[id];
+			if (pd && pd.length === 16 && pd.every(e => e[1] === 128 && e[2] === 128 && e[3] === 128)) continue; // skip gray gap-placeholder entries
+			let div = d.createElement("div");
+			gId('pallist').appendChild(div);
+			div.outerHTML = generateListItemHtml(
+				'palette',
+				id,
+				'~ Custom '+j+' ~',
+				'setPalette',
+				`<div class="lstIprev" style="${genPalPrevCss(id)}"></div>`
+			);
+		}
+	}
+	updateSelectedPalette(selectedPal); // update selection after adding usermod and custom palettes
 }
 
 function redrawPalPrev()
@@ -1457,7 +1479,9 @@ function readState(s,command=false)
 
 	tr = s.transition;
 	gId('tt').value = tr/10;
-	gId('bs').value = s.bs || 0;
+	const bsSel = gId('bs');
+	bsSel.value = s.bs || 0; // assign blending style
+	if (!bsSel.value) bsSel.value = 0; // fall back to Fade if option does not exist
 	if (tr===0) gId('bsp').classList.add('hide')
 	else gId('bsp').classList.remove('hide')
 
@@ -2812,7 +2836,7 @@ function loadPalettesData() {
 		if (lsPalData) {
 			try {
 				var d = JSON.parse(lsPalData);
-				if (d && d.vid == lastinfo.vid) {
+				if (d && d.vid == lastinfo.vid && d.pcount == lastinfo.palcount) {
 					palettesData = d.p;
 					redrawPalPrev();
 					return resolve();
@@ -2824,7 +2848,8 @@ function loadPalettesData() {
 		getPalettesData(0, () => {
 			localStorage.setItem("wledPalx", JSON.stringify({
 				p: palettesData,
-				vid: lastinfo.vid
+				vid: lastinfo.vid,
+				pcount: lastinfo.palcount // total palette count, refresh cache if it changes
 			}));
 			redrawPalPrev();
 			setTimeout(resolve, 99); // delay optional
@@ -3413,13 +3438,23 @@ function showVersionUpgradePrompt(info, oldVersion, newVersion) {
 
 function reportUpgradeEvent(info, oldVersion, alwaysReport) {
 	showToast('Reporting upgrade...');
+	const IR_TYPES = {
+		0: null,           // not configured — omit field entirely
+		1: "24-key",       // white 24-key remote
+		2: "24-key-ct",    // white 24-key with CW, WW, CT+, CT- keys
+		3: "40-key",       // blue 40-key remote
+		4: "44-key",       // white 44-key remote
+		5: "21-key",       // white 21-key remote
+		6: "6-key",        // black 6-key learning remote
+		7: "9-key",        // 9-key remote
+		8: "json-remote",  // ir.json configurable remote
+	};
 
-	// Fetch fresh data from /json/info endpoint as requested
-	fetch(getURL('/json/info'), {
-		method: 'get'
-	})
-		.then(res => res.json())
-		.then(infoData => {
+	// Reuse the info argument and fetch only /json/cfg (serialize requests to avoid 503s on low-heap devices)
+	const infoData = info;
+	fetch(getURL('/json/cfg'), {method: 'get'})
+		.then(res => res.ok ? res.json() : Promise.reject(new Error('Failed to fetch /json/cfg')))
+		.then(cfgData => {
 			// Map to UpgradeEventRequest structure per OpenAPI spec
 			// Required fields: deviceId, version, previousVersion, releaseName, chip, ledCount, isMatrix, bootloaderSHA256
 			const upgradeData = {
@@ -3434,13 +3469,58 @@ function reportUpgradeEvent(info, oldVersion, alwaysReport) {
 				brand: infoData.brand,                           // Device brand (always present)
 				product: infoData.product,                       // Product name (always present)
 				flashSize: infoData.flash,                       // Flash size (always present)
-				repo: infoData.repo                              // GitHub repository (always present)
-			};
+				repo: infoData.repo,                             // GitHub repository (always present)
+				fsUsed: infoData.fs?.u,                          // Filesystem used space in kB
+				fsTotal: infoData.fs?.t,                         // Filesystem total space in kB
+
+				// LED hardware
+				busCount:      cfgData.hw?.led?.ins?.length ?? 1,
+				busTypes:      (cfgData.hw?.led?.ins ?? []).map(b => busTypeToString(b.type)),
+				matrixWidth:   infoData.leds?.matrix?.w,
+				matrixHeight:  infoData.leds?.matrix?.h,
+				ledFeatures: [
+					...(infoData.leds?.lc & 0x02               ? ["rgbw"] : []),
+					...(infoData.leds?.lc & 0x04               ? ["cct"] : []),
+					...((infoData.leds?.maxpwr ?? 0) > 0       ? ["abl"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.hw?.led?.cr                    ? ["cct-from-rgb"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.hw?.led?.cct                   ? ["white-balance"] : []),
+					...((cfgData.light?.gc?.col ?? 1.0) > 1.0 || (cfgData.light?.gc?.bri ?? 1.0) > 1.0 ? ["gamma"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.light?.aseg                    ? ["auto-segments"] : []),
+					...((cfgData.light?.nl?.mode ?? 0) > 0     ? ["nightlight"] : []),
+				],
+
+				// peripherals (note: i2c/spi may reflect board defaults, not user-configured hardware)
+				peripherals: [
+					...((cfgData.hw?.relay?.pin ?? -1) >= 0                          ? ["relay"] : []),
+					...((cfgData.hw?.btn?.ins ?? []).filter(b => b.type !== 0).length > 0 ? ["buttons"] : []),
+					...((cfgData.eth?.type ?? 0) > 0                                 ? ["ethernet"] : []),
+					...((cfgData.if?.live?.dmx?.inputRxPin ?? 0) > 0                 ? ["dmx-input"] : []),
+					...((cfgData.hw?.ir?.type ?? 0) > 0                              ? ["ir-remote"] : []),
+				],
+				buttonCount: (cfgData.hw?.btn?.ins ?? []).filter(b => b.type !== 0).length,
+
+				// integrations
+				integrations: [
+					...(cfgData.if?.hue?.en                    ? ["hue"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.if?.mqtt?.en                   ? ["mqtt"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.if?.va?.alexa                  ? ["alexa"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.if?.sync?.send?.en             ? ["wled-sync"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.nw?.espnow                     ? ["esp-now"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.if?.sync?.espnow               ? ["esp-now-sync"] : []),
+				],
+
+				// usermods
+				usermods:    Object.keys(cfgData.um ?? {}),
+				usermodIds:  infoData.um ?? [],
+			  };
+
+			// IR remote — only include if configured
+			const irType = IR_TYPES[cfgData.hw?.ir?.type ?? 0];
+			if (irType) upgradeData.irRemoteType = irType;
 
 			// Add optional fields if available
 			if (infoData.psrSz !== undefined) upgradeData.psramSize = infoData.psrSz;  // Total PSRAM size in MB; can be 0
 
