docs: refresh README to reflect current feature set and project state (#5626)

* docs: refresh README to reflect current feature set and project state

* docs: fix HUB75 support note — available on all ESP32 variants, not just S3

* docs: mention network audio sources in AudioReactive feature description

* docs: remove ESP8266 references — EOL platform, not recommended for new installs

* docs: make PayPal donation link clearly attributed to Aircoookie

* docs: add cross-references to kno.wled.ge docs throughout feature list

.coderabbit.yaml

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 #   docs/cpp.instructions.md          — C++ coding conventions
 #   docs/web.instructions.md          — Web UI coding conventions
 #   docs/cicd.instructions.md         — GitHub Actions / CI-CD conventions
+#   docs/hardening.instructions.md    — basic rules for code hardening and robustness
+#   docs/securecode.instructions.md   — more detailed checklists for common vulnerabilities
 #
 # NOTE: This file must be committed (tracked by git) for CodeRabbit to read
 # it from the repository.  If it is listed in .gitignore, CodeRabbit will
@@ -14,11 +16,36 @@
 language: en-US
 
 reviews:
+  # generic review setting, see https://docs.coderabbit.ai/reference/configuration#reference
+  auto_apply_labels: false
+  # abort_on_close: false
+  high_level_summary: true
+  review_status: true
+  collapse_walkthrough: false
+  poem: false
+  # sequence_diagrams: false
+  auto_review:
+    enabled: true
+    base_branches:
+      - main
+      - 16_x
+      - 0_15_x
+      - V5
+    ignore_title_keywords:
+      - WIP
+  tools:
+    fbinfer:
+      enabled: false   # Arduino.h not available on Linux analysis host
+    cppcheck:
+      enabled: true    # cppcheck works fine without Arduino headers
+    clang:
+      enabled: true    # clang tidy likewise works
+
   path_instructions:
     - path: "**/*.{cpp,h,hpp,ino}"
       instructions: >
         Follow the C++ coding conventions documented in docs/cpp.instructions.md
-        and the general project guidelines in .github/copilot-instructions.md.
+        and the general project guidelines in AGENTS.md and .github/copilot-instructions.md.
 
         Key rules: 2-space indentation (no tabs), camelCase functions/variables,
         PascalCase classes, UPPER_CASE macros. No C++ exceptions — use return codes and debug macros.
@@ -27,6 +54,37 @@ reviews:
         unsigned range checks) apply from pixel set/get operations and strip.show() downward —
         NOT to effect functions in FX.cpp, which have diverse contributor styles.
 
+        When reviewing PRs labeled "AI" or when source code appears to be AI-generated, perform these additional checks:
+        1. VERIFY all referenced preprocessor macros, constants and flags exist by searching the codebase - do not trust the AI's claims about what exists.
+        2. CHECK for reinvention: search for existing functions/patterns that already solve the same problem.
+        3. CHECK for singleton data (defined but never used) and for dead/disabled code, and suggest to remove them.
+        4. VERIFY comments match code behavior - AI frequently generates plausible but incorrect comments.
+        5. VERIFY numerical stability / accuracy of arithmetic expressions. AI is often wrong when it comes to math and numbers.
+        6. CHECK for implied but weakly justified assumptions - like usermod loop() call frequency - and ask for clarification.
+        7. FLAG changes that appear unrelated: deleted comments, unnecessary re-formatting or re-factoring, and modifications in files that seem unrelated to the PR description.
+
+    # ── Security hardening — firmware (trust-boundary-aware) ────────────────
+    - path: "wled00/**/*.{cpp,h,hpp,ino}"
+      instructions: >
+        Apply the WLED security hardening rules from docs/hardening.instructions.md,
+        and consult docs/securecode.instructions.md when more details are needed for actionable recommendations.
+
+        Trust Boundary Model — enforce input-validation and bounds-checking rules
+        ONLY at the first untrusted ingress point. Untrusted ingress points are:
+          - HTTP/JSON API request bodies and query parameters (/json/*, /win, etc.)
+          - WebSocket message payloads
+          - UDP datagrams (parsePacket() / recvfrom() and protocol wrappers for
+            E1.31, DDP, Art-Net, TPM2.net)
+          - TCP socket reads
+          - Serial/UART command input
+          - ESP-NOW raw messages input
+
+        A value that has been validated and range-clamped at its ingress handler is
+        considered TRUSTED for all subsequent WLED core processing. Do NOT flag or suggest
+        repeated bounds/range checks or internal uses of already-sanitized data.
+        When it is unclear whether a value has been sanitized upstream, prefer
+        requesting clarification over raising a false-positive finding.
+
     - path: "wled00/data/**"
       instructions: >
         Follow the web UI conventions documented in docs/web.instructions.md.
@@ -35,6 +93,21 @@ reviews:
         Files here are built into wled00/html_*.h and wled00/js_*.h by tools/cdata.js — never
         edit those generated headers directly.
 
+    # ── Security hardening — WebUI (always an ingress/output surface) ────────
+    - path: "wled00/data/**"
+      instructions: >
+        Apply the WLED web UI security rules from docs/securecode.instructions.md
+        (sections WEB1-WEB7).
+
+        The Trust Boundary Model does NOT reduce scope here: the WebUI is both
+        an ingress point (user input, postMessage, fetched config data) and an
+        output/rendering surface. Always flag DOM XSS risks, unsafe
+        innerHTML / document.write / insertAdjacentHTML / outerHTML assignments,
+        postMessage handlers without origin validation, eval() / new Function(),
+        unsafe location.href or location.replace() assignments, and DOM insertion
+        from fetched or config-derived data — regardless of where the data
+        originates.
+
     - path: "wled00/html_*.h"
       instructions: >
         These files are auto-generated from wled00/data/ by tools/cdata.js.
@@ -54,6 +127,33 @@ reviews:
         as a .cpp file with a dedicated library.json file to manage dependencies. 
         Follow the same C++ conventions as the core firmware (docs/cpp.instructions.md).
 
+    # ── Security hardening — usermods (trust-boundary-aware, narrow scope) ───
+    - path: "usermods/**/*.{cpp,h,hpp}"
+      instructions: >
+        For usermods, the untrusted ingress points are:
+          - readFromConfig(JsonObject& root) and calls to getJsonValue()
+          - readFromJsonState(JsonObject& obj)  — JSON is parsed, but values are client-supplied
+          - onMqttMessage(char* topic, char* payload)  — raw network strings, no core sanitization
+          - onEspNowMessage(uint8_t* sender, uint8_t* payload, uint8_t len)  — raw radio bytes
+          - onUdpPacket(uint8_t* payload, size_t len)  — raw UDP buffer, no core filtering
+        Values retrieved at these ingress points are considered trusted only after the
+        usermod itself has validated and range-clamped them.
+
+        Flag ONLY downstream uses of ingress-derived values where an out-of-range or
+        unexpected value can cause misbehaviour that is not already guarded, for example:
+          - `switch` statements on an ingress-derived value with no `default` branch,
+            or with a missing `break` where fall-through is unintentional
+          - array or buffer indexing with an ingress-derived value where the index is
+            not clamped before use
+          - arithmetic with an ingress-derived value that can overflow or produce a
+            negative result used as a size or count
+
+        Do NOT flag:
+          - getJsonValue() call sites themselves (type coercion is handled by ArduinoJson)
+          - Internal logic that operates on values already confirmed safe at ingress
+          - Repeated range checks on values that have already been clamped
+          - General memory-safety patterns unrelated to ingress-derived data flow
+
     - path: ".github/workflows/*.{yml,yaml}"
       instructions: >
         Follow the CI/CD conventions documented in docs/cicd.instructions.md.
@@ -80,3 +180,80 @@ reviews:
            AI-facing rules due to edits introduced in this PR.
         3. If new AI-facing rules were added without updating a related HUMAN_ONLY
            reference section, note this as a suggestion (not a required fix).
+
+    # ── Secrets / sensitive information scanning ────────────────────────────
+    - path: "platformio*.ini*"
+      instructions: >
+        Scan for secrets, passwords, and other sensitive information accidentally
+        committed to PlatformIO configuration files (platformio.ini,
+        platformio_override.ini, platformio_override.ini.sample).
+
+        Flag any of the following:
+          - build_flags entries that define credentials as literal values, e.g.:
+              -DWIFI_SSID=\"<YOUR_SSID>\" -DWIFI_PASS=\"<YOUR_PASSWORD>\"
+              -DOTA_PASS=\"<OTA_PASSWORD>\" -DMQTT_PASS=\"<MQTT_PASSWORD>\"
+            Flag only when the value is not a recognisable placeholder (see below).
+          - upload_flags or upload_port values that embed a password or auth token (e.g., --auth=<PASSWORD> or any URL using credential-bearing userinfo).
+          - Any key = <value> pair whose key name contains "pass", "password",
+            "secret", "token", "key", "credential", or "auth" where the value is
+            a non-empty, non-placeholder literal string.
+          - Hardcoded IP addresses or hostnames paired with credentials in the
+            same environment section.
+          - API keys or access tokens as literal strings in any field.
+
+        Do NOT flag:
+          - Values that are clearly template placeholders (e.g., YOUR_SSID,
+            <YOUR_PASSWORD>, changeme, example_token, your_password_here).
+          - Values that use PlatformIO environment variable substitution (${sysenv.WIFI_PASS} or ${env:WIFI_PASS}).
+          - Comments that only explain what a field should contain.
+          - platformio_override.ini.sample entries that contain only
+            placeholder/example values.
+
+    - path: "usermods/**/library.json"
+      instructions: >
+        Scan for secrets and sensitive information in usermod dependency manifests.
+
+        Flag any of the following:
+          - Dependency URLs that embed credentials in the URL itself (e.g., any URL containing credential-bearing userinfo).
+          - Personal access tokens, OAuth tokens, or API keys as literal strings
+            anywhere in the file.
+          - Values matching well-known secret patterns: GitHub PATs (ghp_...,
+            github_pat_...), AWS access keys (AKIA...), or similarly structured
+            high-entropy tokens.
+
+        Do NOT flag:
+          - Plain HTTPS or SSH URLs without embedded credentials.
+          - Version specifiers, semver ranges, or commit SHA references that
+            contain no credential prefix.
+          - Repository owner/name path segments (not credential material).
+
+    - path: "usermods/**/{readme,README,Readme}.md"
+      instructions: >
+        Scan for secrets, passwords, and sensitive information in usermod
+        documentation files, including inside code blocks, inline code, and prose.
+
+        Flag any of the following:
+          - Hardcoded Wi-Fi SSID or password values that appear to be real (non-placeholder) 
+            strings in configuration or installation examples.
+          - Hardcoded OTA, AP, or MQTT passwords in code snippets or step-by-step
+            instructions.
+          - API keys, bearer tokens, or access tokens shown as literal values.
+          - Example platformio_override.ini snippets that contain real-looking
+            credential values instead of placeholders.
+          - Hardcoded IP addresses combined with credentials in the same example.
+
+        Do NOT flag:
+          - Values that are clearly template placeholders (e.g., YOUR_SSID,
+            <password>, my_secret, changeme, ****).
+          - Generic prose describing what a field means without supplying a value.
+          - Asterisk-masked values (e.g., ******, ••••••).
+
+  finishing_touches:
+    # Docstrings | Options for generating Docstrings for your PRs/MRs.
+    docstrings:
+      # Docstrings | Allow CodeRabbit to generate docstrings for PRs/MRs.
+      # default: true - disabled in WLED: has caused confusion in the past
+      enabled: false
+    unit_tests:
+      # default: true - disabled in WLED: we don't have a unit test framework, this option just confuses contributors
+      enabled: false

.devcontainer/devcontainer-lock.json

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "features": {
+    "ghcr.io/ar90n/devcontainer-features/platformio:1": {
+      "version": "1.0.2",
+      "resolved": "ghcr.io/ar90n/devcontainer-features/platformio@sha256:4a28f8c147d81ff996afebe6f43e453355b6373dd4022960351090b532ac9dd3",
+      "integrity": "sha256:4a28f8c147d81ff996afebe6f43e453355b6373dd4022960351090b532ac9dd3"
+    },
+    "ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/node:2": {
+      "version": "2.0.0",
+      "resolved": "ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/node@sha256:fedd4c11f7adfb64283b578dddc7da906728daa25fa293351c9d913231acf12f",
+      "integrity": "sha256:fedd4c11f7adfb64283b578dddc7da906728daa25fa293351c9d913231acf12f"
+    }
+  }
+}

.devcontainer/devcontainer.json

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 {
-	"name": "Python 3",
-	"build": {
-		"dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-		"context": "..",
-		"args": { 
-			// Update 'VARIANT' to pick a Python version: 3, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9
-			"VARIANT": "3"
+	"name": "WLED-dev",
+	"image": "mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/python:3",
+	"features": {
+    	"ghcr.io/ar90n/devcontainer-features/platformio:1": {},
+		"ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/node:2": {
+			"version": "v20.18.3"
 		}
 	},
 
@@ -43,7 +42,8 @@
 			},
 			"extensions": [
 				"ms-python.python",
-				"platformio.platformio-ide"
+				"platformio.platformio-ide",
+				"ms-vscode.cpptools-extension-pack"
 			]
 		}
 	},
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 	// "forwardPorts": [],
 
 	// Use 'postCreateCommand' to run commands after the container is created.
-	"postCreateCommand": "bash -i -c 'nvm install && npm ci'",
+	"postCreateCommand": "",
 
 	// Comment out connect as root instead. More info: https://aka.ms/vscode-remote/containers/non-root.
 	"remoteUser": "vscode"

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml

@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ body:
   - type: markdown
     attributes:
       value: |
-        Please quickly search existing issues first before submitting a bug.
+        Please quickly search existing issues first before submitting a bug.  
+        Please don't submit long error analyses created by an AI agent, these are often totally wrong.  
+        Just describe the problem in your own words.
   - type: textarea
     id: what-happened
     attributes:
@@ -59,12 +61,13 @@ body:
       options:
         - ESP8266
         - ESP32
-        - ESP32-S3
+        - ESP32 with ethernet
         - ESP32-S2
+        - ESP32-S3
         - ESP32-C3
-        - Other
-        - ESP32-C6 (experimental)
         - ESP32-C5 (experimental)
+        - ESP32-C6 (experimental)
+        - ESP32-P4 (experimental)
     validations:
       required: true
   - type: textarea

.github/agent-build.instructions.md

@@ -112,7 +112,9 @@ Match this workflow in local development to catch failures before pushing.
 ## Important Reminders
 
 - Always **commit source code**
+-  Every pull request MUST include a clear description of *what* changed and *why*.
 - **Never edit or commit** `wled00/html_*.h` and  `wled00/js_*.h` — auto-generated from `wled00/data/`
+- After modifying source code files, check that any **previous comments have been preserved** or updated to reflect the new behaviour.
 - Web UI rebuild is part of the PlatformIO firmware compilation pipeline
 - Common environments:  `nodemcuv2`, `esp32dev`, `esp8266_2m`, `esp32c3dev`, `esp32s3dev_8MB_opi`
 - List all PlatformIO targets: `pio run --list-targets`

.github/copilot-instructions.md

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ For detailed build timeouts, development workflows, troubleshooting, and validat
 main                # Main development trunk (daily/nightly) 17.0.0-dev
   ├── V5            # special branch: code rework for esp-idf 5.5.x (unstable)
       ├── V5-C6     # special branch: integration of new MCU types: esp32-c5, esp32-c6, esp32-p4 (unstable)
-16_x                # current beta, preparations for next release 16.0.0
+16_x                # maintenance for release 16.x.y
 0_15_x              # maintenance (bugfixes only) for current release 0.15.4
 (tag) v0.14.4       # previous version 0.14.4 (no maintenance)
 (tag) v0.13.3       # old version 0.13.3 (no maintenance)
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ main                # Main development trunk (daily/nightly) 17.0.0-dev
 
 - ``main``: development trunk (daily/nightly)
 - ``V5`` and ``V5-C6``: code rework for esp-idf 5.5.x (unstable) - branched from ``main``.
+- ``16_x``: maintenance for release 16.x.y
 - ``0_15_x``: bugfixing / maintenance for release 0.15.x
 
 ### Repository Structure
@@ -108,28 +109,20 @@ docs/                  # Contributor docs, coding guidelines
 - **Never edit or commit** `wled00/html_*.h` and `wled00/js_*.h` — auto-generated from `wled00/data/`.
 - If updating Web UI files in `wled00/data/`, **make use of common functions in `wled00/data/common.js` whenever possible**.
 - **When unsure, say so.** Gather more information rather than guessing.
-- **Acknowledge good patterns** when you see them. Summarize good practices as part of your review - positive feedback always helps.
+- **Acknowledge good patterns** when you see them. Positive feedback always helps.
 - **Provide references** when making analyses or recommendations. Base them on the correct branch or PR.
 - **Highlight user-visible breaking changes and ripple effects**. Ask for confirmation that these were introduced intentionally.
 - **Unused / dead code must be justified or removed**. This helps to keep the codebase clean, maintainable and readable.
+- **Verify feature-flag names.** Every `WLED_ENABLE_*` / `WLED_DISABLE_*` flag must exactly match one of the names below — misspellings are silently ignored by the preprocessor (e.g. `WLED_IR_DISABLE` instead of `WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED`), causing silent build variations. Flag unrecognised names as likely typos and suggest the correct spelling.
+  <br>**`WLED_DISABLE_*`**: `2D`, `ADALIGHT`, `ALEXA`, `BROWNOUT_DET`, `ESPNOW`, `FILESYSTEM`, `HUESYNC`, `IMPROV_WIFISCAN`, `INFRARED`, `LOXONE`, `MQTT`, `OTA`, `PARTICLESYSTEM1D`, `PARTICLESYSTEM2D`, `PIXELFORGE`, `WEBSOCKETS`
+  <br>**`WLED_ENABLE_*`**: `ADALIGHT`, `AOTA`, `DMX`, `DMX_INPUT`, `DMX_OUTPUT`, `FS_EDITOR`, `GIF`, `HUB75MATRIX`, `JSONLIVE`, `LOXONE`, `MQTT`, `PIXART`, `PXMAGIC`, `USERMOD_PAGE`, `WEBSOCKETS`, `WPA_ENTERPRISE`
 - **C++ formatting available**: `clang-format` is installed but not in CI
 - No automated linting is configured — match existing code style in files you edit. 
 