-			// Note: partitionSizes not currently available in /json/info endpoint
 
 			// Make AJAX call to postUpgradeEvent API
 			return fetch('https://usage.wled.me/api/usage/upgrade', {
@@ -3471,6 +3551,17 @@ function reportUpgradeEvent(info, oldVersion, alwaysReport) {
 		});
 }
 
+function busTypeToString(t) {
+	if (t === 0)                       return "none";
+	if (t === 40)                      return "on-off";
+	if (t >= 16 && t <= 39)            return "digital";      // WS2812, SK6812, etc.
+	if (t >= 41 && t <= 47)            return "pwm";          // analog RGB/CCT/single
+	if (t >= 48 && t <= 63)            return "digital-spi";  // APA102, WS2801, etc.
+	if (t >= 64 && t <= 71)            return "hub75";        // HUB75 matrix panels
+	if (t >= 80 && t <= 95)            return "network";      // DDP, E1.31, ArtNet
+	return "unknown";
+}
+
 function updateVersionInfo(version, neverAsk, alwaysReport) {
 	const versionInfo = {
 		version: version,

wled00/data/pixelforge/pixelforge.htm

@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ let fL; // file list
 const classics=['console_font_4x6.wbf','console_font_5x12.wbf','console_font_5x8.wbf','console_font_6x8.wbf','console_font_7x9.wbf']; // classic WLED fonts list
 let pT = []; // local tools list from JSON
 let wv = [0, 0]; // wled version [major, minor], updated in fsMem(), used to check tool compatibility
-const remoteURL = 'https://dedehai.github.io/pftools.json'; // Change to your actual repo
+const remoteURL = 'https://wled.github.io/wled-web-tools/pftools.json'; // tools list
 const toolsjson = 'pftools.json';
 // note: the pftools.json must use major.minor for tool versions (e.g. 0.95 or 1.1), otherwise the update check won't work
 //       also the code assumes that the tool url points to a gz file
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ function segLoad(){
 	}).catch(console.error);
 }
 
-/* which seg is showing image fx 53 */
+/* which seg is showing image fx (ID 53) */
 function curImgSeg(){
 	const sel=getId('seg');
 	for(let i=0;i<sel.options.length;i++){
@@ -1195,7 +1195,7 @@ async function imgPlay(url,name){
 			on:true,
 			seg: cur!==null && cur!==tgt
 				? [{id:cur,fx:0,n:""},{id:tgt,fx:53,frz:false,sx:128,n:name}]
-				: {id:tgt,fx:53,frz:false,sx:128,n:name}
+				: {id:tgt,fx:53,frz:false,sx:128,ix:0,n:name}
 		};
 		const r=await fetch(getURL('/json/state'),{method:'POST',body:JSON.stringify(j)});
 		const out=await r.json();

wled00/data/settings.htm

@@ -9,20 +9,21 @@
 		(function loadFiles() {
 			const l = document.createElement('script');
 			l.src = 'common.js';
-			// load style.css then initialize
-			l.onload = () => loadResources(['style.css'], () => {
+			// note: loading style.css here causes ugly white button flashes so @import url("style.css") below inlines it for this page (only costs ~30bytes of flash)
+			l.onload = () => {
 				getLoc();
 				loadJS(getURL('/settings/s.js?p=0'), false);
-			});
+			};
 			l.onerror = () => setTimeout(loadFiles, 100);
 			document.head.appendChild(l);
 		})();
 	</script>
 	<style>
-	  @import url("style.css");
+		@import url("style.css");
 		body {
 			height: 100px;
-			margin: 0;
+			margin: 0 auto;
+			max-width: 520px;
 		}
 		html {
 			--h: 9vh;
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@
 		button {
 			display: block;
 			border-radius: var(--h);
-			font-size: 6vmin;
+			font-size: clamp(1rem, 6vw, 2rem);
 			height: var(--h);
 			width: calc(100% - 40px);
 			margin: 2vh auto 0;

wled00/data/settings_leds.htm

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 	<style> html { visibility: hidden; } </style> <!-- prevent white & ugly display while loading, unhidden in loadResources() -->
 	<script>
 		var maxD=1,maxI2S=0,maxRMT=0,maxA=1,chipID=0,maxM=4000,maxPB=2048,maxL=1664,maxCO=5,maxBT=4; //maximum bytes for LED allocation: 4kB for 8266, 32kB for 32
+		var hasPSRAM=false; // set from /json/info on page load
 		var customStarts=false,startsDirty=[];
 		function off(n)    { gN(n).value = -1;}
 		// these functions correspond to C macros found in const.h
@@ -38,6 +39,10 @@
 		function S() {
 			getLoc();
 			if(localStorage.getItem('ASc')==='true') d.Sf.AS.checked=true;
+			fetch(getURL('/json/info'))
+				.then(r => r.ok ? r.json() : {})
+				.then(info => { hasPSRAM = Number(info.psrSz ?? 0) > 0 || Number(info.psram ?? 0) > 0; })
+				.catch(() => {});
 			loadJS(getURL('/settings/s.js?p=2'), false, ()=>{
 				d.ledTypes = [/*{i:22,c:1,t:"D",n:"WS2812"},{i:42,c:6,t:"AA",n:"PWM CCT"}*/]; // filled from GetV()
 				d.um_p = [];
@@ -49,7 +54,7 @@
 				setABL();
 				d.Sf.addEventListener("submit", trySubmit);
 				if (d.um_p[0]==-1) d.um_p.shift();
-				pinDropdowns();
+				fetchPinInfo(pinDropdowns);
 			});	// If we set async false, file is loaded and executed, then next statement is processed
 			if (loc) d.Sf.action = getURL('/settings/leds');
 		}
@@ -70,9 +75,10 @@
 		function isS2()   { return chipID == 2; }
 		function isS3()   { return chipID == 3; }
 		function is32()   { return chipID == 4; }
+
 		function pinsOK() {
 			var ok = true;
-			var nList = d.Sf.querySelectorAll("#mLC input[name^=L]");
+			var nList = Array.from(d.Sf.querySelectorAll("#mLC input[name^=L], #mLC select.pin[name^=L]")); // include both input types (numeric & dropdown)
 			nList.forEach((LC,i)=>{
 				if (!ok) return; // prevent iteration after conflict
 				let nm = LC.name.substring(0,2);  // field name : /L./
@@ -84,19 +90,28 @@
 				}
 				// ignore IP address
 			  if (isNet(t)) return;
+				// LED pin(s) must be assigned for non-virtual types
+				let pIdx = parseInt(LC.name.charAt(1)); // determine pin index (0 for L0, 1 for L1, etc.)
+				if (pIdx < numPins(t) && !isVir(t) && (LC.value === "" || LC.value === "-1")) {
+						LC.focus();
+						ok = false;
+						return;
+				}
 				//check for pin conflicts
 				if (LC.value!="" && LC.value!="-1") {
 					let p = d.rsvd.concat(d.um_p); // used pin array
-					d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e)=>{if(e.value>-1)p.push(parseInt(e.value));}) // buttons, IR & relay
+					//d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e)=>{if(e.value>-1)p.push(parseInt(e.value));}) // buttons, IR & relay
+					// only non-LED selects (buttons, IR, relay) — LED pins check against each other below
+					d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e)=>{if(!/^L[0-4]/.test(e.name) && e.value>-1)p.push(parseInt(e.value));})
 					if (p.some((e)=>e==parseInt(LC.value))) {
 						alert(`Sorry, pins ${JSON.stringify(p)} can't be used.`);
-						LC.value="";
+						if (LC.tagName==="SELECT") LC.value="-1"; else LC.value="";
 						LC.focus();
 						ok = false;
 						return;
 					} else if (d.ro_gpio.some((e)=>e==parseInt(LC.value))) {
 						alert(`Sorry, pins ${JSON.stringify(d.ro_gpio)} are input only.`);
-						LC.value="";
+						if (LC.tagName==="SELECT") LC.value="-1"; else LC.value="";
 						LC.focus();
 						ok = false;
 						return;
@@ -107,10 +122,9 @@
 							let m  = nList[j].name.substring(2,3); // bus number (0-Z)
 							let t2 = parseInt(gN("LT"+m).value, 10);
 							if (isVir(t2)) continue;
-							if (nList[j].value!="" && nList[i].value==nList[j].value) {
+							if (nList[j].value!="" && nList[j].value!="-1" && LC.value==nList[j].value) {
 								alert(`Pin conflict between ${LC.name}/${nList[j].name}!`);
-								nList[j].value="";
-								nList[j].focus();
+								if (nList[j].tagName==="SELECT") nList[j].value="-1"; else { nList[j].value=""; nList[j].focus(); }
 								ok = false;
 								return;
 								}
@@ -138,7 +152,7 @@
 				if (isHub75(t)) {
 					let p = parseInt(d.Sf["L2"+n].value)||1, r = parseInt(d.Sf["L3"+n].value)||1, c = parseInt(d.Sf["L4"+n].value)||1, h = parseInt(d.Sf["L1"+n].value)||1;
 					if (r*c !== p) {alert(`HUB75 error: panels≠rows×cols`); e.stopPropagation(); return false;}
-					if (h >= 64 && p > 1) {alert(`HUB75 error: height >= 64, only single panel allowed`); e.stopPropagation(); return false;}
+					if (h >= 64 && p > 1 && !hasPSRAM) {alert(`HUB75 error: height >= 64, only single panel allowed`); e.stopPropagation(); return false;}
 					if(isS3()) {
 					  alert("HUB75 changes require a reboot"); // TODO: only throw this if panel config changed?
 					}
@@ -303,14 +317,28 @@
 				gId("p0d"+n).innerText = p0d;
 				gId("p1d"+n).innerText = p1d;
 				gId("off"+n).innerText = off;
-				// secondary pins show/hide (type string length is equivalent to number of pins used; except for network and on/off)
-				let pins = Math.max(gT(t).t.length,1) + 3*isNet(t) + 4*isHub75(t); // fixes network pins to 4
+				// convert pin fields so show/hide applies to the correct element type
+				for (let p=0; p<5; p++) {
+					let nm2 = "L"+p+n;
+					let el = d.Sf[nm2];
+					if (!el) continue;
+					if (isVir(t) || isHub75(t)) {
+						if (el.tagName === "SELECT") unmakePinSelect(nm2); // see common.js
+					} else {
+						if (el.tagName === "INPUT" && el.type === "number") {
+							makePinSelect(nm2, 1); // see common.js
+							d.pinUpdPending = true;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				// show/hide secondary pins on whatever element type now exists
+				let pins = Math.max(gT(t).t.length,1) + 3*isNet(t) + 4*isHub75(t);
 				for (let p=1; p<5; p++) {
 					var LK = d.Sf["L"+p+n];
 					if (!LK) continue;
 					LK.style.display = (p < pins) ? "inline" : "none";
 					LK.required = (p < pins);
-					if (p >= pins) LK.value="";
+					if (p >= pins) LK.value = (LK.tagName === "SELECT") ? "-1" : "";
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -415,25 +443,6 @@
 					LC.style.color="#fff";
 					return; // do not check conflicts
 				}
-				// check for pin conflicts & color fields
-				if (nm.search(/^L[0-4]/) == 0) // pin fields
-					if (LC.value!="" && LC.value!="-1") {
-						let p = d.rsvd.concat(d.um_p); // used pin array
-						d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e)=>{if(e.value>-1)p.push(parseInt(e.value));}) // buttons, IR & relay
-						for (j=0; j<nList.length; j++) {
-							if (i==j) continue;
-							let n2 = nList[j].name.substring(0,2); // field name : /L./
-							if (n2.search(/^L[0-4]/) == 0) { // pin fields
-								let m  = nList[j].name.substring(2,3); // bus number (0-Z)
-								let t2 = parseInt(gN("LT"+m).value, 10);
-								if (isVir(t2)) continue;
-								if (nList[j].value!="" && nList[j].value!="-1") p.push(parseInt(nList[j].value,10));  // add current pin
-							}
-						}
-						// now check for conflicts
-						if (p.some((e)=>e==parseInt(LC.value))) LC.style.color = "red";
-						else LC.style.color = d.ro_gpio.some((e)=>e==parseInt(LC.value)) ? "orange" : "#fff";
-					} else LC.style.color = "#fff";
 			});
 
 			// Use helper function to calculate channel usage
@@ -510,6 +519,11 @@
 			gId('fpsNone').style.display = (d.Sf.FR.value == 0) ? 'block':'none';
 			gId('fpsWarn').style.display = (d.Sf.FR.value == 0) || (d.Sf.FR.value >= 80) ? 'block':'none';
 			gId('fpsHigh').style.display = (d.Sf.FR.value >= 80) ? 'block':'none';
+
+			if (d.pinUpdPending) {
+				d.pinUpdPending = false;
+				d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e) => { pinUpd(e); });
+			}
 		}
 
 		function lastEnd(i) {
@@ -671,11 +685,18 @@ Swap: <select id="xw${s}" name="XW${s}">
 			gId("com_rem").style.display = (i>0) ? "inline":"none";
 		}
 