 Refer to `docs/cpp.instructions.md` and `docs/web.instructions.md` for language-specific conventions, and `docs/cicd.instructions.md` for GitHub Actions workflows.
 
-### Attribution for AI-generated code
-Using AI-generated code can hide the source of the inspiration / knowledge / sources it used. 
-- Document attribution of inspiration / knowledge / sources used in the code, e.g. link to GitHub repositories or other websites describing the principles / algorithms used.
-- When a larger block of code is generated by an AI tool, mark it with an `// AI: below section was generated by an AI` comment (see C++ guidelines).
-- Every non-trivial AI-generated function should have a brief comment describing what it does. Explain parameters when their names alone are not self-explanatory.
-- AI-generated code must be well documented with meaningful comments that explain intent, assumptions, and non-obvious logic. Do not rephrase source code; explain concepts and reasoning.
-
 ### Pull Request Expectations
 
 - **No force-push on open PRs.** Once a pull request is open and being reviewed, do not force-push (`git push --force`) to the branch. Force-pushing rewrites history that reviewers may have already commented on, making it impossible to track incremental changes. Use regular commits or `git merge` to incorporate feedback; the branch will be squash-merged when it is accepted.
+- **Modifications to ``platformio.ini`` MUST be approved explicitly** by a *maintainer* or *WLED organisation Member*. Modifications to the global build environment may break github action builds. Always flag them.
 - **Document your changes in the PR.** Every pull request should include a clear description of *what* changed and *why*. If the change affects user-visible behavior, describe the expected impact. Link to related issues where applicable. Provide screenshots to showcase new features.
-
-### Supporting Reviews and Discussions
-- **For "is it worth doing?" debates** about proposed reliability, safety, or data-integrity mechanisms (CRC checks, backups, power-loss protection): suggest a software **FMEA** (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis). 
-  Clarify the main feared events, enumerate failure modes, assess each mitigation's effectiveness per failure mode, note common-cause failures, and rate credibility for the typical WLED use case.
-

.github/platformio_release.ini.template

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+; platformio_release.ini.template
+; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+; Copied to platformio_release.ini by the release CI workflow
+; (.github/workflows/release.yml -> build.yml with `release: true`)
+; in order to extend the matrix of `default_envs` built and published
+; for tagged releases and remove the debugging usersmods env
+;
+; This file overrides `[platformio].default_envs` from platformio.ini via
+; `extra_configs`. It MUST list every env that should be released - including
+; the regular CI default_envs - because it fully replaces the parent value.
+;
+; Do NOT commit a generated platformio_release.ini (it's in .gitignore).
+; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[platformio]
+default_envs = nodemcuv2
+               esp8266_2m
+               esp8266_2m_min
+               esp01_1m_full
+               nodemcuv2_160
+               esp8266_2m_160
+               esp01_1m_full_160
+               nodemcuv2_compat
+               esp8266_2m_compat
+               esp01_1m_full_compat
+               esp32dev
+               esp32dev_debug
+               esp32_eth
+               esp32_wrover
+               lolin_s2_mini
+               esp32c3dev
+               esp32c3dev_qio
+               esp32S3_wroom2
+               esp32s3dev_16MB_opi
+               esp32s3dev_8MB_opi
+               esp32s3dev_8MB_qspi
+               esp32s3dev_8MB_none
+               esp32s3_4M_qspi
+               ; HUB75 release-only envs
+               esp32dev_hub75
+               esp32dev_hub75_forum_pinout
+               adafruit_matrixportal_esp32s3
+               esp32s3dev_16MB_opi_hub75 ;; MoonHub
+               esp32s3dev_4MB_qspi_hub75 ;; HD-WF2

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,15 @@ name: WLED Build
 # Only included into other workflows
 on:
   workflow_call:
-  
+    inputs:
+      release:
+        description: 'Build the release env matrix (uses .github/platformio_release.ini.template)'
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+
+env:
+  FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: true
+
 jobs:
 
   get_default_envs:
@@ -11,6 +19,9 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Apply release config
+      if: inputs.release
+      run: cp .github/platformio_release.ini.template platformio_release.ini
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
         python-version: '3.12'
@@ -35,6 +46,9 @@ jobs:
         environment: ${{ fromJSON(needs.get_default_envs.outputs.environments) }}
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Apply release config
+      if: inputs.release
+      run: cp .github/platformio_release.ini.template platformio_release.ini
     - name: Set up Node.js
       uses: actions/setup-node@v4
       with:
@@ -51,8 +65,8 @@ jobs:
               ~/.platformio/.cache
               ~/.buildcache
               build_output
-        key: pio-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.environment }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini', 'pio-scripts/output_bins.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('wled00/**', 'usermods/**') }}
-        restore-keys: pio-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.environment }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini', 'pio-scripts/output_bins.py') }}-
+        key: pio-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.environment }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini', '.github/platformio_release.ini.template', 'pio-scripts/output_bins.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('wled00/**', 'usermods/**') }}
+        restore-keys: pio-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.environment }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini', '.github/platformio_release.ini.template', 'pio-scripts/output_bins.py') }}-
     - name: Set up Python
       uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
@@ -63,9 +77,21 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Build firmware
       run: pio run -e ${{ matrix.environment }}
+    - name: Get artifact name from bin filename
+      id: artifact_name
+      run: |
+        bin=$(ls build_output/release/*.bin 2>/dev/null | head -1)
+        if [ -n "$bin" ]; then
+          # Strip WLED_<version>_ prefix from WLED_<version>_<RELEASE_NAME>.bin
+          base=$(basename "$bin" .bin)
+          release_name=$(echo "$base" | sed 's/^[^_]*_[^_]*_//')
+          echo "name=firmware-$release_name" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        else
+          echo "name=firmware-${{ matrix.environment }}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        fi
     - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
       with:
-        name: firmware-${{ matrix.environment }}
+        name: ${{ steps.artifact_name.outputs.name }}
         path: |
           build_output/release/*.bin
           build_output/release/*_ESP02*.bin.gz

.github/workflows/nightly.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ on:
   # This can be used to allow manually triggering nightlies from the web interface
   workflow_dispatch:
 
+env:
+  FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: true
+
 jobs:
   wled_build:
     uses: ./.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -26,12 +29,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: janheinrichmerker/action-github-changelog-generator@v2.4
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} 
-          sinceTag: v0.15.0
+          sinceTag: v16.0.0
           output: CHANGELOG_NIGHTLY.md
           # Exclude issues that were closed without resolution from changelog
           excludeLabels: 'stale,wontfix,duplicate,invalid,external,question,use-as-is,not_planned'
       - name: Update Nightly Release
-        uses: andelf/nightly-release@main
+        uses: andelf/nightly-release@5834076edc55cc05975561c9722043f072ac5c26
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         with:

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -5,10 +5,15 @@ on:
     tags:
       - '*'
 
+env:
+  FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: true
+
 jobs:
   
   wled_build:
     uses: ./.github/workflows/build.yml
+    with:
+      release: true
     
   release:
     name: Create Release
@@ -18,6 +23,14 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
       with:
         merge-multiple: true
+    - name: Create draft release
+      uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v1
+      with:
+        body: "Release assets uploaded. Release notes pending..."
+        draft: True
+        files: |
+          *.bin
+          *.bin.gz
     - name: "✏️ Generate release changelog"
       id: changelog
       uses: janheinrichmerker/action-github-changelog-generator@v2.4
@@ -27,12 +40,9 @@ jobs:
           maxIssues: 500
           # Exclude issues that were closed without resolution from changelog
           excludeLabels: 'stale,wontfix,duplicate,invalid,external,question,use-as-is,not_planned'       
-    - name: Create draft release
+    - name: Update release description
       uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v1
       with:
         body: ${{ steps.changelog.outputs.changelog }}
         draft: True
-        files: |
-          *.bin
-          *.bin.gz
 

.github/workflows/usermods.yml

@@ -4,33 +4,51 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     paths:
       - usermods/**
-    
+  push:
+    paths:
+      - usermods/**
+
+env:
+  FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: true
+
 jobs:
 
   get_usermod_envs:
     # Only run for pull requests from forks (not from branches within wled/WLED)
-    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository
+    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository
     name: Gather Usermods
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
-        python-version: '3.12'
-        cache: 'pip'
-    - name: Install PlatformIO
-      run: pip install -r requirements.txt
-    - name: Get default environments
+        fetch-depth: 0
+    - name: Get changed usermod environments
       id: envs
       run: |
-        echo "usermods=$(find usermods/ -name library.json | xargs dirname | xargs -n 1 basename | jq -R | grep -v PWM_fan | grep -v BME68X_v2| grep -v pixels_dice_tray | jq --slurp -c)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        # Usermods whose directories changed in this PR
+        changed=$(git diff --name-only ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }} HEAD \
+          | grep '^usermods/' | cut -d/ -f2 | sort -u || true)
+
+        # All usermods with a library.json (excluding known-incompatible ones)
+        all=$(find usermods/ -name library.json \
+          | xargs dirname | xargs -n 1 basename \
+          | grep -v PWM_fan | grep -v BME68X_v2 | grep -v pixels_dice_tray \
+          | sort || true)
+
+        if [ -z "$changed" ] || [ -z "$all" ]; then
+          echo "usermods=[]" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        else
+          usermods=$(comm -12 <(echo "$all") <(echo "$changed") | jq -R | jq --slurp -c)
+          echo "usermods=$usermods" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        fi
     outputs:
       usermods: ${{ steps.envs.outputs.usermods }}
 
 
   build:
     # Only run for pull requests from forks (not from branches within wled/WLED)
-    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository
+    # Skip when no changed usermods were found (e.g. only non-library changes)
+    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository && needs.get_usermod_envs.outputs.usermods != '[]'
     name: Build Enviornments
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: get_usermod_envs
@@ -71,4 +89,85 @@ jobs:
         cat platformio_override.ini
 
     - name: Build firmware
-      run: pio run -e ${{ matrix.environment }}    
+      run: pio run -e ${{ matrix.environment }}
+
+
+  get_custom_build_envs:
+    name: Gather Custom Build Environments
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 0
+    - name: Find usermods with custom build environments
+      id: custom_envs
+      run: |
+        # On PRs: only scan usermods whose directories changed.
+        # On push: scan all usermods (validates the full set on merge).
+        if [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "pull_request" ]; then
+          changed=$(git diff --name-only ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }} HEAD \
+            | grep '^usermods/' | cut -d/ -f2 | sort -u || true)
+          if [ -z "$changed" ]; then
+            echo "matrix=[]" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+            exit 0
+          fi
+          samples=$(for mod in $changed; do
+            f="usermods/$mod/platformio_override.ini.sample"
+            [ -f "$f" ] && echo "$f"
+          done | sort)
+        else
+          samples=$(find usermods/ -name "platformio_override.ini.sample" | sort)
+        fi
+
+        result='[]'
+        for sample in $samples; do
+          usermod=$(dirname "$sample" | xargs basename)
+          # Skip usermods known to be incompatible (same list as get_usermod_envs)
+          case "$usermod" in PWM_fan|BME68X_v2|pixels_dice_tray) continue ;; esac
+          envs=$(grep -E '^\[env:[^]]+\]' "$sample" | sed 's/^\[env:\(.*\)\]$/\1/')
+          for env in $envs; do
+            result=$(echo "$result" | jq --arg u "$usermod" --arg e "$env" '. + [{usermod: $u, env: $e}]')
+          done
+        done
+        echo "matrix=$(echo "$result" | jq -c '.')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+    outputs:
+      matrix: ${{ steps.custom_envs.outputs.matrix }}
+
+
+  build_custom:
+    name: Build Custom Env (${{ matrix.usermod }} / ${{ matrix.env }})
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: get_custom_build_envs
+    if: needs.get_custom_build_envs.outputs.matrix != '[]'
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include: ${{ fromJSON(needs.get_custom_build_envs.outputs.matrix) }}
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Set up Node.js
+      uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      with:
+        node-version-file: '.nvmrc'
+        cache: 'npm'
+    - run: npm ci
+    - name: Cache PlatformIO
+      uses: actions/cache@v4
+      with:
+        path: |
+          ~/.platformio/.cache
+          ~/.buildcache
+          build_output
+        key: pio-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.env }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini', 'pio-scripts/output_bins.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('wled00/**', 'usermods/**') }}
+        restore-keys: pio-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.env }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini', 'pio-scripts/output_bins.py') }}-
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.12'
+        cache: 'pip'
+    - name: Install PlatformIO
+      run: pip install -r requirements.txt
+    - name: Apply custom build environment
+      run: cp -v "usermods/${{ matrix.usermod }}/platformio_override.ini.sample" platformio_override.ini
+    - name: Build firmware
+      run: pio run -e ${{ matrix.env }}

.gitignore

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ __pycache__/
 
 esp01-update.sh
 platformio_override.ini
+platformio_release.ini
 replace_fs.py
 wled-update.sh
 