+		// get pin dropdown flags for button type: touch=2, ADC=4, any=0
+		function btnPinFlags(t) { return (t==6||t==9) ? 2 : (t==7||t==8) ? 4 : 0; }
+		function btnPinDd(s) {
+			let t = parseInt(d.Sf["BE"+s].value);
+			makePinSelect("BT"+s, btnPinFlags(t));
+			d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach(e => pinUpd(e));
+		}
 		function addBtn(i,p,t) {
 			var b = gId("btns");
 			var s = chrID(i);
 			var c = `<div id="btn${i}">#${i} GPIO: <input type="number" name="BT${s}" onchange="UI()" min="-1" max="${d.max_gpio}" class="xs" value="${p}">`;
-			c += `&nbsp;<select name="BE${s}">`
+			c += `&nbsp;<select name="BE${s}" onchange="btnPinDd('${s}')">`
 			c += `<option value="0" ${t==0?"selected":""}>Disabled</option>`;
 			c += `<option value="2" ${t==2?"selected":""}>Pushbutton</option>`;
 			c += `<option value="3" ${t==3?"selected":""}>Push inverted</option>`;
@@ -805,101 +826,70 @@ Swap: <select id="xw${s}" name="XW${s}">
 			}
 		}
 		function pinDropdowns() {
-			let fields = ["IR","RL"]; // IR & relay
-			gId("btns").querySelectorAll('input[type="number"]').forEach((e)=>{fields.push(e.name);}) // buttons
-			for (let i of d.Sf.elements) {
-				if (i.type === "number" && fields.includes(i.name)) { //select all pin select elements
-					let v = parseInt(i.value);
-					let sel = addDropdown(i.name,0);
-					for (var j = -1; j < d.max_gpio; j++) {
-						if (d.rsvd.includes(j)) continue;
-						let foundPin = d.um_p.indexOf(j);
-						let txt = (j === -1) ? "unused" : `${j}`;
-						if (foundPin >= 0 && j !== v) txt += ` used`; // already reserved pin
-						if (d.ro_gpio.includes(j)) txt += " (R/O)";
-						let opt = addOption(sel, txt, j);
-						if (j === v) opt.selected = true; // this is "our" pin
-						else if (d.um_p.includes(j) && j > -1) opt.disabled = true; // someone else's pin
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			// update select options
-			d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e)=>{pinUpd(e);});
-			// add dataset values for LED GPIO pins
-			d.Sf.querySelectorAll(".iST input.s[name^=L]").forEach((i)=>{
-				if (i.value!=="" && i.value>=0)
+			// Rebuild LED GPIO selects now that d.pinsData is available.
+			d.Sf.querySelectorAll(".iST input.s[name^=L], .iST select.pin[name^=L]").forEach((e) => {
+				let n = e.name.substring(2, 3);
+				let t = parseInt(d.Sf["LT"+n].value, 10);
+				if (!isVir(t) && !isHub75(t)) makePinSelect(e.name, 1);
+			});
+			// IR (any pin including input-only)
+			let irSel = makePinSelect("IR", 0);
+			if (irSel) irSel.onchange = function() { UI(); pinUpd(this); };
+			// Relay (output required)
+			let rlSel = makePinSelect("RL", 1);
+			if (rlSel) rlSel.onchange = function() { UI(); pinUpd(this); };
+			// Buttons (flags depend on button type: touch=2, ADC=4)
+			gId("btns").querySelectorAll('input[type="number"], select.pin[name^=BT]').forEach((e) => {
+				let s = e.name.substring(2);
+				let t = parseInt(d.Sf["BE"+s]?.value) || 0;
+				let bSel = makePinSelect(e.name, btnPinFlags(t));
+				if (bSel) bSel.onchange = function() { UI(); pinUpd(this); };
+			});
+			// cross-update all pin selects
+			d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e) => { pinUpd(e); });
+			// add dataset values for remaining LED GPIO inputs (virtual/HUB75)
+			d.Sf.querySelectorAll(".iST input.s[name^=L]").forEach((i) => {
+				if (i.value !== "" && parseInt(i.value, 10) >= 0)
 					i.dataset.val = i.value;
 			});
 		}
 		function pinUpd(e) {
-			// update changed select options across all usermods
+			// update changed select options across all pin selects
 			let oldV = parseInt(e.dataset.val);
 			e.dataset.val = e.value;
-			let txt = e.name;
+			let label = /^L[0-4].$/.test(e.name) ? 'LED' : e.name;
 			let pins = [];
-			d.Sf.querySelectorAll(".iST input.s[name^=L]").forEach((i)=>{
-				if (i.value!=="" && i.value>=0 && i.max<255)
-					pins.push(i.value);
+			// collect LED bus pin values from remaining inputs (virtual/HUB75)
+			d.Sf.querySelectorAll(".iST input.s[name^=L]").forEach((i) => {
+				let busN = i.name.substring(2, 3);
+				let t = parseInt(d.Sf["LT"+busN].value, 10);
+				let p = parseInt(i.name.charAt(1), 10);
+				if (isVir(t) || isHub75(t) || p >= numPins(t)) return;
+				if (i.value !== "" && parseInt(i.value, 10) >= 0) pins.push(i.value);
+			});
+			// collect LED bus pin values from selects
+			d.Sf.querySelectorAll(".iST select.pin[name^=L]").forEach((s) => {
+				if (s !== e && parseInt(s.value) >= 0)
+					pins.push(s.value);
 			});
 			let selects = d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin");
 			for (let sel of selects) {
-				if (sel == e) continue
-				Array.from(sel.options).forEach((i)=>{
+				if (sel == e) continue;
+				Array.from(sel.options).forEach((i) => {
+					if (i.value == sel.dataset.val) return; // skip sel's own selected pin
 					let led = pins.includes(i.value);
-					if (!(i.value==oldV || i.value==e.value || led)) return;
-					if (i.value == -1) {
-						i.text = "unused";
-						return
-					}
+					if (!(i.value == oldV || i.value == e.value || led)) return;
+					if (i.value == -1) { i.text = "unused"; return; }
 					i.text = i.value;
-					if (i.value==oldV) {
-						i.disabled = false;
-					}
-					if (i.value==e.value || led) {
+					if (i.value == oldV) { i.disabled = false; }
+					if (i.value == e.value || led) {
 						i.disabled = true;
-						i.text += ` ${led?'LED':txt}`;
+						i.text += ` ${led ? 'LED' : label}`;
 					}
-					if (d.ro_gpio.includes(parseInt(i.value))) i.text += " (R/O)";
+					//if (d.ro_gpio.includes(parseInt(i.value))) i.text += " (R/O)"; // read only pin note: removed as pin is not shown for outputs
 				});
 			}
 		}
-		// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39729741/javascript-change-input-text-to-select-option
-		function addDropdown(field) {
-			let sel = cE('select');
-			sel.classList.add("pin");
-			let inp = d.getElementsByName(field)[0];
-			if (inp && inp.tagName === "INPUT" && (inp.type === "text" || inp.type === "number")) {  // may also use nodeName
-				let v = inp.value;
-				let n = inp.name;
-				// copy the existing input element's attributes to the new select element
-				for (var i = 0; i < inp.attributes.length; ++ i) {
-					var att = inp.attributes[i];
-					// type and value don't apply, so skip them
-					// ** you might also want to skip style, or others -- modify as needed **
-					if (att.name != 'type' && att.name != 'value' && att.name != 'class' && att.name != 'style') {
-						sel.setAttribute(att.name, att.value);
-					}
-				}
-				sel.setAttribute("data-val", v);
-				sel.setAttribute("onchange", "pinUpd(this)");
-				// finally, replace the old input element with the new select element
-				inp.parentElement.replaceChild(sel, inp);
-				return sel;
-			}
-			return null;
-		}
-		function addOption(sel,txt,val) {
-			if (sel===null) return; // select object missing
-			let opt = cE("option");
-			opt.value = val;
-			opt.text = txt;
-			sel.appendChild(opt);
-			for (let i=0; i<sel.childNodes.length; i++) {
-				let c = sel.childNodes[i];
-				if (c.value == sel.dataset.val) sel.selectedIndex = i;
-			}
-			return opt;
-		}
 		// calculate channel usage across all buses
 		function getDuse() {
 			let rmtUsed = 0, i2sUsed = 0;

wled00/data/settings_pininfo.htm

@@ -16,44 +16,11 @@
 		var pinsTimer=null, gpioInfo={};
 		function S() {
 			getLoc();
-			loadJS(getURL('/settings/s.js?p=11'), false, ()=>{
-				d.um_p = [];
-				d.rsvd = [];
-				d.ro_gpio = [];
-				d.max_gpio = 50;
-				d.touch = [];
-			}, ()=>{
-				// Load extended GPIO info and start pin polling
-				loadPins();
-				pinsTimer = setInterval(loadPins, 250);
-			});
+			fetchPinInfo(()=>{ loadPins(); pinsTimer=setInterval(loadPins,250); });
 		}
 
 		function B(){window.open(getURL('/settings'),'_self');} // back button
 
-		function getOwnerName(o,t,n) {
-			// Use firmware-provided name if available
-			if(n) return n;
-			if(!o) return "System"; // no owner provided
-			if(o===0x85){ return getBtnTypeName(t); } // button pin
-			return "UM #"+o;
-		}
-		function getBtnTypeName(t) {
-			var n=["None","Reserved","Push","Push Inv","Switch","PIR","Touch","Analog","Analog Inv","Touch Switch"];
-			var label = n[t] || "?";
-			return 'Button <span style="font-size:10px;color:#888">'+label+'</span>';
-		}
-		function getCaps(p,c) {
-			var r=[];
-			// Use touch info from settings endpoint
-			if(d.touch && d.touch.includes(p)) r.push("Touch");
-			if(d.ro_gpio && d.ro_gpio.includes(p)) r.push("Input Only");
-			// Use other caps from JSON (Analog, Boot, Input Only)
-			if(c&0x02) r.push("Analog");
-			if(c&0x08) r.push("Flash Boot");
-			if(c&0x10) r.push("Bootstrap");
-			return r.length?r.join(", "):"-";
-		}
 		function loadPins() {
 			fetch(getURL('/json/pins'),{method:'get'})
 			.then(r=>r.json())

wled00/data/settings_sec.htm

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 	</div>
 	<div class="sec" id="OTA">
 		<h3>Software Update</h3>
-		<button type="button" onclick="U()">Manual OTA Update</button><br>
+		<button type="button" onclick="U()">Update WLED</button><br>
 		<div id="aOTA">Enable ArduinoOTA: <input type="checkbox" name="AO"></div>
 		Only allow update from same network/WiFi: <input type="checkbox" name="SU"><br>
 		<i class="warn">&#9888; If you are using multiple VLANs (i.e. IoT or guest network) either set PIN or disable this option.<br>

wled00/data/settings_sync.htm

@@ -42,12 +42,30 @@
 	function SetVal(){switch(parseInt(d.Sf.EP.value)){case 5568: d.Sf.DI.value = 5568; break; case 6454: d.Sf.DI.value = 6454; break; case 4048: d.Sf.DI.value = 4048; break; }; SP();FC();}
 	function S(){
 		getLoc();
-		loadJS(getURL('/settings/s.js?p=4'), false, undefined, ()=>{SetVal();});	// If we set async false, file is loaded and executed, then next statement is processed
+		loadJS(getURL('/settings/s.js?p=4'), false, undefined, ()=>{SetVal(); fetchPinInfo(pinDropdowns);});	// If we set async false, file is loaded and executed, then next statement is processed
 		if (loc) d.Sf.action = getURL('/settings/sync');
 	}
 	function getURL(path) {
 		return (loc ? locproto + "//" + locip : "") + path;
 	}
+	const dmxNs = ["IDMR","IDMT","IDME"];
+	let dmxOwnPins; // track dmx pins to update dropdown restrictions on pin change
+	function pinDropdowns() {
+		dmxNs.forEach((n,i) => { const s = makePinSelect(n, i?1:0); if (s) s.onchange = dmxPinUpd; }); // note on the i?1:0 -> RX pin is allowed input only but TX/EN pins must be GPIO
+		dmxOwnPins = dmxNs.map(n => parseInt(gN(n)?.value??-1));
+		dmxPinUpd();
+	}
+	function dmxPinUpd() {
+		const vs = dmxNs.map(n => parseInt(gN(n)?.value??-1));
+		dmxNs.forEach((n,i) => {
+			for (const o of gN(n)?.options??[]) {
+				const p = parseInt(o.value); if (p<0) continue;
+				// unlock old selected pin, lock newly selected one
+				o.disabled = (p!==vs[i] && !dmxOwnPins.includes(p) && !!d.pinsData?.find(pi=>pi.p===p)?.a) || vs.some((v,j)=>j!==i&&v===p);
+				if (!o.disabled) o.text = String(p); // clear owner name i.e. (DMX input)
+			}
+		});
+	}
 	function hideDMXInput(){gId("dmxInput").style.display="none";}
 	function hideNoDMXInput(){gId("dmxInputOff").style.display="none";}
 	function hideNoDMXOutput(){gId("dmxOnOffOutput").style.display="none";}
@@ -126,8 +144,8 @@ Send notifications on direct change: <input type="checkbox" name="SD"><br>
 Send notifications on button press or IR: <input type="checkbox" name="SB"><br>
 Send Alexa notifications: <input type="checkbox" name="SA"><br>
 Send Philips Hue change notifications: <input type="checkbox" name="SH"><br>
-UDP packet retransmissions: <input name="UR" type="number" min="0" max="30" class="d5" required><br><br>
-<i>Reboot required to apply changes. </i>
+UDP packet retransmissions: <input name="UR" type="number" min="0" max="30" class="d5" required><br>
+<i class="warn">Reboot required to apply changes. </i>
 </div>
 <div class="sec">
 <h3>Instance List</h3>
@@ -139,7 +157,7 @@ Make this instance discoverable: <input type="checkbox" name="NB">
 Receive UDP realtime: <input type="checkbox" name="RD"><br>
 Use main segment only: <input type="checkbox" name="MO"><br>
 Respect LED Maps: <input type="checkbox" name="RLM"><br><br>
-<i>Network DMX input</i><br>
+<h4>Network DMX input</h4><br>
 Type:
 <select name=DI onchange="SP(); adj();">
 <option value=5568>E1.31 (sACN)</option>
@@ -174,12 +192,14 @@ Force max brightness: <input type="checkbox" name="FB"><br>
 Disable realtime gamma correction: <input type="checkbox" name="RG"><br>
 Realtime LED offset: <input name="WO" type="number" min="-255" max="255" required>
 <div id="dmxInput">
-	<h4>Wired DMX Input Pins</h4>
-	DMX RX: <input name="IDMR" type="number" min="-1" max="99">RO<br/>
-	DMX TX: <input name="IDMT" type="number" min="-1" max="99">DI<br/>
-	DMX Enable: <input name="IDME" type="number" min="-1" max="99">RE+DE<br/>
+	<br>
+	<h4>Wired DMX Input</h4>
+	DMX RX Pin: <input name="IDMR" type="number" min="-1" max="99">RO<br/>
+	DMX TX Pin: <input name="IDMT" type="number" min="-1" max="99">DI<br/>
+	DMX Enable Pin: <input name="IDME" type="number" min="-1" max="99">RE+DE<br/>
 	DMX Port: <input name="IDMP" type="number" min="1" max="2"><br/>
-</div> 
+	<i class="warn">Reboot required to apply changes.</i>
+</div>
 <div id="dmxInputOff">
 	<br><i class="warn">This firmware build does not include DMX Input support. <br></i>
 </div> 
@@ -223,7 +243,7 @@ Device Topic: <input type="text" name="MD" maxlength="32"><br>
 Group Topic: <input type="text" name="MG" maxlength="32"><br>
 Publish on button press: <input type="checkbox" name="BM"><br>
 Retain brightness & color messages: <input type="checkbox" name="RT"><br>
-<i>Reboot required to apply changes. </i><a href="https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/mqtt/" target="_blank">MQTT info</a>
+<i class="warn">Reboot required to apply changes. </i><a href="https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/mqtt/" target="_blank">MQTT info</a>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sec">