AGENTS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# AGENTS.md — WLED AI Coding Agent & AI Code Review Reference
+
+WLED is C++ firmware for ESP32/ESP8266 microcontrollers controlling addressable LEDs,
+with a web UI (HTML/JS/CSS). Built with PlatformIO (Arduino framework) and Node.js tooling.
+
+See also: `.github/copilot-instructions.md`, `.github/agent-build.instructions.md`,
+`docs/cpp.instructions.md`, `docs/web.instructions.md`, `docs/cicd.instructions.md`,
+`docs/hardening.instructions.md`, `docs/securecode.instructions.md`.
+
+Always reference these instructions - including coding guidelines in `docs/` - first and fallback to search or bash commands only when you encounter unexpected information that does not match the info here.
+
+## Build Commands
+
+| Command | Purpose | Timeout |
+|---|---|---|
+| `npm ci` | Install Node.js deps (required first) | 30s |
+| `npm run build` | Build web UI into `wled00/html_*.h` / `wled00/js_*.h` | 30s |
+| `npm test` | Run test suite (Node.js built-in `node --test`) | 2 min |
+| `npm run dev` | Watch mode — auto-rebuilds web UI on changes | continuous |
+| `pio run -e esp32dev` | Build firmware (ESP32, most common target) | 5 min |
+| `pio run -e nodemcuv2` | Build firmware (ESP8266) | 5 min |
+
+**Always run `npm ci && npm run build` before `pio run`.** The web UI build generates
+required C headers for firmware compilation.
+
+### Running a Single Test
+
+Tests use Node.js built-in test runner (`node:test`). The single test file is
+`tools/cdata-test.js`. Run it with:
+
+```bash
+npm test                   # runs all tests via `node --test`
+node --test tools/cdata-test.js  # run just that file directly
+```
+
+There are no C++ unit tests. Firmware is validated by successful compilation across
+target environments. Always build after code changes: `pio run -e esp32dev`.
+
+### Common Firmware Environments
+
+`esp32dev`, `nodemcuv2`, `esp8266_2m`, `esp32c3dev`, `esp32s3dev_8MB_opi`, `lolin_s2_mini`
+
+### Recovery / Troubleshooting
+
+```bash
+npm run build -- -f              # force web UI rebuild
+rm -f wled00/html_*.h wled00/js_*.h && npm run build  # clean + rebuild UI
+pio run --target clean           # clean PlatformIO build artifacts
+rm -rf node_modules && npm ci    # reinstall Node.js deps
+```
+
+## Project Structure
+
+```text
+wled00/              # Main firmware source (C++)
+  data/              # Web UI source (HTML/JS/CSS) — tabs for indentation
+  html_*.h, js_*.h   # Auto-generated (NEVER edit or commit)
+  src/               # Sub-modules: fonts, bundled dependencies (ArduinoJSON)
+usermods/            # Community usermods (each has library.json + .cpp/.h)
+platformio.ini       # Build configuration and environments
+pio-scripts/         # PlatformIO build scripts (Python)
+tools/               # Node.js build tools (cdata.js) and tests
+docs/                # Coding convention docs
+.github/workflows/   # CI/CD (GitHub Actions)
+```
+
+### Branch / Release Structure
+
+```text
+main                # Main development trunk (daily/nightly) 17.0.0-dev. Target branch for PRs.
+  ├── V5            # special branch: code rework for esp-idf 5.5.x (unstable)
+      ├── V5-C6     # special branch: integration of new MCU types: esp32-c5, esp32-c6, esp32-p4 (unstable)
+16_x                # maintenance for release 16.0.x
+0_15_x              # maintenance (bugfixes only) for previous release 0.15.x
+(tag) v0.14.4       # old version 0.14.4 (no maintenance)
+(tag) v0.13.3       # old version 0.13.3 (no maintenance)
+(tag) v0. ... . ... # historical versions 0.12.x and before
+```
+
+## C++ Code Style (wled00/, usermods/)
+
+### Formatting
+- **2-space indentation** (no tabs in C++ files)
+- K&R brace style preferred (opening brace on same line)
+- Single-statement `if` bodies may omit braces: `if (a == b) doStuff(a);`
+- Space after keywords (`if (...)`, `for (...)`), no space before function parens (`doStuff(a)`)
+- No enforced line-length limit
+
+### Comments
+- `//` for inline (always space after), `/* */` for block comments
+- Important: AI-generated source code blocks **must be mark with `// AI: below section was generated by an AI` / `// AI: end`**
+
+### Naming Conventions
+| Kind | Convention | Examples |
+|---|---|---|
+| Functions, variables | camelCase | `setRandomColor()`, `effectCurrent` |
+| Classes, structs | PascalCase | `BusConfig`, `UsermodTemperature` |
+| Macros, constants | UPPER_CASE | `WLED_MAX_USERMODS`, `FX_MODE_STATIC` |
+| Private members | _camelCase | `_type`, `_bri`, `_len` |
+| Enum values | PascalCase | `PinOwner::BusDigital` |
+
+### Includes
+- Include `"wled.h"` as the primary project header
+- Project headers first, then platform/Arduino, then third-party
+- Platform-conditional includes wrapped in `#ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32` / `#ifdef ESP8266`
+
+### Types and Const
+- Prefer `const &` for read-only function parameters
+- Mark getter/query methods `const`; use `static` for methods not accessing instance state
+- Prefer `constexpr` over `#define` for compile-time constants when possible
+- Use `static_assert` over `#if ... #error`
+- Use `uint_fast16_t` / `uint_fast8_t` in hot-path code
+
+### Error Handling
+- **No C++ exceptions** — some builds disable them
+- Use return codes (`false`, `-1`) and global flags (`errorFlag = ERR_LOW_MEM`)
+- Use early returns as guard clauses: `if (!enabled || (strip.isUpdating() && (millis() - last_time < MAX_USERMOD_DELAY))) return;`
+- Debug output: `DEBUG_PRINTF()` / `DEBUG_PRINTLN()` (compiled out unless `-D WLED_DEBUG`)
+
+### Strings and Memory
+- Use `F("string")` for string constants (saves RAM on ESP8266)
+- Use `PSTR()` with `DEBUG_PRINTF_P()` for format strings
+- Avoid `String` in hot paths; acceptable in config/setup code
+- Use `d_malloc()` (DRAM-preferred) / `p_malloc()` (PSRAM-preferred) for allocation
+- No VLAs — use fixed arrays or heap allocation
+- Call `reserve()` on strings/vectors to pre-allocate and avoid fragmentation
+
+#### ESP32 PSRAM guidelines
+
+- **Check availability**: Test chip availability with `psramFound() && ESP.getPsramSize() > 0` before assuming PSRAM is present. Never rely on `BOARD_HAS_PSRAM`only.
+- **DMA compatibility**: on ESP32 (classic), PSRAM buffers are **not DMA-capable**. On ESP32-S3 with octal PSRAM (`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT`), PSRAM buffers *can* be used with DMA when `CONFIG_SOC_PSRAM_DMA_CAPABLE` is defined.
+- **Fragmentation**: PSRAM allocations fragment less than DRAM because the region is larger. But avoid mixing small and large allocations in PSRAM — small allocations waste the MMU page granularity.
+- **Performance**: Prefer DRAM (or IRAM) for hot-path data that is *frequently* used. Prefer PSRAM for capacity-oriented buffers where slightly slower access times can be tolerated.
+
+Background Info:
+
+- PSRAM access is up to 18× slower than DRAM on ESP32 (dual-SPI bus), 3–10× slower than DRAM on ESP32-S3/-S2 with quad-SPI bus. On ESP32-S3 with octal PSRAM (`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT`), the penalty is smaller (~2×) because the 8-line DTR bus can transfer 8 bits in parallel. On ESP32-P4 with hex PSRAM (`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_HEX`), the 16-line bus runs at 200 MHz which brings it on-par with DRAM.
+- Consider that ESP32 often crashes when the largest DRAM chunk gets below 10 KB.
+
+### Preprocessor / Feature Flags
+- Feature toggling: `WLED_DISABLE_*` and `WLED_ENABLE_*` flags (exact names matter!)
+- `WLED_DISABLE_*`: `2D`, `ADALIGHT`, `ALEXA`, `MQTT`, `OTA`, `INFRARED`, `WEBSOCKETS`, etc.
+- `WLED_ENABLE_*`: `DMX`, `GIF`, `HUB75MATRIX`, `JSONLIVE`, `WEBSOCKETS`, etc.
+- Platform: `ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32`, `ESP8266`, `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3`
+
+### Math Functions
+- Use `sin8_t()`, `cos8_t()` — NOT `sin8()`, `cos8()` (removed, won't compile)
+- Use `sin_approx()` / `cos_approx()` instead of `sinf()` / `cosf()`
+- Replace `inoise8` / `inoise16` with `perlin8` / `perlin16`
+
+### Hot-Path Code (Pixel Pipeline)
+- Use function attributes: `IRAM_ATTR`, `WLED_O2_ATTR`, `__attribute__((hot))`
+- Cache class members to locals before loops
+- Pre-compute invariants outside loops; use reciprocals to avoid division
+- Unsigned range checks: `if ((uint_fast16_t)(pix - start) < len)`
+
+### ESP32 Tasks
+- `delay(1)` in custom FreeRTOS tasks (NOT `yield()`) — feeds IDLE watchdog
+- Do not use `delay()` in effects (FX.cpp) or hot pixel path
+
+#### ESP32 Task Synchronization
+
+- Use FreeRTOS mutexes, semaphores or queues when true concurrent access from multiple FreeRTOS tasks is possible, and race-conditions can lead to unexpected behaviour.
+- **Avoid `portENTER_CRITICAL()` / `portEXIT_CRITICAL()`**, as these functions stall the complete system and may cause LEDs flickering. Prefer FreeRTOS mutexes, semaphores or queues.
+- **Important**: Not every shared resource needs a mutex. Some synchronization is guaranteed by the overall control flow, for example when function calls are sequenced within the same loop iteration.
+- Consider using `std::atomic` or RAII scoped guards as alternatives to mutexes, semaphores or queues.
+
+## Web UI Code Style (wled00/data/)
+
+- **Tab indentation** for HTML, JS, and CSS
+- camelCase for JS functions/variables
+- Reuse helpers from `common.js` — do not duplicate utilities
+- After editing, run `npm run build` to regenerate headers
+- **Never edit** `wled00/html_*.h` or `wled00/js_*.h` directly
+
+## Usermod Pattern
+
+Usermods live in `usermods/<name>/` with a `.cpp`, optional `.h`, `library.json`, and `readme.md`.
+
+```cpp
+class MyUsermod : public Usermod {
+  private:
+    bool enabled = false;
+    static const char _name[];
+  public:
+    void setup() override { /* ... */ }                          // runs once at start-up
+    void loop() override { /* ... */ }                           // runs once per main loop iteration
+    void addToConfig(JsonObject& root) override { /* ... */ }    // create/add persistent settings (usermod settings)
+    bool readFromConfig(JsonObject& root) override { /* ... */ } // read from persistent settings (usermod settings UI)
+    uint16_t getId() override { return USERMOD_ID_MYMOD; }
+    void addToJsonInfo(JsonObject& root) override { /* ... */ }  // Add custom items to the "info" page and to /json/info
+    void appendConfigData() override { /* ... */ }               // Customize the settings page: dropdowns, checkboxes, extra text, etc. Buffer size is limited!
+};
+const char MyUsermod::_name[] PROGMEM = "MyUsermod";
+static MyUsermod myUsermod;
+REGISTER_USERMOD(myUsermod);
+```
+
+refer to detailed examples in `usermods/EXAMPLE/`, `usermods/user_fx/` and [in the user documentation for custom features](https://kno.wled.ge/advanced/custom-features/).
+
+- Activate via `custom_usermods = ` in platformio build config. The `usermod_v2_` prefix or `_v2` suffix can be omitted.
+- Base new usermods on `usermods/EXAMPLE/` (never edit the example directly)
+- Store repeated strings as `static const char[] PROGMEM`
+- Add usermod IDs to `wled00/const.h` **only when a unique ID is required** (see below)
+
+### Usermod IDs
+
+A unique ID (registered in `wled00/const.h` and overriding `getId()`) is **only required** when a usermod needs one or more of the following:
+
+1. **Inter-usermod communication** — another usermod or an FX effect calls `UsermodManager::lookup(mod_id)` or `UsermodManager::getUMData(..., mod_id)` to find or request data from this specific usermod.
+2. **Pin ownership via `pinManager`** — the usermod allocates GPIO pins through `pinManager`. Pin ownership is tracked by `PinOwner` enum values that map directly to `USERMOD_ID_*` constants (see `wled00/pin_manager.h`). This prevents pin-conflict bugs.
+3. **Identification in JSON info** — `UsermodManager::addToJsonInfo` emits each mod's ID into the `"um"` array; a unique ID makes the mod identifiable in that output.
+
+If none of the above apply, the usermod may omit `getId()` (or return the default `USERMOD_ID_UNSPECIFIED`) and does **not** need an entry in `const.h`.
+
+### Usermod `loop()`
+
+- Called once per main loop iteration. Usermods should simply `return` when `!enabled`.
+- Frequency of calls varies with system load:
+    * up to 2000 times/sec with few LEDs and little background activity,
+    * between 20 and 300 times/second during high workload from effects and other usermods,
+    * (worst case) down to 1-3 times/sec during FS activity or when serving lots of network API requests.
+
+## CI/CD
+
+CI runs on every push/PR via GitHub Actions (`.github/workflows/wled-ci.yml`):
+
+1. `npm test` (web UI build validation)
+2. Firmware compilation for all default environments (~22 targets)
+3. Post-link validation of usermod linkage (`validate_modules.py`)
+
+No automated linting is configured. Match existing code style in files you edit.
+
+## General Rules
+
+- Important: Repository language is **English**. This applies to source code (including comments), commit messages and any kind of documentation for developer or users.
+- The `docs/` folder is for developer/contributor information (coding conventions, architecture, etc.). User documentation is maintained in the [wled/WLED-Docs](https://github.com/wled/WLED-Docs) repository.
+- Never edit or commit auto-generated `wled00/html_*.h` / `wled00/js_*.h`.
+- When updating an existing PR, retain the original description. Only modify it to ensure technical accuracy. Add change logs after the existing description.
+- No force-push on open PRs!
+- Important: **Changes to `platformio.ini` require maintainer approval**!
+- PRs should respect `.gitignore` and not upload files like  `platformio_override.ini`. PR authors may add buildenv examples for custom boards into `platformio_override.ini.sample`.
+- Remove dead/unused code — justify or delete it.
+- Verify feature-flag spelling exactly (misspellings are silently ignored by preprocessor).
+- Provide references when making analyses or recommendations. Support factual claims with verifiable citations, references or concrete evidence; **never fabricate citations**.
+- **Highlight user-visible breaking changes and ripple effects** during reviews. Ask for confirmation that these were introduced intentionally.
+
+### Security Hardening
+
+When writing or reviewing code in `wled00/`, `usermods/`, `wled00/data/`, or `.github/workflows/`,
+consult `docs/hardening.instructions.md` (concise checklist) and `docs/securecode.instructions.md` (detailed rules with examples).
+These files define WLED's threat model, trust boundary model, and WLED-specific constraints (no TLS baseline, no UDP authentication for protocol-defined
+multicast/broadcast, firewall-isolated deployment assumed).
+
+### Attribution for AI-generated code
+
+Using AI-generated code can hide the source of the inspiration / knowledge / sources it used.
+
+- Document attribution of inspiration / knowledge / sources used in the code, e.g. link to GitHub repositories or other websites describing the principles / algorithms used.
+- When a larger block of code is generated by an AI tool, embed it into `// AI: below section was generated by an AI` ... `// AI: end` comments (see Comments section).
+- Every non-trivial AI-generated function should have a brief comment describing what it does. Explain parameters when their names alone are not self-explanatory.
+- AI-generated code must be well documented with meaningful comments that explain intent, assumptions, and non-obvious logic. Do not rephrase source code; explain concepts and reasoning.
+
+### Supporting Reviews and Discussions
+
+- **For "is it worth doing?" debates** about proposed reliability, safety, or data-integrity mechanisms (CRC checks, backups, power-loss protection): suggest a software **FMEA** (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis).
+  Clarify the main feared events, enumerate failure modes, assess each mitigation's effectiveness per failure mode, note common-cause failures, and rate credibility for the typical WLED use case.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ We'll work with you to refine your contribution, but we'll also push back if som
 Here are a few suggestions to make it easier for you to contribute:
 
 ### Important Developer Infos
-* [Project Structure, Files and Directories](.github/copilot-instructions.md#project-structure-overview) (in our AI instructions)
-* [Instructions for creating usermods](.github/copilot-instructions.md#usermod-guidelines) (in our AI instructions)
+* [Project Structure, Files and Directories](AGENTS.md#project-structure) (in our AI instructions)
+* [Instructions for creating usermods](AGENTS.md#usermod-pattern) (in our AI instructions)
 * KB: [Compiling WLED](https://kno.wled.ge/advanced/compiling-wled/) - slightly outdated but still helpful :-)
 * Arduino IDE is not supported any more. Use VSCode with the PlatformIO extension. 
 * [Compiling in VSCode/Platformio](https://github.com/wled/WLED-Docs/issues/161) - modern way without command line or platformio.ini changes.
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ This lets you update your PR if needed, while you can work on other tasks in 'ma
 
 ### Target branch for pull requests
 
-Please make all PRs against the `main` branch.
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> Please make all PRs against the `main` branch.
 
 ### Describing your PR
 
@@ -140,8 +141,6 @@ Sometimes you might hit merge conflicts with `main` that are harder to solve. He
 ### Additional Resources
 Want to know more? Check out:
 - 📚 [GitHub Desktop documentation](https://docs.github.com/en/desktop) - if you prefer GUI tools
-- 🎓 [How to properly submit a PR](https://github.com/wled-dev/WLED/wiki/How-to-properly-submit-a-PR) - detailed tips and tricks
-
 
 ## After Approval
 Once approved, a maintainer will merge your PR (possibly squashing commits). 
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ AI tools are powerful but "often wrong" - your judgment is essential! 😊
 
 - ✅ **Understand the code** - As the person contributing to WLED, make sure you understand exactly what the AI-generated source code does
 - ✅ **Review carefully** - AI can lose comments, introduce bugs, or make unnecessary changes
-- ✅ **Be transparent** - Add a comment like `// This section was AI-generated` for larger chunks
+- ✅ **Be transparent** - Add comments `// AI: below section was generated by an AI` ... `// AI: end` around larger chunks
 - ✅ **Use AI for translation** - AI is great for translating comments to English (but verify technical terms!)
 