wled00/data/settings_time.htm

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
 		}
 	}
 	function pMP() { // populateMacroPresets
-		var presetOpts = '<option value="0">Default Action</option>' + sortedPresetOptions;
+		var presetOpts = '<option value="0">Default Action (0)</option>' + sortedPresetOptions;
 		var fields = ['A0','A1','MC','MN'];
 		for (var f of fields) {
 			var inp = gN(f);
@@ -219,13 +219,38 @@
 			rPS(sel, presetOpts, "data-preset");
 		}
 	}
+	function bAO() { // buildAnalogOptions: analog functions + per-segment opacity (segment 0 included; MD=0 => segment 0)
+		var o = '<optgroup label="Analog Functions"><option value="250">Global brightness (250)</option><option value="249">Effect speed (249)</option><option value="248">Effect intensity (248)</option><option value="247">Palette (247)</option><option value="200">Primary color hue (200)</option></optgroup><optgroup label="Analog Segment Opacity">';
+		for (var j=0; j<=32; j++) o += `<option value="${j}">Segment ${j} opacity</option>`;
+		o += '</optgroup>';
+		return o;
+	}
+	function isAnalogBtn(t) { return t==7 || t==8; } // BTN_TYPE_ANALOG / BTN_TYPE_ANALOG_INVERTED
+	function isSwitchBtn(t) { return t==4 || t==5 || t==9; } // BTN_TYPE_SWITCH / BTN_TYPE_PIR_SENSOR / BTN_TYPE_TOUCH_SWITCH
+	function btnTypeName(t) { // mirrors the button type dropdown on the LED settings page
+		switch (+t) {
+			case 2: return 'Pushbutton';
+			case 3: return 'Push inverted';
+			case 4: return 'Switch';
+			case 5: return 'PIR sensor';
+			case 6: return 'Touch';
+			case 7: return 'Analog';
+			case 8: return 'Analog inverted';
+			case 9: return 'Touch (switch)';
+			default: return 'Disabled';
+		}
+	}
 	function rBPO() { // refreshButtonPresetOptions
-		var presetOpts = '<option value="0">Default Action</option>' + sortedPresetOptions;
+		var presetOpts = '<option value="0">Default Action (0)</option>' + sortedPresetOptions;
+		var analogOpts = bAO();
 		var container = gId("macros");
 		if (!container) return;
+		// analog buttons only have an MD select (MP/ML are hidden 0 inputs); MD uses analog options, never presets
 		var sels = container.querySelectorAll('select[name^="MP"],select[name^="ML"],select[name^="MD"]');
 		for (var sel of sels) {
-			rPS(sel, presetOpts, "data-preset");
+			var bb = sel.closest ? sel.closest(".bb") : null;
+			var t = bb ? parseInt(bb.getAttribute("data-btype")||"0",10) : 0;
+			rPS(sel, isAnalogBtn(t) ? analogOpts : presetOpts, "data-preset");
 		}
 	}
 	function Wd()
@@ -246,33 +271,73 @@
 		if (d.Sf.LTR.value==="S") { d.Sf.LT.value = -1*parseFloat(d.Sf.LT.value); }
 		if (d.Sf.LNR.value==="W") { d.Sf.LN.value = -1*parseFloat(d.Sf.LN.value); }
 	}
-	function addRow(i,p,l,d) {
+	function addRow(i,p,l,d,t) {
+		if (t===undefined) t = 0;
 		var b = String.fromCharCode((i<10?48:55)+i);
-		var presetOpts = '<option value="0">Default Action</option>' + sortedPresetOptions;
+		var presetOpts = '<option value="0">Default Action (0)</option>' + sortedPresetOptions;
+		var typeName = btnTypeName(t);
 		var buttonBlock = document.createElement('div');
 		buttonBlock.className = 'bb';
-		buttonBlock.innerHTML = `
-			<div class="bh">Button ${i}</div>
-			<div class="bs">
-				<div class="ba">
-					<label>Push/Switch</label>
-					<select name="MP${b}" class="s" required>${presetOpts}</select>
+		buttonBlock.setAttribute('data-btype', t); // read back by rBPO() to rebuild selects correctly
+		if (isAnalogBtn(t)) {
+			// analog buttons: MD holds the function/segment; short/long press are unused (firmware defaults missing MP/ML to 0)
+			buttonBlock.innerHTML = `
+				<div class="bh">Analog ${i} - ${typeName}</div>
+				<div class="bs">
+					<div class="ba">
+						<label>Analog function</label>
+						<select name="MD${b}" class="s" required>${bAO()}</select>
+					</div>
 				</div>
-				<div class="ba">
-					<label>Short (on→off)</label>
-					<select name="ML${b}" class="s" required>${presetOpts}</select>
+				<hr style="width:100%;margin:8px 0 0 0;">
+			`;
+			sPSV(buttonBlock.querySelector('select[name="MD'+b+'"]'), String(d), "data-preset");
+		} else if (isSwitchBtn(t)) {
+			// switches: MP fires on On->Off, ML on Off->On; double press (MD) is unused (firmware defaults missing MD to 0)
+			buttonBlock.innerHTML = `
+				<div class="bh">Switch ${i} - ${typeName}</div>
+				<div class="bs">
+					<div class="ba">
+						<label>On → Off</label>
+						<select name="MP${b}" class="s" required>${presetOpts}</select>
+					</div>
+					<div class="ba">
+						<label>Off → On</label>
+						<select name="ML${b}" class="s" required>${presetOpts}</select>
+					</div>
 				</div>
-				<div class="ba">
-					<label>Long (off→on)</label>
-					<select name="MD${b}" class="s" required>${presetOpts}</select>
+				<hr style="width:100%;margin:8px 0 0 0;">
+			`;
+			var switchSels = buttonBlock.querySelectorAll("select");
+			var switchVals = [String(p), String(l)];
+			for (var si=0; si<switchSels.length; si++) {
+				sPSV(switchSels[si], switchVals[si], "data-preset");
+			}
+		} else {
+			// pushbuttons: short (MP), long (ML) and double (MD) press
+			buttonBlock.innerHTML = `
+				<div class="bh">Button ${i} - ${typeName}</div>
+				<div class="bs">
+					<div class="ba">
+						<label>Short press</label>
+						<select name="MP${b}" class="s" required>${presetOpts}</select>
+					</div>
+					<div class="ba">
+						<label>Long press</label>
+						<select name="ML${b}" class="s" required>${presetOpts}</select>
+					</div>
+					<div class="ba">
+						<label>Double press</label>
+						<select name="MD${b}" class="s" required>${presetOpts}</select>
+					</div>
 				</div>
-			</div>
-			<hr style="width:100%;margin:8px 0 0 0;">
-		`;
-		var buttonSels = buttonBlock.querySelectorAll("select");
-		var buttonVals = [String(p), String(l), String(d)];
-		for (var si=0; si<buttonSels.length; si++) {
-			sPSV(buttonSels[si], buttonVals[si], "data-preset");
+				<hr style="width:100%;margin:8px 0 0 0;">
+			`;
+			var buttonSels = buttonBlock.querySelectorAll("select");
+			var buttonVals = [String(p), String(l), String(d)];
+			for (var si=0; si<buttonSels.length; si++) {
+				sPSV(buttonSels[si], buttonVals[si], "data-preset");
+			}
 		}
 		gId("macros").appendChild(buttonBlock);
 	}