 ### Code style

docs/cpp.instructions.md

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ See also: [CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md) for general style guidelines tha
 
 - **camelCase** for functions and variables: `setValuesFromMainSeg()`, `effectCurrent`
 - **PascalCase** for classes and structs: `PinManagerClass`, `BusConfig`
+- **PascalCase** for enum values: `PinOwner::BusDigital`
 - **UPPER_CASE** for macros and constants: `WLED_MAX_USERMODS`, `DEFAULT_CLIENT_SSID`
 
 ## General
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ Most headers use `#ifndef` / `#define` guards. Some newer headers add `#pragma o
 void calculateCRC(const uint8_t* data, size_t len) {
   ...
 }
-// AI: end of AI-generated section
+// AI: end
 ```
 
   Single-line AI-assisted edits do not need the marker — use it when the AI produced a contiguous block that a human did not write line-by-line.
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ uint8_t gammaCorrect(uint8_t value, float gamma);
 - Use `const char*` for temporary/parsed strings
 - Avoid `String` (Arduino heap-allocated string) in hot paths; acceptable in config/setup code
 - Use `F("string")` for string constants (major RAM win on ESP8266; mostly overload/type compatibility on ESP32)
+- Store repeated strings as `static const char[] PROGMEM`
 <!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
 
   On **ESP8266** this explicitly stores the string in flash (PROGMEM), saving precious RAM — every byte counts on that platform. 
@@ -513,6 +515,8 @@ void myTask(void*) {
 
 - **LittleFS filenames**: File paths passed to `file.open()` must not exceed 255 bytes (`LFS_NAME_MAX`). Validate constructed paths (e.g., `/ledmap_` + segment name + `.json`) stay within this limit (assume standard configurations, like WLED_MAX_SEGNAME_LEN = 64).
 
+- In C/C++, additive operators (`+`, `-`) have HIGHER precedence than shift operators (`<<`, `>>`). Therefore `x - edge0 << 8` correctly parses as `(x - edge0) << 8`. Do NOT flag this pattern as a precedence bug. When reviewing WLED fixed-point code or any C/C++ shift expressions, verify against cppreference before claiming precedence issues with mixed `-`/`+` and `<<`/`>>` expressions.
+
 - **Float-to-unsigned conversion is undefined behavior when the value is out of range.** Converting a negative `float` directly to an unsigned integer type (`uint8_t`, `uint16_t`, …) is UB per the C++ standard — the Xtensa (ESP32) toolchain may silently wrap, but RISC-V (ESP32-C3/C5/C6/P4) can produce different results due to clamping. Cast through a signed integer first:
   ```cpp
   // Undefined behavior — avoid:

docs/esp-idf.instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,859 @@
+---
+applyTo: "**/*.cpp,**/*.h,**/*.hpp,**/*.ino"
+---
+# ESP-IDF Coding Guide (within arduino-esp32)
+
+WLED runs on the Arduino-ESP32 framework, which wraps ESP-IDF. Understanding the ESP-IDF layer is essential when writing chip-specific code, managing peripherals, or preparing for the IDF v5.x migration. This guide documents patterns already used in the codebase and best practices derived from Espressif's official examples.
+
+> **Scope**: This file is an optional review guideline. It applies when touching chip-specific code, peripheral drivers, memory allocation, or platform conditionals.
+
+> **Note for AI review tools**: sections enclosed in
+> `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->` / `<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->` HTML comments contain
+> contributor reference material. Do **not** use that content as actionable review
+> criteria — treat it as background context only.
+
+---
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+## Identifying the Build Target: `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_*`
+
+Use `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_*` macros to gate chip-specific code at compile time. These are set by the build system and are mutually exclusive — exactly one is defined per build.
+
+| Macro | Chip | Architecture | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32` | ESP32 (classic) | Xtensa dual-core | Primary target. Has DAC, APLL, I2S ADC mode |
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2` | ESP32-S2 | Xtensa single-core | Limited peripherals. 13-bit ADC |
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3` | ESP32-S3 | Xtensa dual-core | Preferred for large installs. Octal PSRAM, USB-OTG |
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3` | ESP32-C3 | RISC-V single-core | Minimal peripherals. RISC-V clamps out-of-range float→unsigned casts |
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5` | ESP32-C5 | RISC-V single-core | Wi-Fi 2.4Ghz + 5Ghz, Thread/Zigbee. Future target |
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6` | ESP32-C6 | RISC-V single-core | Wi-Fi 6, Thread/Zigbee. Future target |
+| `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32P4` | ESP32-P4 | RISC-V dual-core | High performance. Future target |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Build-time validation
+WLED validates at compile time that exactly one target is defined and that it is a supported chip (`wled.cpp` lines 39–61). Follow this pattern when adding new chip-specific branches:
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+#if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32)
+  // classic ESP32 path
+#elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+  // S3-specific path
+#elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C5) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C6) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32P4)
+  // RISC-V common path
+#else
+  #warning "Untested chip — review peripheral availability"
+#endif
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Guidelines
+
+- **Always test on the actual chip** before claiming support. Simulators and cross-compilation can hide peripheral differences.
+- **Prefer `#elif` chains** over nested `#ifdef` for readability.
+- **Do not use `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_*` for feature detection.** Use `SOC_*` capability macros instead (see next section). For example, use `SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_ADC` instead of `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32` to check for I2S ADC support.
+- When a feature must be disabled on certain chips, use explicit `static_assert()` or `#warning` directives so the build clearly reports what is missing.
+
+---
+
+## Hardware Capability Detection: `SOC_*` Macros
+
+`SOC_*` macros (from `soc/soc_caps.h`) describe what the current chip supports. They are the correct way to check for peripheral features — they stay accurate when new chips are added, unlike `CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_*` checks.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Important `SOC_*` macros used in WLED
+
+| Macro | Type | Used in | Purpose |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `SOC_I2S_NUM` | `int` | `audio_source.h` | Number of I2S peripherals (1 or 2) |
+| `SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_ADC` | `bool` | `usermods/audioreactive/audio_source.h` | I2S ADC sampling mode (ESP32 only) |
+| `SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_APLL` | `bool` | `usermods/audioreactive/audio_source.h` | Audio PLL for precise sample rates |
+| `SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_PDM_RX` | `bool` | `usermods/audioreactive/audio_source.h` | PDM microphone input |
+| `SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH` | `int` | `util.cpp` | ADC resolution (12 or 13 bits). Renamed to `CONFIG_SOC_ADC_RTC_MAX_BITWIDTH` in IDF v5 |
+| `SOC_ADC_CHANNEL_NUM(unit)` | `int` | `pin_manager.cpp` | ADC channels per unit |
+| `SOC_UART_NUM` | `int` | `dmx_input.cpp` | Number of UART peripherals |
+| `SOC_DRAM_LOW` / `SOC_DRAM_HIGH` | `addr` | `util.cpp` | DRAM address boundaries for validation |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Key pitfall
+`SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH` (ADC resolution 12 or 13 bits) was renamed to `CONFIG_SOC_ADC_RTC_MAX_BITWIDTH` in IDF v5.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Less commonly used but valuable
+
+| Macro | Purpose |
+|---|---|
+| `SOC_RMT_TX_CANDIDATES_PER_GROUP` | Number of RMT TX channels (varies 2–8 by chip) |
+| `SOC_LEDC_CHANNEL_NUM` | Number of LEDC (PWM) channels |
+| `SOC_GPIO_PIN_COUNT` | Total GPIO pin count |
+| `SOC_DAC_SUPPORTED` | Whether the chip has a DAC (ESP32/S2 only) |
+| `SOC_SPIRAM_SUPPORTED` | Whether PSRAM interface exists |
+| `SOC_CPU_CORES_NUM` | Core count (1 or 2) — useful for task pinning decisions |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+### Best practices
+
+```cpp
+// Good: feature-based detection
+#if SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_PDM_RX
+  _config.mode = i2s_mode_t(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_RX | I2S_MODE_PDM);
+#else
+  #warning "PDM microphones not supported on this chip"
+#endif
+
+// Avoid: chip-name-based detection
+#if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+  // happens to be correct today, but breaks when a new chip adds PDM support
+#endif
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### PSRAM capability macros
+
+For PSRAM presence, mode, and DMA access patterns:
+
+| Macro | Meaning |
+|---|---|
+| `CONFIG_SPIRAM` / `BOARD_HAS_PSRAM` | PSRAM is present in the build configuration |
+| `CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_QUAD` | Quad-SPI PSRAM (standard, used on ESP32 classic and some S2/S3 boards) |
+| `CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT` | Octal-SPI PSRAM — 8 data lines, DTR mode. Used on ESP32-S3 with octal PSRAM (e.g. N8R8 / N16R8 modules). Reserves GPIO 33–37 for the PSRAM bus — **do not allocate these pins** when this macro is defined. `wled.cpp` uses this to gate GPIO reservation. |
+| `CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_HEX` | Hex-SPI (16-line) PSRAM — future interface on ESP32-P4 running at up to 200 MHz. Used in `json.cpp` to report the PSRAM mode. |
+| `CONFIG_SOC_PSRAM_DMA_CAPABLE` | PSRAM buffers can be used with DMA (ESP32-S3 with octal PSRAM) |
+| `CONFIG_SOC_MEMSPI_FLASH_PSRAM_INDEPENDENT` | SPI flash and PSRAM on separate buses (no speed contention) |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+#### Detecting octal/hex flash
+
+On ESP32-S3 modules with OPI flash (e.g. N8R8 modules where the SPI flash itself runs in Octal-PI mode), the build system sets:
+
+| Macro | Meaning |
+|---|---|
+| `CONFIG_ESPTOOLPY_FLASHMODE_OPI` | Octal-PI flash mode. On S3, implies GPIO 33–37 are used by the flash/PSRAM interface — the same GPIO block as octal PSRAM. `wled.cpp` uses `CONFIG_ESPTOOLPY_FLASHMODE_OPI \|\| (CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT && BOARD_HAS_PSRAM)` to decide whether to reserve these GPIOs. `json.cpp` uses this to report the flash mode string as `"🚀OPI"`. |
+| `CONFIG_ESPTOOLPY_FLASHMODE_HEX` | Hex flash mode (ESP32-P4). Reported as `"🚀🚀HEX"` in `json.cpp`. |
+
+**Pattern used in WLED** (from `wled.cpp`) to reserve the octal-bus GPIOs on S3:
+```cpp
+#if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3)
+  #if CONFIG_ESPTOOLPY_FLASHMODE_OPI || (CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT && defined(BOARD_HAS_PSRAM))
+    // S3: GPIO 33-37 are used by the octal PSRAM/flash bus
+    managed_pin_type pins[] = { {33, true}, {34, true}, {35, true}, {36, true}, {37, true} };
+    pinManager.allocateMultiplePins(pins, sizeof(pins)/sizeof(managed_pin_type), PinOwner::SPI_RAM);
+  #endif
+#endif
+```
+
+---
+
+## ESP-IDF Version Conditionals
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Checking the IDF version
+
+```cpp
+#include <esp_idf_version.h>
+
+#if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
+  // IDF v5+ code path
+#elif ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(4, 4, 0)
+  // IDF v4.4+ code path
+#else
+  // Legacy IDF v3/v4.x path
+#endif
+```
+
+### Key ESP-IDF version thresholds for WLED
+
+| Version | What changed |
+|---|---|
+| **4.0.0** | Filesystem API (`SPIFFS`/`LittleFS`), GPIO driver overhaul |
+| **4.2.0** | ADC/GPIO API updates; `esp_adc_cal` introduced |
+| **4.4.0** | I2S driver refactored (legacy API remains); `adc_deprecated.h` headers appear for newer targets |
+| **4.4.4–4.4.8** | Known I2S channel-swap regression on ESP32 (workaround in `audio_source.h`) |
+| **5.0.0** | **Major breaking changes** — RMT, I2S, ADC, SPI flash APIs replaced (see migration section) |
+| **5.1.0** | Matter protocol support; new `esp_flash` API stable |
+| **5.3+** | arduino-esp32 v3.x compatibility; C6/P4 support |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Guidelines
+
+- When adding a version guard, **always include a comment** explaining *what* changed and *why* the guard is needed.
+- Avoid version ranges that silently break — prefer `>=` over exact version matches.
+- Known regressions should use explicit range guards:
+  ```cpp
+  // IDF 4.4.4–4.4.8 swapped I2S left/right channels (fixed in 4.4.9)
+  #if (ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(4, 4, 4)) && \
+      (ESP_IDF_VERSION <= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(4, 4, 8))
+    #define I2S_CHANNELS_SWAPPED
+  #endif
+  ```
+
+---
+
+## Migrating from ESP-IDF v4.4.x to v5.x
+
+The jump from IDF v4.4 (arduino-esp32 v2.x) to IDF v5.x (arduino-esp32 v3.x) is the largest API break in ESP-IDF history. This section documents the critical changes and recommended migration patterns based on the upstream WLED `V5-C6` branch (`https://github.com/wled/WLED/tree/V5-C6`). Note: WLED has not yet migrated to IDF v5 — these patterns prepare for the future migration.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Compiler changes
+
+IDF v5.x ships a much newer GCC toolchain. Key versions:
+
+| ESP-IDF | GCC | C++ default | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 4.4.x (current) | **8.4.0** | C++17 (gnu++17) | Xtensa + RISC-V |
+| 5.1–5.3 | **13.2** | C++20 (gnu++2b) | Significant warning changes |
+| 5.4–5.5 | **14.2** | C++23 (gnu++2b) | Latest; stricter diagnostics |
+
+Notable behavioral differences:
+
+| Change | Impact | Action |
+|---|---|---|
+| Stricter `-Werror=enum-conversion` | Implicit int-to-enum casts now error | Use explicit `static_cast<>` or typed enums |
+| C++20/23 features available | `consteval`, `concepts`, `std::span`, `std::expected` | Use judiciously — ESP8266 builds still require GCC 10.x with C++17 |
+| `-Wdeprecated-declarations` enforced | Deprecated API calls become warnings/errors | Migrate to new APIs (see below) |
+| `-Wdangling-reference` (GCC 13+) | Warns when a reference binds to a temporary that will be destroyed | Fix the lifetime issue; do not suppress the warning |
+| `-fno-common` default (GCC 12+) | Duplicate tentative definitions across translation units cause linker errors | Use `extern` declarations in headers, define in exactly one `.cpp` |
+| RISC-V codegen improvements | C3/C6/P4 benefit from better register allocation | No action needed — automatic |
+
+### C++ language features: GCC 8 → GCC 14
+
+The jump from GCC 8.4 to GCC 14.2 spans six major compiler releases. This section lists features that become available and patterns that need updating.
+
+#### Features safe to use after migration
+
+These work in GCC 13+/14+ but **not** in GCC 8.4. Guard with `#if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)` if the code must compile on both IDF v4 and v5.
+
+| Feature | Standard | Example | Benefit |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| Designated initializers (C++20) | C++20 | `gpio_config_t cfg = { .mode = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT };` | Already used as a GNU extension in GCC 8; becomes standard and portable in C++20 |
+| `[[likely]]` / `[[unlikely]]` | C++20 | `if (err != ESP_OK) [[unlikely]] { ... }` | Hints for branch prediction; useful in hot paths |
+| `[[nodiscard("reason")]]` | C++20 | `[[nodiscard("leak if ignored")]] void* allocBuffer();` | Enforces checking return values — helpful for `esp_err_t` wrappers |
+| `std::span<T>` | C++20 | `void process(std::span<uint8_t> buf)` | Safe, non-owning view of contiguous memory — replaces raw pointer + length pairs |
+| `consteval` | C++20 | `consteval uint32_t packColor(...)` | Guarantees compile-time evaluation; useful for color constants |
+| `constinit` | C++20 | `constinit static int counter = 0;` | Prevents static initialization order fiasco |
+| Concepts / `requires` | C++20 | `template<typename T> requires std::integral<T>` | Clearer constraints than SFINAE; improves error messages |
+| Three-way comparison (`<=>`) | C++20 | `auto operator<=>(const Version&) const = default;` | Less boilerplate for comparable types |
+| `std::bit_cast` | C++20 | `float f = std::bit_cast<float>(uint32_val);` | Type-safe reinterpretation — replaces `memcpy` or `union` tricks |
+| `if consteval` | C++23 | `if consteval { /* compile-time */ } else { /* runtime */ }` | Cleaner than `std::is_constant_evaluated()` |
+| `std::expected<T, E>` | C++23 | `std::expected<int, esp_err_t> readSensor()` | Monadic error handling — cleaner than returning error codes |
+| `std::to_underlying` | C++23 | `auto val = std::to_underlying(myEnum);` | Replaces `static_cast<int>(myEnum)` |
+
+#### Features already available in GCC 8 (C++17)
+
+These work on both IDF v4.4 and v5.x — prefer them now:
+
+| Feature | Example | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `if constexpr` | `if constexpr (sizeof(T) == 4) { ... }` | Compile-time branching; already used in WLED |
+| `std::optional<T>` | `std::optional<uint8_t> pin;` | Nullable value without sentinel values like `-1` |
+| `std::string_view` | `void log(std::string_view msg)` | Non-owning, non-allocating string reference |
+| Structured bindings | `auto [err, value] = readSensor();` | Useful with `std::pair` / `std::tuple` returns |
+| Fold expressions | `(addSegment(args), ...);` | Variadic template expansion |
+| Inline variables | `inline constexpr int MAX_PINS = 50;` | Avoids ODR issues with header-defined constants |
+| `[[maybe_unused]]` | `[[maybe_unused]] int debug_only = 0;` | Suppresses unused-variable warnings cleanly |
+| `[[fallthrough]]` | `case 1: doA(); [[fallthrough]]; case 2:` | Documents intentional switch fallthrough |
+| Nested namespaces | `namespace wled::audio { }` | Shorter than nested `namespace` blocks |
+
+#### Patterns that break or change behavior
+
+| Pattern | GCC 8 behavior | GCC 14 behavior | Fix |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `int x; enum E e = x;` | Warning (often ignored) | Error with `-Werror=enum-conversion` | `E e = static_cast<E>(x);` |
+| `int g;` in two `.cpp` files | Both compile, linker merges (tentative definition) | Error: multiple definitions (`-fno-common`) | `extern int g;` in header, `int g;` in one `.cpp` |
+| `const char* ref = std::string(...).c_str();` | Silent dangling pointer | Warning (`-Wdangling-reference`) | Extend lifetime: store the `std::string` in a local variable |
+| `register int x;` | Accepted (ignored) | Warning or error (`register` removed in C++17) | Remove `register` keyword |
+| Narrowing in aggregate init | Warning | Error | Use explicit cast or wider type |
+| Implicit `this` capture in lambdas | Accepted in `[=]` | Deprecated warning; error in C++20 mode | Use `[=, this]` or `[&]` |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+#### Recommendations
+
+- **Do not raise the minimum C++ standard yet.** WLED must still build on IDF v4.4 (GCC 8.4, C++17). Use `#if __cplusplus > 201703L` to gate C++20 features.
+- **Mark intentional fallthrough** with `[[fallthrough]]` — GCC 14 warns on unmarked fallthrough by default.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+- **Prefer `std::optional` over sentinel values** (e.g., `-1` for "no pin") in new code — it works on both compilers.
+- **Use `std::string_view`** for read-only string parameters instead of `const char*` or `const String&` — zero-copy and works on GCC 8+.
+- **Avoid raw `union` type punning** — prefer `memcpy` (GCC 8) or `std::bit_cast` (GCC 13+) for strict-aliasing safety.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Deprecated and removed APIs
+
+#### RMT (Remote Control Transceiver)
+
+The legacy `rmt_*` functions are removed in IDF v5. Do not introduce new legacy RMT calls.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+The new API is channel-based:
+
+| IDF v4 (legacy) | IDF v5 (new) | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `rmt_config()` + `rmt_driver_install()` | `rmt_new_tx_channel()` / `rmt_new_rx_channel()` | Channels are now objects |
+| `rmt_write_items()` | `rmt_transmit()` with encoder | Requires `rmt_encoder_t` |
+| `rmt_set_idle_level()` | Configure in channel config | Set at creation time |
+| `rmt_item32_t` | `rmt_symbol_word_t` | Different struct layout |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+**WLED impact**: NeoPixelBus LED output and IR receiver both use legacy RMT. The upstream `V5-C6` branch adds `-D WLED_USE_SHARED_RMT` and disables IR until the library is ported.
+
+#### I2S (Inter-IC Sound)
+
+Legacy `i2s_driver_install()` + `i2s_read()` API is deprecated. When touching audio source code, wrap legacy I2S init and reading in `#if ESP_IDF_VERSION_MAJOR < 5` / `#else`.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+ The new API uses channel handles:
+| IDF v4 (legacy) | IDF v5 (new) | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `i2s_driver_install()` | `i2s_channel_init_std_mode()` | Separate STD/PDM/TDM modes |
+| `i2s_set_pin()` | Pin config in `i2s_std_gpio_config_t` | Set at init time |
+| `i2s_read()` | `i2s_channel_read()` | Uses channel handle |
+| `i2s_set_clk()` | `i2s_channel_reconfig_std_clk()` | Reconfigure running channel |
+| `i2s_config_t` | `i2s_std_config_t` | Separate config for each mode |
+
+**Migration pattern** (from Espressif examples):
+```cpp
+#if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
+  #include "driver/i2s_std.h"
+  i2s_chan_handle_t rx_handle;
+  i2s_chan_config_t chan_cfg = I2S_CHANNEL_DEFAULT_CONFIG(I2S_NUM_0, I2S_ROLE_MASTER);
+  i2s_new_channel(&chan_cfg, NULL, &rx_handle);
+
+  i2s_std_config_t std_cfg = {
+    .clk_cfg  = I2S_STD_CLK_DEFAULT_CONFIG(22050),
+    .slot_cfg = I2S_STD_MSB_SLOT_DEFAULT_CONFIG(I2S_DATA_BIT_WIDTH_32BIT, I2S_SLOT_MODE_MONO),
+    .gpio_cfg = { .din = GPIO_NUM_32, .mclk = I2S_GPIO_UNUSED, ... },
+  };
+  i2s_channel_init_std_mode(rx_handle, &std_cfg);
+  i2s_channel_enable(rx_handle);
+#else
+  // Legacy i2s_driver_install() path
+#endif
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+**WLED impact**: The audioreactive usermod (`audio_source.h`) heavily uses legacy I2S. Migration requires rewriting the `I2SSource` class for channel-based API.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+#### ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)
+
+Legacy `adc1_get_raw()` and `esp_adc_cal_*` are deprecated:
+
+| IDF v4 (legacy) | IDF v5 (new) | Notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `adc1_config_width()` + `adc1_get_raw()` | `adc_oneshot_new_unit()` + `adc_oneshot_read()` | Object-based API |
+| `esp_adc_cal_characterize()` | `adc_cali_create_scheme_*()` | Calibration is now scheme-based |
+| `adc_continuous_*` (old) | `adc_continuous_*` (restructured) | Config struct changes |
+
+#### SPI Flash
+
+| IDF v4 (legacy) | IDF v5 (new) |
+|---|---|
+| `spi_flash_read()` | `esp_flash_read()` |
+| `spi_flash_write()` | `esp_flash_write()` |
+| `spi_flash_erase_range()` | `esp_flash_erase_region()` |
+
+WLED already has a compatibility shim in `ota_update.cpp` that maps old names to new ones.
+
+#### GPIO
+
+| IDF v4 (legacy) | IDF v5 (recommended) |
+|---|---|
+| `gpio_pad_select_gpio()` | `esp_rom_gpio_pad_select_gpio()` (or use `gpio_config()`) |
+| `gpio_set_direction()` + `gpio_set_pull_mode()` | `gpio_config()` with `gpio_config_t` struct |
+
+### Features disabled in IDF v5 builds
+
+The upstream `V5-C6` branch explicitly disables features with incompatible library dependencies:
+
+```ini
+# platformio.ini [esp32_idf_V5]
+-D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED       # IR library uses legacy RMT
+-D WLED_DISABLE_MQTT            # AsyncMqttClient incompatible with IDF v5
+-D ESP32_ARDUINO_NO_RGB_BUILTIN # Prevents RMT driver conflict with built-in LED
+-D WLED_USE_SHARED_RMT          # Use new shared RMT driver for NeoPixel output
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Migration checklist for new code
+
+1. **Never use a removed API without a version guard.** Always provide both old and new paths, or disable the feature on IDF v5.
+2. **Test on both IDF v4.4 and v5.x builds** if the code must be backward-compatible.
+3. **Prefer the newer API** when writing new code — wrap the old API in an `#else` block.
+4. **Mark migration TODOs** with `// TODO(idf5):` so they are easy to find later.
+
+---
+
+## Memory Management: `heap_caps_*` Best Practices
+
+ESP32 has multiple memory regions with different capabilities. Using the right allocator is critical for performance and stability.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Memory regions
+
+| Region | Flag | Speed | DMA | Size | Use for |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| DRAM | `MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL \| MALLOC_CAP_8BIT` | Fast | Yes (ESP32) | 200–320 KB | Hot-path buffers, task stacks, small allocations |
+| IRAM | `MALLOC_CAP_EXEC` | Fastest | No | 32–128 KB | Code (automatic via `IRAM_ATTR`) |
+| PSRAM (SPIRAM) | `MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM \| MALLOC_CAP_8BIT` | Slower | Chip-dependent | 2–16 MB | Large buffers, JSON documents, image data |
+| RTC RAM | `MALLOC_CAP_RTCRAM` | Moderate | No | 8 KB | Data surviving deep sleep; small persistent buffers |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+### WLED allocation wrappers
+
+WLED provides convenience wrappers with automatic fallback. **Always prefer these over raw `heap_caps_*` calls**:
+
+| Function | Allocation preference | Use case |
+|---|---|---|
+| `d_malloc(size)` | RTC → DRAM → PSRAM | General-purpose; prefers fast memory |
+| `d_calloc(n, size)` | Same as `d_malloc`, zero-initialized | Arrays, structs |
+| `p_malloc(size)` | PSRAM → DRAM | Large buffers; prefers abundant memory |
+| `p_calloc(n, size)` | Same as `p_malloc`, zero-initialized | Large arrays |
+| `d_malloc_only(size)` | RTC → DRAM (no PSRAM fallback) | DMA buffers, time-critical data |
+
+### PSRAM guidelines
+
+- **Check availability**: test availability with `psramFound() && ESP.getPsramSize() > 0` before assuming PSRAM is present. Never rely on `BOARD_HAS_PSRAM`only.
+- **DMA compatibility**: on ESP32 (classic), PSRAM buffers are **not DMA-capable** — use `d_malloc_only()` to allocate DMA buffers in DRAM only. On ESP32-S3 with octal PSRAM (`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT`), PSRAM buffers *can* be used with DMA when `CONFIG_SOC_PSRAM_DMA_CAPABLE` is defined.
+- **JSON documents**: use the `PSRAMDynamicJsonDocument` allocator (defined in `wled.h`) to put large JSON documents in PSRAM:
+  ```cpp
+  PSRAMDynamicJsonDocument doc(16384);  // allocated in PSRAM if available
+  ```
+- **Fragmentation**: PSRAM allocations fragment less than DRAM because the region is larger. But avoid mixing small and large allocations in PSRAM — small allocations waste the MMU page granularity.
+- **Heap validation**: use `d_measureHeap()` and `d_measureContiguousFreeHeap()` to monitor remaining DRAM. Allocations that would drop free DRAM below `MIN_HEAP_SIZE` should go to PSRAM instead.
+- **Performance**: Keep hot-path data in DRAM. Prefer PSRAM for capacity-oriented buffers and monitor contiguous DRAM headroom.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+   PSRAM access is up to 15× slower than DRAM on ESP32, 3–10× slower than DRAM on ESP32-S3/-S2 with quad-SPI bus. On ESP32-S3 with octal PSRAM (`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_OCT`), the penalty is smaller (~2×) because the 8-line DTR bus can transfer 8 bits in parallel at 80 MHz (120 MHz is possible with CONFIG_SPIRAM_SPEED_120M, which requires enabling experimental ESP-IDF features). On ESP32-P4 with hex PSRAM (`CONFIG_SPIRAM_MODE_HEX`), the 16-line bus runs at 200 MHz which brings it on-par with DRAM. Keep hot-path data in DRAM regardless, but consider that ESP32 often crashes when the largest DRAM chunk gets below 10 KB.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Pattern: preference-based allocation
+
+When you need a buffer that works on boards with or without PSRAM:
+
+```cpp
+// Prefer PSRAM for large buffers, fall back to DRAM
+uint8_t* buf = (uint8_t*)heap_caps_malloc_prefer(bufSize, 2,
+    MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM | MALLOC_CAP_8BIT,   // first choice: PSRAM
+    MALLOC_CAP_DEFAULT);                    // fallback: any available
+// Or simply:
+uint8_t* buf = (uint8_t*)p_malloc(bufSize);
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+---
+
+## I2S Audio: Best Practices
+
+The audioreactive usermod uses I2S for microphone input. Key patterns:
+
+### Port selection
+
+```cpp
+constexpr i2s_port_t AR_I2S_PORT = I2S_NUM_0;
+// I2S_NUM_1 has limitations: no MCLK routing, no ADC support, no PDM support
+```
+
+Always use `I2S_NUM_0` unless you have a specific reason and have verified support on all target chips.
+
+### DMA buffer tuning
+
+DMA buffer size controls latency vs. reliability:
+
+| Scenario | `dma_buf_count` | `dma_buf_len` | Latency | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| With HUB75 matrix | 18 | 128 | ~100 ms | Higher count prevents I2S starvation during matrix DMA |
+| Without PSRAM | 24 | 128 | ~140 ms | More buffers compensate for slower interrupt response |
+| Default | 8 | 128 | ~46 ms | Acceptable for most setups |
+
+### Interrupt priority
+
+Choose interrupt priority based on coexistence with other drivers:
+
+```cpp
+#ifdef WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX
+  .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_IRAM | ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL1,  // level 1 (lowest) to avoid starving HUB75
+#else
+  .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL2 | ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL3,  // accept level 2 or 3 (allocator picks available)
+#endif
+```
+
+### APLL (Audio PLL) usage
+
+The ESP32 has an audio PLL for precise sample rates. Rules:
+
+- Enable APLL when an MCLK pin is provided and precision matters.
+- **Disable APLL** when Ethernet or HUB75 is active — they also use the APLL.
+- APLL is broken on ESP32 revision 0 silicon.
+- Not all chips have APLL — gate with `SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_APLL`.
+
+```cpp
+#if !defined(SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_APLL)
+  _config.use_apll = false;
+#elif defined(WLED_USE_ETHERNET) || defined(WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX)
+  _config.use_apll = false;  // APLL conflict
+#endif
+```
+
+### PDM microphone caveats
+
+- Not supported on ESP32-C3 (`SOC_I2S_SUPPORTS_PDM_RX` not defined).
+- ESP32-S3 PDM has known issues: sample rate at 50% of expected, very low amplitude.
+  - **16-bit data width**: Espressif's IDF documentation states that in PDM mode the data unit width is always 16 bits, regardless of the configured `bits_per_sample`.
+  - See [espressif/esp-idf#8660](https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/issues/8660) for the upstream issue.
+  - **Flag `bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT` in PDM mode** — this causes the S3 low-amplitude symptom.
+- No clock pin (`I2S_CKPIN = -1`) triggers PDM mode in WLED.
+
+---
+
+## HUB75 LED Matrix: Best Practices
+
+WLED uses the `ESP32-HUB75-MatrixPanel-I2S-DMA` library for HUB75 matrix output.
+
+### Chip-specific panel limits
+
+```cpp
+#if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3) && defined(BOARD_HAS_PSRAM)
+  maxChainLength = 6;   // S3 + PSRAM: up to 6 panels (DMA-capable PSRAM)
+#elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2)
+  maxChainLength = 2;   // S2: limited DMA channels
+#else
+  maxChainLength = 4;   // Classic ESP32: default
+#endif
+```
+
+### Color depth vs. pixel count
+
+The driver dynamically reduces color depth for larger displays to stay within DMA buffer limits:
+
+| Pixel count | Color depth | Bits per pixel |
+|---|---|---|
+| ≤ `MAX_PIXELS_10BIT` | 10-bit (30-bit color) | High quality (experimental) |
+| ≤ `MAX_PIXELS_8BIT` | 8-bit (24-bit color) | Full quality |
+| ≤ `MAX_PIXELS_6BIT` | 6-bit (18-bit color) | Slight banding |
+| ≤ `MAX_PIXELS_4BIT` | 4-bit (12-bit color) | Visible banding |
+| larger | 3-bit (9-bit color) | Minimal color range |
+
+### Resource conflicts
+
+- **APLL**: HUB75 I2S DMA uses the APLL. Disable APLL in the audio I2S driver when HUB75 is active.
+- **I2S peripheral**: HUB75 uses `I2S_NUM_1` (or `I2S_NUM_0` on single-I2S chips). Audio must use the other port.
+- **Pin count**: HUB75 requires 13–14 GPIO pins. On ESP32-S2 this severely limits remaining GPIO.
+- **Reboot required**: on ESP32-S3, changing HUB75 driver options requires a full reboot — the I2S DMA cannot be reconfigured at runtime.
+
+---
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+## GPIO Best Practices
+
+### Prefer `gpio_config()` over individual calls
+
+```cpp
+// Preferred: single struct-based configuration
+gpio_config_t io_conf = {
+  .pin_bit_mask = (1ULL << pin),
+  .mode         = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT,
+  .pull_up_en   = GPIO_PULLUP_DISABLE,
+  .pull_down_en = GPIO_PULLDOWN_DISABLE,
+  .intr_type    = GPIO_INTR_DISABLE,
+};
+gpio_config(&io_conf);
+
+// Avoid: multiple separate calls (more error-prone, deprecated in IDF v5)
+gpio_set_direction(pin, GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT);
+gpio_set_pull_mode(pin, GPIO_FLOATING);
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+### Pin manager integration
+
+Always allocate pins through WLED's `pinManager` before using GPIO APIs:
+
+```cpp
+if (!pinManager.allocatePin(myPin, true, PinOwner::UM_MyUsermod)) {
+  return;  // pin in use by another module
+}
+// Now safe to configure
+```
+
+---
+
+## Timer Best Practices
+
+### Microsecond timing
+
+For high-resolution timing, prefer `esp_timer_get_time()` (microsecond resolution, 64-bit) over `millis()` or `micros()`.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+
+```cpp
+#include <esp_timer.h>
+int64_t now_us = esp_timer_get_time();  // monotonic, not affected by NTP
+```
+
+> **Note**: In arduino-esp32, both `millis()` and `micros()` are thin wrappers around `esp_timer_get_time()` — they share the same monotonic clock source. Prefer the direct call when you need the full 64-bit value or ISR-safe access without truncation:
+> ```cpp
+> // arduino-esp32 internals (cores/esp32/esp32-hal-misc.c):
+> // unsigned long micros() { return (unsigned long)(esp_timer_get_time()); }
+> // unsigned long millis() { return (unsigned long)(esp_timer_get_time() / 1000ULL); }
+> ```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Periodic timers
+
+For periodic tasks with sub-millisecond precision, use `esp_timer`:
+
+```cpp
+esp_timer_handle_t timer;
+esp_timer_create_args_t args = {
+  .callback = myCallback,
+  .arg = nullptr,
+  .dispatch_method = ESP_TIMER_TASK,  // run in timer task (not ISR)
+  .name = "my_timer",
+};
+esp_timer_create(&args, &timer);
+esp_timer_start_periodic(timer, 1000);  // 1 ms period
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+Always prefer `ESP_TIMER_TASK` dispatch over `ESP_TIMER_ISR` unless you need ISR-level latency — ISR callbacks have severe restrictions (no logging, no heap allocation, no FreeRTOS API calls).
+
+### Precision waiting: coarse delay then spin-poll
+
+When waiting for a precise future deadline (e.g., FPS limiting, protocol timing), avoid spinning the entire duration — that wastes CPU and starves other tasks. Instead, yield to FreeRTOS while time allows, then spin only for the final window.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+// Wait until 'target_us' (a micros() / esp_timer_get_time() timestamp)
+long time_to_wait = (long)(target_us - micros());
+// Coarse phase: yield to FreeRTOS while we have more than ~2 ms remaining.
+// vTaskDelay(1) suspends the task for one RTOS tick, letting other task run freely.
+while (time_to_wait > 2000) {
+  vTaskDelay(1);
+  time_to_wait = (long)(target_us - micros());
+}
+// Fine phase: busy-poll the last ≤2 ms for microsecond accuracy.
+// micros() wraps esp_timer_get_time() so this is low-overhead.
+while ((long)(target_us - micros()) > 0) { /* spin */ }
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+> The threshold (2000 µs as an example) should be at least one RTOS tick (default 1 ms on ESP32) plus some margin. A value of 1500–3000 µs works well in practice.
+
+---
+
+## ADC Best Practices
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+### Version-aware ADC code
+
+ADC is one of the most fragmented APIs across IDF versions:
+
+```cpp
+#if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 0, 0)
+  // IDF v5: oneshot driver
+  #include "esp_adc/adc_oneshot.h"
+  #include "esp_adc/adc_cali.h"
+  adc_oneshot_unit_handle_t adc_handle;
+  adc_oneshot_unit_init_cfg_t unit_cfg = { .unit_id = ADC_UNIT_1 };
+  adc_oneshot_new_unit(&unit_cfg, &adc_handle);
+#else
+  // IDF v4: legacy driver
+  #include "driver/adc.h"
+  #include "esp_adc_cal.h"
+  adc1_config_width(ADC_WIDTH_BIT_12);
+  int raw = adc1_get_raw(ADC1_CHANNEL_0);
+#endif
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+### Bit width portability
+
+Not all chips have 12-bit ADC. `SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH` reports the maximum resolution (12 or 13 bits). Note that in IDF v5, this macro was renamed to `CONFIG_SOC_ADC_RTC_MAX_BITWIDTH`. Write version-aware guards:
+
+```cpp
+// IDF v4: SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH   IDF v5: CONFIG_SOC_ADC_RTC_MAX_BITWIDTH
+#if defined(CONFIG_SOC_ADC_RTC_MAX_BITWIDTH)   // IDF v5+
+  #define MY_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH CONFIG_SOC_ADC_RTC_MAX_BITWIDTH
+#elif defined(SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH)             // IDF v4
+  #define MY_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH
+#else
+  #define MY_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH 12                // safe fallback
+#endif
+
+#if MY_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH == 13
+  adc1_config_width(ADC_WIDTH_BIT_13);  // ESP32-S2
+#else
+  adc1_config_width(ADC_WIDTH_BIT_12);  // ESP32, S3, C3, etc.
+#endif
+```
+
+WLED's `util.cpp` uses the IDF v4 form (`SOC_ADC_MAX_BITWIDTH`) — this will need updating when the codebase migrates to IDF v5.
+
+---
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+## RMT Best Practices
+
+### Current usage in WLED
+
+RMT drives NeoPixel LED output (via NeoPixelBus) and IR receiver input. Both use the legacy API that is removed in IDF v5.
+
+### Migration notes
+
+- The upstream `V5-C6` branch uses `-D WLED_USE_SHARED_RMT` to switch to the new RMT driver for NeoPixel output.
+- IR is disabled on IDF v5 until the IR library is ported.
+- New chips (C6, P4) have different RMT channel counts — use `SOC_RMT_TX_CANDIDATES_PER_GROUP` to check availability.
+- The new RMT API requires an "encoder" object (`rmt_encoder_t`) to translate data formats — this is more flexible but requires more setup code.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+---
+
+## Espressif Best Practices (from official examples)
+
+### Error handling
+
+Always check `esp_err_t` return values. Use `ESP_ERROR_CHECK()` in initialization code, but handle errors gracefully in runtime code.
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+// Initialization — crash early on failure
+ESP_ERROR_CHECK(i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &config, 0, nullptr));
+
+// Runtime — log and recover
+esp_err_t err = i2s_read(I2S_NUM_0, buf, len, &bytes_read, portMAX_DELAY);
+if (err != ESP_OK) {
+  DEBUGSR_PRINTF("I2S read failed: %s\n", esp_err_to_name(err));
+  return;
+}
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+For situations between these two extremes — where you want the `ESP_ERROR_CHECK` formatted log message (file, line, error name) but must not abort — use `ESP_ERROR_CHECK_WITHOUT_ABORT()`.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+// Logs in the same format as ESP_ERROR_CHECK, but returns the error code instead of aborting.
+// Useful for non-fatal driver calls where you want visibility without crashing.
+esp_err_t err = ESP_ERROR_CHECK_WITHOUT_ABORT(i2s_set_clk(AR_I2S_PORT, rate, bits, ch));
+if (err != ESP_OK) return;  // handle as needed
+```
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Logging
+
+WLED uses its own logging macros — **not** `ESP_LOGx()`. For application-level code, always use the WLED macros defined in `wled.h`:
+
+| Macro family | Defined in | Controlled by | Use for |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `DEBUG_PRINT` / `DEBUG_PRINTLN` / `DEBUG_PRINTF` | `wled.h` | `WLED_DEBUG` build flag | Development/diagnostic output; compiled out in release builds |
+
+All of these wrap `Serial` output through the `DEBUGOUT` / `DEBUGOUTLN` / `DEBUGOUTF` macros.
+
+**Exception — low-level driver code**: When writing code that interacts directly with ESP-IDF APIs (e.g., I2S initialization, RMT setup), use `ESP_LOGx()` macros instead. They support tag-based filtering and compile-time log level control:
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+```cpp
+static const char* TAG = "my_module";
+ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Initialized with %d buffers", count);
+ESP_LOGW(TAG, "PSRAM not available, falling back to DRAM");
+ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to allocate %u bytes", size);
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+### Task creation and pinning
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+On dual-core chips (ESP32, S3, P4), pin latency-sensitive tasks to a specific core:
+
+```cpp
+xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(
+  audioTask,        // function
+  "audio",          // name
+  4096,             // stack size
+  nullptr,          // parameter
+  5,                // priority (higher = more important)
+  &audioTaskHandle, // handle
+  0                 // core ID (0 = protocol core, 1 = app core)
+);
+```
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+Guidelines:
+- Pin network/protocol tasks to core 0 (where Wi-Fi runs).
+- Pin real-time tasks (audio, LED output) to core 1.
+- On single-core chips (S2, C3, C5, C6), only core 0 exists — pinning to core 1 will fail. Use `SOC_CPU_CORES_NUM > 1` guards or `tskNO_AFFINITY`.
+- Use `SOC_CPU_CORES_NUM` to conditionally pin tasks:
+  ```cpp
+  #if SOC_CPU_CORES_NUM > 1
+    xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(audioTask, "audio", 4096, nullptr, 5, &handle, 1);
+  #else
+    xTaskCreate(audioTask, "audio", 4096, nullptr, 5, &handle);
+  #endif
+  ```
+
+**Tip: use xTaskCreateUniversal()** - from arduino-esp32 - to avoid the conditional on `SOC_CPU_CORES_NUM`. This function has the same signature as ``xTaskCreatePinnedToCore()``, but automatically falls back to ``xTaskCreate()`` on single-core MCUs.
+
+### `delay()`, `yield()`, and the IDLE task
+
+FreeRTOS on ESP32 is **preemptive** — all tasks are scheduled by priority regardless of `yield()` calls. This is fundamentally different from ESP8266 cooperative multitasking.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+| Call | What it does | Reaches IDLE (priority 0)? |
+|---|---|---|
+| `delay(ms)` / `vTaskDelay(ticks)` | Suspends calling task; scheduler runs all other ready tasks | ✅ Yes |
+| `yield()` / `vTaskDelay(0)` | Hint to switch to tasks at **equal or higher** priority only | ❌ No |
+| `taskYIELD()` | Same as `vTaskDelay(0)` | ❌ No |
+| Blocking API (`xQueueReceive`, `ulTaskNotifyTake`, `vTaskDelayUntil`) | Suspends task until event or timeout; IDLE runs freely | ✅ Yes |
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+**`delay()` in `loopTask` is safe.** Arduino's `loop()` runs inside `loopTask`. Calling `delay()` suspends only `loopTask` — all other FreeRTOS tasks (Wi-Fi stack, audio FFT, LED DMA) continue uninterrupted on either core.
+
+**`yield()` does not yield to IDLE.** Any task that loops with only `yield()` calls will starve the IDLE task, causing the IDLE watchdog to fire. Always use `delay(1)` (or a blocking FreeRTOS call) in tight task loops. Note: WLED redefines `yield()` as an empty macro on ESP32 WLEDMM_FASTPATH builds.
+
+#### Why the IDLE task is not optional
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+
+The FreeRTOS IDLE task (one per core on dual-core ESP32 and ESP32-S3; single instance on single-core chips) is not idle in the casual sense — it performs essential system housekeeping:
+
+- **Frees deleted task memory**: when a task calls `vTaskDelete()`, the IDLE task reclaims its TCB and stack. Without IDLE running, deleted tasks leak memory permanently.
+- **Runs the idle hook**: when `configUSE_IDLE_HOOK = 1`, the IDLE task calls `vApplicationIdleHook()` on every iteration — some ESP-IDF components register low-priority background work here.
+- **Implements tickless idle / light sleep**: on battery-powered devices, IDLE is the entry point for low-power sleep. A permanently starved IDLE task disables light sleep entirely.
+- **Runs registered idle hooks**: ESP-IDF components register callbacks via `esp_register_freertos_idle_hook()` (e.g., Wi-Fi background maintenance, Bluetooth housekeeping). These only fire when IDLE runs.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->
+
+In short: **starving IDLE corrupts memory cleanup, breaks background activities, disables low-power sleep, and prevents Wi-Fi/BT maintenance.** The IDLE watchdog panic is a symptom — the real damage happens before the watchdog fires.
+
+### Watchdog management
+
+Long-running operations may trigger the task watchdog. Feed it explicitly:
+
+```cpp
+#include <esp_task_wdt.h>
+esp_task_wdt_reset();  // feed the watchdog in long loops
+```
+
+For tasks that intentionally block for extended periods, consider subscribing/unsubscribing from the TWDT:
+
+```cpp
+esp_task_wdt_delete(NULL);  // remove current task from TWDT (IDF v4.4)
+// ... long blocking operation ...
+esp_task_wdt_add(NULL);     // re-register
+```
+
+> **IDF v5 note**: In IDF v5, `esp_task_wdt_add()` and `esp_task_wdt_delete()` require an explicit `TaskHandle_t`. Use `xTaskGetCurrentTaskHandle()` instead of `NULL`.
+
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_START -->
+---
+
+## Quick Reference: IDF v4 → v5 API Mapping
+
+| Component | IDF v4 Header | IDF v5 Header | Key Change |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| I2S | `driver/i2s.h` | `driver/i2s_std.h` | Channel-based API |
+| ADC (oneshot) | `driver/adc.h` | `esp_adc/adc_oneshot.h` | Unit/channel handles |
+| ADC (calibration) | `esp_adc_cal.h` | `esp_adc/adc_cali.h` | Scheme-based calibration |
+| RMT | `driver/rmt.h` | `driver/rmt_tx.h` / `rmt_rx.h` | Encoder-based transmit |
+| SPI Flash | `spi_flash.h` | `esp_flash.h` | `esp_flash_*` functions |
+| GPIO | `driver/gpio.h` | `driver/gpio.h` | `gpio_pad_select_gpio()` removed |
+| Timer | `driver/timer.h` | `driver/gptimer.h` | General-purpose timer handles |
+| PCNT | `driver/pcnt.h` | `driver/pulse_cnt.h` | Handle-based API |
+<!-- HUMAN_ONLY_END -->