wled00/data/settings_um.htm

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 	<style> html { visibility: hidden; } </style> <!-- prevent white & ugly display while loading, unhidden in loadResources() -->
 	<script>
 	var umCfg = {};
-	var pins = [], pinO = [], owner;
 	var urows;
 	var numM = 0;
 	// load common.js with retry on error
@@ -32,7 +31,6 @@
 		})
 		.then(json => {
 			umCfg = json.um;
-			getPins(json);
 			urows="";
 			if (isO(umCfg)) {
 				for (const [k,o] of Object.entries(umCfg)) {
@@ -49,12 +47,11 @@
 				d.rsvd = [];
 				d.ro_gpio = [];
 				d.extra = [];
+				d.a_pins = []; // analog pins array
 			}, ()=>{
-				for (let r of d.rsvd) { pins.push(r); pinO.push("rsvd"); } // reserved pins
 				if (d.um_p[0]==-1) d.um_p.shift();	// remove filler
 				d.Sf.SDA.max = d.Sf.SCL.max = d.Sf.MOSI.max = d.Sf.SCLK.max = d.Sf.MISO.max = d.max_gpio;
-				//for (let i of d.getElementsByTagName("input")) if (i.type === "number" && i.name.replace("[]","").substr(-3) === "pin") i.max = d.max_gpio;
-				pinDD(); // convert INPUT to SELECT for pins
+				fetchPinInfo(pinDD); // load pin occupancy, then convert INPUT to SELECT for pins
 			});	// If we set async false, file is loaded and executed, then next statement is processed
 		})
 		.catch((error)=>{
@@ -90,28 +87,7 @@
 		}
 		*/
 	}
-	function getPins(o) {
-		if (isO(o)) {
-			for (const [k,v] of Object.entries(o)) {
-				if (isO(v)) {
-					let oldO = owner; // keep parent name
-					owner = k;
-					getPins(v);
-					owner = oldO;
-					continue;
-				}
-				if (k.replace("[]","").substr(-3)=="pin") {
-					if (Array.isArray(v)) {
-						for (var i=0; i<v.length; i++) if (v[i]>=0) { pins.push(v[i]); pinO.push(owner); }
-					} else {
-						if (v>=0) { pins.push(v); pinO.push(owner); }
-					}
-				} else if (Array.isArray(v)) {
-					for (var i=0; i<v.length; i++) getPins(v[i]);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
+
 	function initCap(s) {
   		if (typeof s !== 'string') return '';
 		// https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/how-to-capitalize-words-in-javascript/
@@ -161,15 +137,17 @@
 			if (i.type === "number" && (i.name.includes("pin") || ["SDA","SCL","MOSI","MISO","SCLK"].includes(i.name))) { //select all pin select elements
 				let v = parseInt(i.value);
 				let sel = addDD(i.name,0);
+				if (!sel) continue;
 				for (var j = -1; j < d.max_gpio; j++) {
-					if (d.rsvd.includes(j)) continue;
-					let foundPin = pins.indexOf(j);
+					if (j > -1 && d.rsvd && d.rsvd.includes(j)) continue;
+					let pInfo = d.pinsData && d.pinsData.find(p => p.p === j);
+					let used = j > -1 && pInfo && pInfo.a && j !== v; // add owner info if used and not "our" pin
 					let txt = (j === -1) ? "unused" : `${j}`;
-					if (foundPin >= 0 && j !== v) txt += ` ${pinO[foundPin]=="if"?"global":pinO[foundPin]}`; // already reserved pin
-					if (d.ro_gpio.includes(j)) txt += " (R/O)";
+					if (used) txt += ` (${getOwnerName(pInfo.o, pInfo.t, pInfo.n)})`;
+					if (j > -1 && d.ro_gpio && d.ro_gpio.includes(j)) txt += " (input only)"; // read-only pin
 					let opt = addO(sel, txt, j);
 					if (j === v) opt.selected = true; // this is "our" pin
-					else if (pins.includes(j)) opt.disabled = true; // someone else's pin
+					else if (used) opt.disabled = true; // someone else's pin
 				}
 				let um = i.name.split(":")[0];
 				d.extra.forEach((o)=>{
@@ -204,7 +182,7 @@
 						i.disabled = true;
 						i.text += ` ${txt}`;
 					}
-					if (d.ro_gpio.includes(parseInt(i.value))) i.text += " (R/O)";
+					if (d.ro_gpio.includes(parseInt(i.value))) i.text += " (input only)"; // read-only pin
 				}
 			});
 		}
@@ -217,7 +195,11 @@
 			um += ":"+fld;
 		} else if (typeof(fld) === "number") sel.classList.add("pin"); // a hack to add a class
 		let arr = d.getElementsByName(um);
-		let idx = arr[0].type==="hidden"?1:0; // ignore hidden field
+		if (!arr || arr.length === 0) {
+			console.log("addDD: No elements found for name:", um);
+			return null; // no elements found
+		}
+		let idx = (arr[0] && arr[0].type==="hidden")?1:0; // ignore hidden field
 		if (arr.length > 1+idx) {
 			// we have array of values (usually pins)
 			for (let i of arr) {
@@ -279,6 +261,98 @@
 		e.preventDefault();
 		if (d.Sf.checkValidity()) d.Sf.submit(); //https://stackoverflow.com/q/37323914
 	}
+
+	// TODO: rename this function, needs to be in sync with the now out of tree mod
+	function aOpt(name,el) {
+		let obj = d.getElementsByName(name);
+		if (!obj || obj.length === 0) return; // No elements found
+
+		var select = obj;
+		if (obj[el]) select = obj[el];
+
+		// Check if it's actually a select element with options
+		if (!select.options || !select.options.length) return;
+
+		for (let i=0; i<select.options.length; i++) {
+			let c = select.options[i];
+			let found = false;