docs/hardening.instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+---
+applyTo: "**/*.{cpp,h,hpp,ino,js,htm,html,css,yml,yaml}"
+description: "WLED strict-mode security review: low-noise checklist."
+---
+
+# WLED Security Review — Low Noise Mode
+
+Use these code hardening rules for automated reviews with minimal false positives.
+
+## WLED Constraints (apply to all rules)
+
+- Assume firewall/DMZ/VPN deployment; focus on realistic LAN-local and supply-chain risks.
+- Do **not** require TLS/HTTPS as a baseline control.
+- Do **not** require authentication for standards-based UDP multicast/broadcast paths where authentication is not defined in the protocol specification.
+
+> **Trust boundary model**: Apply input-validation rules **only at the first untrusted ingress point**
+> (HTTP/JSON API body or query string, WebSocket payload, UDP datagram, TCP read, serial command, ESP-NOW raw messages).
+> Values that have been validated and range-clamped at ingress are **trusted** for internal WLED
+> processing. Do not flag subsequent uses or internal copies of already-sanitized data.
+
+## CRITICAL Rules
+
+1. **No unchecked buffer copies** (`memcpy`, `memmove`, `strcpy`) in firmware paths when source buffer or size comes from an untrusted origin; prefer bounded alternatives (`strncpy`, `strlcpy`); require length validation before copying.
+2. **No user-controlled format strings** in `DEBUG_PRINTF*` and similar logging APIs.
+3. **Validate all untrusted external input** (HTTP/JSON/UDP/serial) before index/length/pin usage.
+4. **Auth required for state-changing control endpoints where feasible** (for example HTTP/JSON); do not flag protocol-defined unauthenticated UDP multicast/broadcast channels solely for missing auth.
+5. **No fail-open on parse/allocation errors** for config/state updates.
+6. **No DOM XSS sinks with untrusted data** (`innerHTML`, unsafe HTML insertion). Server-side generation of JavaScript property-assignment statements (as used in WLED's printSetForm* helpers) is exempt.
+7. **No dynamic code execution** (`eval`, `new Function`, string timers).
+8. **No hardcoded secrets/credentials/tokens/keys** in committed files.
+9. **No sensitive data in logs** (passwords, tokens, Wi-Fi secrets, auth headers).
+10. **No secret exposure in workflows/log output, or in LittleFS files other than `wsec.json`**.
+11. **No unsafe third-party GitHub Action pinning** (`@main`/`@master` disallowed).
+12. **No untrusted expression interpolation in workflow shell commands**.
+
+## IMPORTANT Rules
+
+13. Avoid potentially unbounded string/memory operations (`strcmp`, `strchr`, `strlen`, `sprintf`) in firmware paths; prefer bounded alternatives (`strnlen`, `strncmp`, `snprintf`).
+14. Check integer overflow risks in size/index arithmetic, but consider that unsigned wrap-around on small types might be intentional. 
+15. Reject repeated heap allocation churn in hot render/effect loops.
+16. Avoid repeated `String` growth in hot paths; prefer bounded/pre-allocated buffers.
+17. Ensure UI validation is mirrored by firmware-side validation.
+18. Require strict origin checks for `postMessage` listeners.
+19. Disallow untrusted redirect/navigation targets.
+20. Prevent verbose error responses that leak internals.
+21. Review new dependencies for typosquatting and known vulnerability risk.
+22. Keep workflow `permissions` least-privilege.
+23. Verify new `WLED_ENABLE_*` / `WLED_DISABLE_*` names are valid known flags.
+24. New privileged behavior must not be enabled by insecure defaults; first-use default-credential change required where applicable.
+25. OTA paths (Update.begin(), Update.write()) must verify firmware integrity (checksum/hash); TLS not required.
+26. Flag xTaskCreate/xTaskCreatePinnedToCore tasks with insufficient stack for String/JSON use; flag MDNS.begin() / ArduinoOTA.setHostname() with unsanitized hostnames.
+27. Flag API/config serialization that exposes Wi-Fi/AP/MQTT password fields to unauthenticated clients.
+28. Treat fetched and config-derived strings as untrusted when inserting into the DOM; explicit sanitization required for HTML contexts.
+
+## Reviewer Output Format
+
+- Include severity, exact file and line, and one concrete fix direction.
+- Prioritize CRITICAL findings before IMPORTANT findings.