+			for (let jj=0; jj<d.a_pins.length; jj++) if (d.a_pins[jj] == c.value) found = true; //value -1 or analog pins
+			if (c.value != -1 && !found) {
+				select.removeChild(c);
+				i--; //decrease i by one because the index has been adjusted
+			}
+			//https://www.javascripttutorial.net/javascript-dom/javascript-add-remove-options/
+			//https://www.javascripttutorial.net/javascript-dom/javascript-remove-items-from-a-select-conditionally/
+		}
+	}
+	function rOpt(name,el,txt,val) {
+		let obj = d.getElementsByName(name);
+		if (!obj || obj.length === 0) return; // No elements found
+		var select = obj;
+		if (obj[el]) select = obj[el];
+
+		// Check if element has childNodes
+		if (!select.childNodes || !select.childNodes.length) return;
+
+		for (let i=0; i<select.childNodes.length; i++) {
+			let c = select.childNodes[i];
+			if (c.value == val) c.text = txt;
+		}
+	}
+	function xOpt(name,el,txt,val) {
+		let obj = d.getElementsByName(name);
+		if (!obj || obj.length === 0) return; // No elements found
+		var select = obj;
+		if (obj[el]) select = obj[el];
+
+		// Check if element has childNodes
+		if (!select.childNodes || !select.childNodes.length) return;
+
+		for (let i=0; i<select.childNodes.length; i++) {
+			let c = select.childNodes[i];
+			if (c.value == val) c.text += txt;
+		}
+	}
+	function dOpt(name,el,valFrom,valTo) {
+		let obj = d.getElementsByName(name);
+		if (!obj || obj.length === 0) return; // No elements found
+		var select = obj;
+		if (obj[el]) select = obj[el];
+
+		// Check if it's actually a select element with options
+		if (!select.options || !select.options.length) return;
+
+		for (let i=0; i<select.options.length; i++) {
+			let c = select.options[i];
+			if (c.value >= valFrom && c.value <= valTo) {
+				select.removeChild(c);
+				i--; //decrease i by one because the index has been adjusted
+			}
+			//https://www.javascripttutorial.net/javascript-dom/javascript-add-remove-options/
+			//https://www.javascripttutorial.net/javascript-dom/javascript-remove-items-from-a-select-conditionally/
+		}
+	}
+	function dRO(name,el) {
+		// Initialize d.ro_gpio if not already set
+		if (!d.ro_gpio) d.ro_gpio = [];
+
+		let obj = d.getElementsByName(name);
+		if (!obj || obj.length === 0) return; // No elements found
+
+		var select = obj;
+		if (obj[el]) select = obj[el];
+
+		// Check if it's actually a select element with options
+		if (!select.options || !select.options.length) return;
+
+		// console.log("dRO", name, el, obj, "s", select, d.ro_gpio);
+		for (let i=0; i<select.options.length; i++) {
+			let c = select.options[i];
+			// console.log("dRO option", c, c.value, d.ro_gpio.includes(c.value));
+			for (let j=0; j<d.ro_gpio.length; j++) if (d.ro_gpio[j] == c.value) c.disabled=true; //if (d.ro_gpio.includes(c.value))
+		}
+	}
+
 	</script>
 </head>
 

wled00/data/settings_wifi.htm

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 							const option = cE("option");
 
 							option.setAttribute("value", networks[i].ssid);
-							option.textContent = `${networks[i].ssid} (${networks[i].rssi} dBm)`; // [${networks[i].bssid.replaceAll(':','')}]
+							option.textContent = `${networks[i].ssid} (${networks[i].rssi} dBm, Ch ${networks[i].channel})`; // [${networks[i].bssid.replaceAll(':','')}]
 
 							if (networks[i].ssid === input.value) {
 								option.setAttribute("selected", "selected");
@@ -236,8 +236,10 @@ Static subnet mask:<br>
 			<option value="11">ESP32-POE-WROVER</option>
 			<option value="7">KIT-VE</option>
 			<option value="12">LILYGO T-POE Pro</option>
-			<option value="8">QuinLED-Dig-Octa & T-ETH-POE</option>
-			<option value="4">QuinLED-ESP32</option>
+			<option value="4">QuinLED Uno/Quad</option>
+			<option value="8">QuinLED Octa & T-ETH-POE</option>
+			<option value="14">QuinLED v4 Uno/Quad</option>
+			<option value="15">QuinLED v4 Octa</option>
 			<option value="10">Serg74-ETH32</option>
 			<option value="5">TwilightLord-ESP32</option>
 			<option value="3">WESP32</option>
@@ -276,7 +278,15 @@ Static subnet mask:<br>
 		Disable WiFi sleep: <input type="checkbox" name="WS"><br>
 		<i>Disabling WiFi sleep increases power consumption<br>
 		but can help with connectivity issues and sync.</i><br><br>
-		<div id="tx">Max. TX power: <select name="TX">
+		<div id="bm">WiFi band: <select name="BM">
+			<option value="1">2.4 GHz only</option>
+			<option value="2">5 GHz only</option>
+			<option value="3">Auto (both)</option>
+		</select><br></div>
+		<div id="tx">Max. TX power: <select name="TX">  <!-- V5 framework allows  84 = 21dBm ... -4 = Minus_1dBm -->
+			<option value="84">21 dBm</option>
+			<option value="82">20.5 dBm</option>
+			<option value="80">20 dBm</option>
 			<option value="78">19.5 dBm</option>
 			<option value="76">19 dBm</option>
 			<option value="74">18.5 dBm</option>