docs/securecode.instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+---
+applyTo: "**/*.{cpp,h,hpp,ino,js,htm,html,css,yml,yaml}"
+description: "WLED-focused security review guide based on OWASP Top 10 for embedded firmware and web UI."
+---
+
+# WLED Security Review Standards (Embedded + Web UI)
+
+Use this guide for AI-assisted code reviews in:
+- `wled00/`
+- `usermods/`
+- `.github/workflows/`
+
+## WLED Constraints and Threat Model Assumptions
+
+- Assume typical deployment behind a firewall/DMZ/VPN; prioritize LAN-local and supply-chain risks.
+- Do **not** require TLS/HTTPS as a baseline control for findings in this repo.
+- Do **not** require authentication for standards-based UDP multicast/broadcast protocols where auth is not part of the spec.
+- Do not propose mitigations that break protocol compliance just to add authentication.
+
+### Trust Boundary Model
+
+**Untrusted data** enters WLED only at the following explicit ingress points:
+- HTTP/JSON API request bodies and query parameters (e.g., `/json/*`, `/win`)
+- WebSocket message payloads
+- UDP datagrams (`parsePacket()` / `recvfrom()` and higher-level protocol wrappers)
+- TCP socket reads
+- Serial/UART input used as commands
+- ESP-NOW raw messages input
+
+**Validation and range-clamping applied at the ingress point renders data trusted** for all subsequent use within the WLED core.
+
+**Do not flag:**
+- Repeated bounds or range checks on a value that has already been validated and clamped at its ingress handler.
+- Internal WLED core logic that operates on values confirmed safe by the ingress layer.
+
+If it is unclear whether a value has been sanitized upstream (e.g., passed through multiple function calls without a clear annotation), prefer asking for clarification over raising a false-positive finding.
+
+### Locally-Stored Configuration Files (Robustness, not a primary trust boundary)
+
+Files read from LittleFS (`presets.json`, `cfg.json`, `ledmap.json`, `ir.json`, etc.) are written only via privileged access (`/edit`) and are considered trusted in the threat model. 
+However, parse them defensively (validate structure, clamp array sizes, handle missing keys gracefully) to avoid bootloops from filesystem corruption or accidental malformation.
+
+## Severity
+
+- **CRITICAL** — exploitable vulnerability; block merge.
+- **IMPORTANT** — meaningful risk; fix before or with merge when practical.
+- **SUGGESTION** — defense-in-depth; track for follow-up.
+
+## Scope (WLED-relevant)
+
+Prioritize:
+- C++ memory safety and input validation
+- Auth and access checks for state-changing HTTP/JSON APIs
+- XSS and DOM safety in `wled00/data/*`
+- Secrets handling (`wsec.json`) and secure logging
+- Dependency and GitHub Actions supply-chain hygiene
+- Fail-safe behavior on constrained devices
+
+De-prioritize unless explicitly introduced by a PR:
+- SQL/NoSQL checks, JWT/OAuth flows, GraphQL-specific checks, generic backend framework checks not used by WLED.
+
+## Firmware Security (C++, OWASP A01/A04/A05/A10)
+
+### FW1: Unsafe buffer operations
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- Flag `strcpy`, `sprintf`, unchecked memory access (`memcpy`, `memmove`, `memcmp`, `strcmp`, `strlen`), unchecked pointer arithmetic.
+- Require explicit bounds checks and length validation.
+- Prefer bounded alternatives for string operations (`strnlen`, `strncmp`, `strncpy`, `strlcpy`, `snprintf`).
+- Treat a finding against FW1 as **suggestion** only when the operation is provably bounded
+  and both the destination capacity and copied/compared length are known safe.
+
+### FW2: Format-string injection
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- Do not pass untrusted input as a format string to `DEBUG_PRINTF*` or similar APIs.
+
+### FW3: Integer overflow in length and offset math
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Review `count * size`, index math, narrowing casts before allocations or copies.
+
+### FW4: Unvalidated external input
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- At each **untrusted ingress point** (see Trust Boundary Model above), validate and clamp values from HTTP/JSON/UDP/serial before use as lengths, indices, IDs, or pin references.
+- Do not flag repeated range checks on values that have already been validated at their ingress point.
+- In UDP handlers (`parsePacket()`, `read()`, and any lower-level socket wrappers), validate `packetSize` before buffer writes and clamp protocol-specific universe/channel ranges to valid limits.
+
+### FW5: Missing auth checks on state-changing endpoints (where auth is feasible)
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- HTTP/JSON and other control paths that support auth must enforce configured auth policy.
+- Do not flag the HTTP endpoint `/reset` as state-changing. This endpoint triggers a reboot, causing a short interruption without loss of user data.
+- Do not flag standards-based UDP multicast/broadcast paths solely for lacking authentication when authentication is not defined in the protocol specification.
+
+### FW6: Fail-open behavior after parse or allocation errors
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- On error, reject update and preserve safe previous state.
+- Explicitly check parse status (`DeserializationError error = deserializeJson(...); if (error) return/reject;`) and avoid silently applying unsafe zero/default values to safety-relevant fields (for example LED count and pin assignment).
+
+### FW7: Heap churn in hot paths
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Avoid repeated dynamic allocation in render/effect loops; prefer pre-allocation and reuse.
+- Flag allocation patterns in loop and ISR-adjacent paths that can trigger fragmentation or timing instability.
+
+### FW8: Unsafe use of `String` in performance-critical paths
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- In hot paths, avoid repeated `String` growth; reserve or use fixed buffers.
+- Flag repeated `String` concatenation inside loop-heavy or ISR-adjacent code.
+
+### FW9: Unsafe feature flag names
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Verify all new `WLED_ENABLE_*`/`WLED_DISABLE_*` names are valid known flags; typos silently alter build behavior.
+
+### FW10: OTA integrity verification (without TLS requirement)
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- OTA update flows should validate firmware integrity using the checksum/hash/signature mechanism available in the firmware/platform implementation.
+- Do not require TLS/certificate pinning as a mandatory review criterion.
+- In OTA paths (`Update.begin()`, `Update.write()`, and related flows), flag flashing without integrity verification.
+
+### FW11: FreeRTOS task stack and recursion safety
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- In `xTaskCreate`/`xTaskCreatePinnedToCore` tasks that process `String`/JSON-heavy data, verify stack-size sufficiency and avoid unbounded recursion.
+
+### FW12: mDNS and hostname sanitization
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- For `MDNS.begin()`, `MDNS.addService()`, and `ArduinoOTA.setHostname()`, ensure user-provided hostnames are RFC-compliant (letters/digits/hyphen, no leading/trailing hyphen) and clamped to 63 characters.
+
+### FW13: Outbound URL validation (no HTTPS requirement)
+- **Severity**: SUGGESTION
+- When using user-provided URL strings with `HTTPClient.begin()`/equivalent, validate scheme/format and constrain host targets (allowlist or equivalent policy).
+- Do not require HTTPS/TLS as a baseline review rule.
+
+### FW14: Optional unicast UDP source filtering
+- **Severity**: SUGGESTION
+- For unicast UDP receive paths, prefer optional user-configurable source filtering.
+- Do not require this for multicast/broadcast protocol flows.
+
+## Web UI Security (`wled00/data/*`, OWASP A01/A02/A05)
+
+### WEB1: DOM XSS through `innerHTML`
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- Prefer `textContent`; if HTML is required, sanitize trusted content path explicitly.
+
+### WEB2: Dynamic code execution
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- Reject `eval`, `new Function`, and string-based timer execution.
+
+### WEB3: `postMessage` without origin validation
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Require strict origin allowlist checks before processing payloads.
+
+### WEB4: Unsafe redirects/navigation
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Do not navigate directly from untrusted query/input without relative-path or allowlist checks.
+
+### WEB5: Client-only validation
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- UI validation is not sufficient; equivalent firmware-side validation is required.
+
+### WEB6: Direct DOM insertion from fetched/config data
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Treat fetched and config-derived strings as untrusted unless proven otherwise.
+
+### WEB7: CSRF checks for state-changing HTTP routes (advisory)
+- **Severity**: SUGGESTION
+- For state-changing HTTP routes (for example `/json/state`, `/win`), prefer `Origin`/`Referer` header validation as low-cost defense-in-depth for deployments that are not directly internet-exposed.
+- Treat this as advisory only, since some legitimate clients may omit these headers.
+
+## Secrets and Logging (OWASP A04/A09/A10)
+
+### SEC1: Hardcoded secrets and credentials
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- Reject committed API keys, passwords, tokens, private keys, or test backdoors with potential security impact.
+
+### SEC2: Sensitive values in logs
+- **Severity**: CRITICAL
+- Do not log passwords, tokens, Wi-Fi keys, auth headers, or full sensitive payloads.
+
+### SEC3: Insecure defaults
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Reject new default credentials or insecure auto-enable behavior for privileged functions.
+- For setup/onboarding flows, require first-change behavior for default credentials where applicable.
+
+### SEC4: Overly detailed error responses
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Avoid exposing stack traces or internal details to API/UI consumers.
+
+### SEC5: Credential exposure in API/config responses
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Flag API/config serialization that exposes password-like fields (for example Wi-Fi/AP/MQTT passwords) to unauthenticated or untrusted clients.
+
+### SEC6: Security-relevant event logging coverage
+- **Severity**: SUGGESTION
+- Prefer explicit logging for auth failures, OTA attempts, config resets, and AP activation events, without logging secret values.
+
+## Supply Chain and CI/CD (OWASP A03/A08)
+
+### SC1: New dependency risk
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Review new npm/pip/PlatformIO dependencies for legitimacy, pinning, and known vulnerabilities.
+
+### SC2: Workflow permission hardening regressions
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Check for broad `permissions`, unpinned third-party actions, or unsafe secret exposure.
+- Flag mutable third-party action refs (`@main`, `@master`, broad tags) where SHA pinning is expected by project policy.
+- Flag overly broad permissions such as `write-all` without clear need.
+
+### SC3: Script injection in workflows
+- **Severity**: IMPORTANT
+- Avoid direct interpolation of untrusted `${{ github.event.* }}` values in `run` commands.
+
+## Reviewer Checklist
+
+- [ ] No new memory-safety hazards (bounds, overflow, unsafe copies/format strings)
+- [ ] External input is validated and range-clamped at ingress points (HTTP/JSON, WebSocket, UDP, TCP, serial, ESP-NOW)
+- [ ] State-changing API paths enforce auth policy
+- [ ] OTA paths enforce integrity verification (without requiring TLS baseline)
+- [ ] Suggested rule patterns are checked where relevant (UDP bounds, hostname sanitization, workflow pinning/permissions)
+- [ ] Web UI changes avoid unsafe DOM execution/injection patterns
+- [ ] No secrets added; no sensitive logging introduced
+- [ ] Error handling remains fail-safe and non-leaky
+- [ ] Dependency/workflow changes are supply-chain safe
+- [ ] Feature-flag names are valid and not typoed
+
+## AI Review Behavior
+
+- Prefer concrete, file/line-specific findings over generic guidance.
+- Prioritize **CRITICAL** and **IMPORTANT** findings.
+- Skip irrelevant framework checks not used by WLED.
+- If control-flow trust is unclear, ask for clarification instead of guessing.

docs/web.instructions.md

@@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ applyTo: "wled00/data/**"
 
 **Reuse shared helpers from `common.js` whenever possible** instead of duplicating utilities in page-local scripts.
 
+## Accessibility & Interaction
+
+The WLED web UI targets commonly used browser/platform combinations: desktop browsers on Mac and PC (primarily pointer-driven, touch rare), 
+and touch-only devices (phones, tablets). If possible, keep the UI accessible to users with disabilities. 
+Full keyboard operability is not a strict requirement - adding keyboard shortcuts should be a case-by-case decision.
+
 ## Build Integration
 
 Files in this directory are processed by `tools/cdata.js` into generated headers

pio-scripts/dynarray.py

@@ -2,18 +2,85 @@
 # This is implemented as a pio post-script to ensure that we can
 # place our linker script at the correct point in the command arguments.
 Import("env")
+import shutil
 from pathlib import Path
 
-platform = env.get("PIOPLATFORM")
-script_file = Path(f"tools/dynarray_{platform}.ld")
-if script_file.is_file():
-    linker_script = f"-T{script_file}"
-    if platform == "espressif32":
-        # For ESP32, the script must be added at the right point in the list
-        linkflags = env.get("LINKFLAGS", [])
-        idx = linkflags.index("memory.ld")    
-        linkflags.insert(idx+1, linker_script)    
-        env.Replace(LINKFLAGS=linkflags)
+# Linker script fragment injected into the rodata output section of whichever
+# platform we're building for.  Placed just before the end-of-rodata marker so
+# that the dynarray entries land in flash rodata and are correctly sorted.
+DYNARRAY_INJECTION = (
+    "\n    /* dynarray: WLED dynamic module arrays */\n"
+    "    . = ALIGN(0x10);\n"
+    "    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.dynarray.*)))\n"
+    "    "
+)
+
+
+def inject_before_marker(path, marker):
+    """Patch a linker script file in-place, inserting DYNARRAY_INJECTION before marker."""
+    original = path.read_text()
+    marker_pos = original.find(marker)
+    if marker_pos < 0:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"DYNARRAY injection marker not found in linker script: path={path}, marker={marker!r}"
+        )
+    patched = original[:marker_pos] + DYNARRAY_INJECTION + original[marker_pos:]
+    path.write_text(patched)
+
+
+if env.get("PIOPLATFORM") == "espressif32":
+    # Find sections.ld on the linker search path (LIBPATH).
+    sections_ld_path = None
+    for ld_dir in env.get("LIBPATH", []):
+        candidate = Path(str(ld_dir)) / "sections.ld"
+        if candidate.exists():
+            sections_ld_path = candidate
+            break
+
+    if sections_ld_path is not None:
+        # Inject inside the existing .flash.rodata output section, just before
+        # _rodata_end.  IDF v5 enforces zero gaps between adjacent output
+        # sections via ASSERT statements, so INSERT AFTER .flash.rodata would
+        # fail.  Injecting inside the section creates no new output section and
+        # leaves the ASSERTs satisfied.
+        build_dir = Path(env.subst("$BUILD_DIR"))
+        patched_path = build_dir / "dynarray_sections.ld"
+        shutil.copy(sections_ld_path, patched_path)
+        inject_before_marker(patched_path, "_rodata_end = ABSOLUTE(.);")
+
+        # Replace "sections.ld" in LINKFLAGS with an absolute path to our
+        # patched copy.  The flag may appear as a bare token, combined as
+        # "-Tsections.ld", or split across two tokens ("-T", "sections.ld").
+        patched_str = str(patched_path)
+        new_flags = []
+        skip_next = False
+        for flag in env.get("LINKFLAGS", []):
+            if skip_next:
+                new_flags.append(patched_str if flag == "sections.ld" else flag)
+                skip_next = False
+            elif flag == "-T":
+                new_flags.append(flag)
+                skip_next = True
+            else:
+                new_flags.append(flag.replace("sections.ld", patched_str))
+        env.Replace(LINKFLAGS=new_flags)
     else:
-        # For other platforms, put it in last
-        env.Append(LINKFLAGS=[linker_script])
+        # Assume sections.ld will be built (ESP-IDF format); add a post-action to patch it
+        # TODO: consider using ESP-IDF linker fragment (https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/stable/esp32/api-guides/linker-script-generation.html)
+        # For now, patch after building
+        sections_ld = Path(env.subst("$BUILD_DIR")) / "sections.ld"
+        def patch_sections_ld(target, source, env):
+            inject_before_marker(sections_ld, "_rodata_end = ABSOLUTE(.);")
+        env.AddPostAction(str(sections_ld), patch_sections_ld)
+    
+elif env.get("PIOPLATFORM") == "espressif8266":
+    # The ESP8266 framework preprocesses eagle.app.v6.common.ld.h into
+    # local.eagle.app.v6.common.ld in $BUILD_DIR/ld/ at build time.  Register
+    # a post-action on that generated file so the injection happens after
+    # C-preprocessing but before linking.
+    build_ld = Path(env.subst("$BUILD_DIR")) / "ld" / "local.eagle.app.v6.common.ld"
+
+    def patch_esp8266_ld(target, source, env):
+        inject_before_marker(build_ld, "_irom0_text_end = ABSOLUTE(.);")
+
+    env.AddPostAction(str(build_ld), patch_esp8266_ld)

pio-scripts/validate_modules.py

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-import os
 import re
 import subprocess
-from pathlib import Path   # For OS-agnostic path manipulation
+from pathlib import Path
 from click import secho
 from SCons.Script import Action, Exit
 Import("env")
 
+_ATTR = re.compile(r'\bDW_AT_(name|comp_dir)\b')
+
 
 def read_lines(p: Path):
     """ Read in the contents of a file for analysis """
@@ -13,105 +14,156 @@ def read_lines(p: Path):
         return f.readlines()
 
 
-def _get_nm_path(env) -> str:
-    """ Derive the nm tool path from the build environment """
-    if "NM" in env:
-        return env.subst("$NM")
-    # Derive from the C compiler: xtensa-esp32-elf-gcc → xtensa-esp32-elf-nm
-    cc = env.subst("$CC")
-    nm = re.sub(r'(gcc|g\+\+)$', 'nm', os.path.basename(cc))
-    return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(cc), nm)
+def _get_readelf_path(env) -> str:
+    """ Derive the readelf tool path from the build environment """
+    # Derive from the C compiler: xtensa-esp32-elf-gcc → xtensa-esp32-elf-readelf
+    cc = Path(env.subst("$CC"))
+    return str(cc.with_name(re.sub(r'(gcc|g\+\+)$', 'readelf', cc.name)))
 
 
 def check_elf_modules(elf_path: Path, env, module_lib_builders) -> set[str]:
-    """ Check which modules have at least one defined symbol placed in the ELF.
+    """ Check which modules have at least one compilation unit in the ELF.
 
         The map file is not a reliable source for this: with LTO, original object
         file paths are replaced by temporary ltrans.o partitions in all output
         sections, making per-module attribution impossible from the map alone.
-        Instead we invoke nm --defined-only -l on the ELF, which uses DWARF debug
-        info to attribute each placed symbol to its original source file.
-
-        Requires usermod libraries to be compiled with -g so that DWARF sections
-        are present in the ELF.  load_usermods.py injects -g for all WLED modules
-        via dep.env.AppendUnique(CCFLAGS=["-g"]).
+        Instead we invoke readelf --debug-dump=info --dwarf-depth=1 on the ELF,
+        which reads only the top-level compilation-unit DIEs from .debug_info.
+        Each CU corresponds to one source file; matching DW_AT_comp_dir +
+        DW_AT_name against the module src_dirs is sufficient to confirm a module
+        was compiled into the ELF.  The output volume is proportional to the
+        number of source files, not the number of symbols.
 
         Returns the set of build_dir basenames for confirmed modules.
     """
-    nm_path = _get_nm_path(env)
+    readelf_path = _get_readelf_path(env)
     try:
         result = subprocess.run(
-            [nm_path, "--defined-only", "-l", str(elf_path)],
+            [readelf_path, "--debug-dump=info", "--dwarf-depth=1", str(elf_path)],
             capture_output=True, text=True, errors="ignore", timeout=120,
         )
-        nm_output = result.stdout
+        output = result.stdout
+        if result.returncode != 0 or result.stderr.strip():
+            secho(f"WARNING: readelf exited {result.returncode}: {result.stderr.strip()}", fg="yellow", err=True)
     except (subprocess.TimeoutExpired, FileNotFoundError, OSError) as e:
-        secho(f"WARNING: nm failed ({e}); skipping per-module validation", fg="yellow", err=True)
+        secho(f"WARNING: readelf failed ({e}); skipping per-module validation", fg="yellow", err=True)
         return {Path(b.build_dir).name for b in module_lib_builders}  # conservative pass
 
-    # Match placed symbols against builders as we parse nm output, exiting early
-    # once all builders are accounted for.
-    # nm --defined-only still includes debugging symbols (type 'N') such as the
-    # per-CU markers GCC emits in .debug_info (e.g. "usermod_example_cpp_6734d48d").
-    # These live at address 0x00000000 in their debug section — not in any load
-    # segment — so filtering them out leaves only genuinely placed symbols.
-    # nm -l appends a tab-separated "file:lineno" location to each symbol line.
     remaining = {Path(str(b.src_dir)): Path(b.build_dir).name for b in module_lib_builders}
     found = set()
+    project_dir = Path(env.subst("$PROJECT_DIR"))
 
-    for line in nm_output.splitlines():
+    def _flush_cu(comp_dir: str | None, name: str | None) -> None:
+        """Match one completed CU against remaining builders."""
+        if not name or not remaining:
+            return
+        p = Path(name)
+        src_path = (Path(comp_dir) / p) if (comp_dir and not p.is_absolute()) else p
+        # In arduino+espidf dual-framework builds the IDF toolchain sets DW_AT_comp_dir
+        # to the virtual path "/IDF_PROJECT" rather than the real project root, so
+        # src_path won't match.  Pre-compute a fallback using $PROJECT_DIR and check
+        # both candidates in a single pass.
+        use_fallback = not p.is_absolute() and comp_dir and Path(comp_dir) != project_dir
+        src_path_real = project_dir / p if use_fallback else None
+        for src_dir in list(remaining):
+            if src_path.is_relative_to(src_dir) or (src_path_real and src_path_real.is_relative_to(src_dir)):
+                found.add(remaining.pop(src_dir))
+                return
+
+    # readelf emits one DW_TAG_compile_unit DIE per source file.  Attributes
+    # of interest:
+    #   DW_AT_name     — source file (absolute, or relative to comp_dir)
+    #   DW_AT_comp_dir — compile working directory
+    # Both appear as either a direct string or an indirect string:
+    #   DW_AT_name     : foo.cpp
+    #   DW_AT_name     : (indirect string, offset: 0x…): foo.cpp
+    # Taking the portion after the *last* ": " on the line handles both forms.
+
+    comp_dir = name = None
+    for line in output.splitlines():
+        if 'Compilation Unit @' in line:
+            _flush_cu(comp_dir, name)
+            comp_dir = name = None
+            continue
         if not remaining:
             break  # all builders matched
-        addr, _, _ = line.partition(' ')
-        if not addr.lstrip('0'):
-            continue  # zero address — skip debug-section marker
-        if '\t' not in line:
-            continue
-        loc = line.rsplit('\t', 1)[1]
-        # Strip trailing :lineno  (e.g. "/path/to/foo.cpp:42" → "/path/to/foo.cpp")
-        src_path = Path(loc.rsplit(':', 1)[0])
-        # Path.is_relative_to() handles OS-specific separators correctly without
-        # any regex, avoiding Windows path escaping issues.
-        for src_dir in list(remaining):
-            if src_path.is_relative_to(src_dir):
-                found.add(remaining.pop(src_dir))
-                break
+        m = _ATTR.search(line)
+        if m:
+            _, _, val = line.rpartition(': ')
+            val = val.strip()
+            if m.group(1) == 'name':
+                name = val
+            else:
+                comp_dir = val
+    _flush_cu(comp_dir, name)  # flush the last CU
 
     return found
 
 
-DYNARRAY_SECTION = ".dtors" if env.get("PIOPLATFORM") == "espressif8266" else ".dynarray"
-USERMODS_SECTION = f"{DYNARRAY_SECTION}.usermods.1"
-
 def count_usermod_objects(map_file: list[str]) -> int:
-    """ Returns the number of usermod objects in the usermod list """
-    # Count the number of entries in the usermods table section
-    return len([x for x in map_file if USERMODS_SECTION in x])
+    """ Returns the number of usermod objects in the usermod list.
+
+    Computes the count from the address span between the .dynarray.usermods.0
+    and .dynarray.usermods.99999 sentinel sections.  This mirrors the
+    DYNARRAY_LENGTH macro and is reliable under LTO, where all entries are
+    merged into a single ltrans partition so counting section occurrences
+    always yields 1 regardless of the true count.
+    """
+    ENTRY_SIZE = 4  # sizeof(Usermod*) on 32-bit targets
+    addr_begin = None
+    addr_end = None
+
+    for i, line in enumerate(map_file):
+        stripped = line.strip()
+        if stripped == '.dynarray.usermods.0':
+            if i + 1 < len(map_file):
+                m = re.search(r'0x([0-9a-fA-F]+)', map_file[i + 1])
+                if m:
+                    addr_begin = int(m.group(1), 16)
+        elif stripped == '.dynarray.usermods.99999':
+            if i + 1 < len(map_file):
+                m = re.search(r'0x([0-9a-fA-F]+)', map_file[i + 1])
+                if m:
+                    addr_end = int(m.group(1), 16)
+        if addr_begin is not None and addr_end is not None:
+            break
+
+    if addr_begin is None or addr_end is None:
+        return 0
+    return (addr_end - addr_begin) // ENTRY_SIZE
 
 
 def validate_map_file(source, target, env):
     """ Validate that all modules appear in the output build """
     build_dir = Path(env.subst("$BUILD_DIR"))
-    map_file_path = build_dir /  env.subst("${PROGNAME}.map")
+    map_file_path = build_dir / env.subst("${PROGNAME}.map")
 
     if not map_file_path.exists():
         secho(f"ERROR: Map file not found: {map_file_path}", fg="red", err=True)
         Exit(1)
 
     # Identify the WLED module builders, set by load_usermods.py
-    module_lib_builders = env['WLED_MODULES']
+    module_lib_builders = env.get('WLED_MODULES')
+    if module_lib_builders is None:
+        secho("ERROR: WLED_MODULES not set — ensure load_usermods.py is run as a pre: script", fg="red", err=True)
+        Exit(1)
 
     # Extract the values we care about
     modules = {Path(builder.build_dir).name: builder.name for builder in module_lib_builders}
-    secho(f"INFO: {len(modules)} libraries linked as WLED optional/user modules")
+    secho(f"INFO: {len(modules)} libraries included as WLED optional/user modules")
 
     # Now parse the map file
     map_file_contents = read_lines(map_file_path)
     usermod_object_count = count_usermod_objects(map_file_contents)
-    secho(f"INFO: {usermod_object_count} usermod object entries")
+    secho(f"INFO: {usermod_object_count} usermod object entries found")
 
     elf_path = build_dir / env.subst("${PROGNAME}.elf")
+
     confirmed_modules = check_elf_modules(elf_path, env, module_lib_builders)
+    if confirmed_modules:
+        secho(f"INFO: Code from usermod libraries found in binary: {', '.join(confirmed_modules)}")
+    # else - if there's no usermods found, don't generate a message.  If we're legitimately missing all entries, the error report on the
+    # next line will trip; and if the usermod set is expected to be empty, then there's no need for yet another null message.
 
     missing_modules = [modname for mdir, modname in modules.items() if mdir not in confirmed_modules]
     if missing_modules:
@@ -120,7 +172,6 @@ def validate_map_file(source, target, env):
             fg="red",
             err=True)
         Exit(1)
-    return None
 
 env.Append(LINKFLAGS=[env.subst("-Wl,--Map=${BUILD_DIR}/${PROGNAME}.map")])
 env.AddPostAction("$BUILD_DIR/${PROGNAME}.elf", Action(validate_map_file, cmdstr='Checking linked optional modules (usermods) in map file'))

platformio.ini

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ default_envs = nodemcuv2
                esp32s3dev_16MB_opi
                esp32s3dev_8MB_opi
                esp32s3dev_8MB_qspi
+               esp32s3dev_8MB_none
                esp32s3_4M_qspi
                usermods
 
@@ -38,42 +39,9 @@ data_dir = ./wled00/data
 build_cache_dir = ~/.buildcache
 extra_configs =
   platformio_override.ini
+  platformio_release.ini
 
 [common]
-# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# PLATFORM:
-#   !! DO NOT confuse platformio's ESP8266 development platform with Arduino core for ESP8266
-#
-#   arduino core 2.6.3 = platformIO 2.3.2
-#   arduino core 2.7.0 = platformIO 2.5.0
-# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-arduino_core_2_6_3 = espressif8266@2.3.3
-arduino_core_2_7_4 = espressif8266@2.6.2
-arduino_core_3_0_0 = espressif8266@3.0.0
-arduino_core_3_0_2 = espressif8266@3.2.0
-arduino_core_3_1_0 = espressif8266@4.1.0
-arduino_core_3_1_2 = espressif8266@4.2.1
-
-# Development platforms
-arduino_core_develop = https://github.com/platformio/platform-espressif8266#develop
-arduino_core_git = https://github.com/platformio/platform-espressif8266#feature/stage
-
-# Platform to use for ESP8266
-platform_wled_default = ${common.arduino_core_3_1_2}
-# We use 2.7.4.7 for all, includes PWM flicker fix and Wstring optimization
-#platform_packages = tasmota/framework-arduinoespressif8266 @ 3.20704.7
-platform_packages = platformio/toolchain-xtensa @ ~2.100300.220621 #2.40802.200502
-                    platformio/tool-esptool #@ ~1.413.0
-                    platformio/tool-esptoolpy #@ ~1.30000.0
-
-## previous platform for 8266, in case of problems with the new one
-## you'll need  makuna/NeoPixelBus@ 2.6.9 for arduino_core_3_0_2, which does not support Ucs890x
-;; platform_wled_default = ${common.arduino_core_3_0_2}
-;; platform_packages = tasmota/framework-arduinoespressif8266 @ 3.20704.7
-;;                    platformio/toolchain-xtensa @ ~2.40802.200502
-;;                    platformio/tool-esptool @ ~1.413.0
-;;                    platformio/tool-esptoolpy @ ~1.30000.0
-
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # FLAGS: DEBUG
 # esp8266 : see https://docs.platformio.org/en/latest/platforms/espressif8266.html#debug-level
@@ -192,6 +160,41 @@ lib_deps =
 extra_scripts = ${scripts_defaults.extra_scripts}
 
 [esp8266]
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# PLATFORM:
+#   !! DO NOT confuse platformio's ESP8266 development platform with Arduino core for ESP8266
+#
+#   arduino core 2.6.3 = platformIO 2.3.2
+#   arduino core 2.7.0 = platformIO 2.5.0
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+arduino_core_2_6_3 = espressif8266@2.3.3
+arduino_core_2_7_4 = espressif8266@2.6.2
+arduino_core_3_0_0 = espressif8266@3.0.0
+arduino_core_3_0_2 = espressif8266@3.2.0
+arduino_core_3_1_0 = espressif8266@4.1.0
+arduino_core_3_1_2 = espressif8266@4.2.1
+
+# Development platforms
+arduino_core_develop = https://github.com/platformio/platform-espressif8266#develop
+arduino_core_git = https://github.com/platformio/platform-espressif8266#feature/stage
+
+# Platform to use for ESP8266
+platform_wled_default = ${esp8266.arduino_core_3_1_2}
+# We use 2.7.4.7 for all, includes PWM flicker fix and Wstring optimization
+#platform_packages = tasmota/framework-arduinoespressif8266 @ 3.20704.7
+platform_packages = platformio/toolchain-xtensa @ ~2.100300.220621 #2.40802.200502
+                    platformio/tool-esptool #@ ~1.413.0
+                    platformio/tool-esptoolpy #@ ~1.30000.0
+
+## previous platform for 8266, in case of problems with the new one
+## you'll need  makuna/NeoPixelBus@ 2.6.9 for arduino_core_3_0_2, which does not support Ucs890x
+;; platform_wled_default = ${esp8266.arduino_core_3_0_2}
+;; platform_packages = tasmota/framework-arduinoespressif8266 @ 3.20704.7
+;;                    platformio/toolchain-xtensa @ ~2.40802.200502
+;;                    platformio/tool-esptool @ ~1.413.0
+;;                    platformio/tool-esptoolpy @ ~1.30000.0
+
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags =
   -DESP8266
@@ -221,8 +224,11 @@ lib_deps =
   ESPAsyncTCP @ 1.2.2
   ESPAsyncUDP
   ESP8266PWM
+  https://github.com/tignioj/ArduinoUZlib.git#20aff95cd80c141f80bdbf66895409a0046d2c2f
   ${env.lib_deps}
 
+monitor_filters = esp8266_exception_decoder
+
 ;; compatibilty flags - same as 0.14.0 which seems to work better on some 8266 boards. Not using PIO_FRAMEWORK_ARDUINO_MMU_CACHE16_IRAM48
 build_flags_compat =
   -DESP8266
@@ -251,6 +257,7 @@ lib_deps_compat =
   IRremoteESP8266 @ 2.8.2
   makuna/NeoPixelBus @ 2.7.9
   https://github.com/blazoncek/QuickESPNow.git#optional-debug
+  https://github.com/tignioj/ArduinoUZlib.git#20aff95cd80c141f80bdbf66895409a0046d2c2f
   https://github.com/Aircoookie/ESPAsyncWebServer.git#v2.4.0
 
 [esp32_all_variants]
@@ -269,6 +276,7 @@ platform_packages =
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${esp32_idf_V4.build_flags}
 lib_deps = ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
+monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 
 tiny_partitions = tools/WLED_ESP32_2MB_noOTA.csv
 default_partitions = tools/WLED_ESP32_4MB_1MB_FS.csv
@@ -290,8 +298,18 @@ AR_lib_deps =  ;; for pre-usermod-library platformio_override compatibility
 ;; please note that you can NOT update existing ESP32 installs with a "V4" build. Also updating by OTA will not work properly.
 ;; You need to completely erase your device (esptool erase_flash) first, then install the "V4" build from VSCode+platformio.
 
+;; tasmota platform (default)
 platform = https://github.com/tasmota/platform-espressif32/releases/download/2024.06.00/platform-espressif32.zip ;; Tasmota Arduino Core 2.0.18 with IPv6 support, based on IDF 4.4.8
 platform_packages =
+
+;; espressif platform (optional - needs 300KB extra flash)
+;;; arduino-esp32 2.0.17 + esp-idf 4.4.7
+;; platform = espressif32@ ~6.13.0
+;; platform_packages =
+;;; arduino-esp32 2.0.14 + esp-idf 4.4.6
+;; platform = espressif32@ ~6.6.0
+;; platform_packages = platformio/framework-arduinoespressif32 @ 3.20014.231204
+
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = -g
   -Wshadow=compatible-local ;; emit warning in case a local variable "shadows" another local one
@@ -321,6 +339,7 @@ build_flags = -g
 lib_deps =
   ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}   ;; default partioning for 4MB Flash - can be overridden in build envs
+monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 
 [esp32c3]
 ;; generic definitions for all ESP32-C3 boards
@@ -340,6 +359,7 @@ lib_deps =
   ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}   ;; default partioning for 4MB Flash - can be overridden in build envs
 board_build.flash_mode = qio
+monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 
 [esp32s3]
 ;; generic definitions for all ESP32-S3 boards
@@ -359,6 +379,8 @@ build_flags = -g
 lib_deps =
   ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.large_partitions}   ;; default partioning for 8MB flash - can be overridden in build envs
+upload_speed = 921600
+monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -366,15 +388,12 @@ board_build.partitions = ${esp32.large_partitions}   ;; default partioning for 8
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 [env:nodemcuv2]
+extends = esp8266
 board = nodemcuv2
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
   -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
-lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
-monitor_filters = esp8266_exception_decoder
+custom_usermods = audioreactive
 
 [env:nodemcuv2_compat]
 extends = env:nodemcuv2
@@ -384,6 +403,7 @@ platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages_compat}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags_compat} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP8266_compat\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
   -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 ;; lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps_compat} ;; experimental - use older NeoPixelBus 2.7.9
+custom_usermods = audioreactive
 
 [env:nodemcuv2_160]
 extends = env:nodemcuv2
@@ -393,15 +413,13 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=
 custom_usermods = audioreactive
 
 [env:esp8266_2m]
+extends = esp8266
 board = esp_wroom_02
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP02\"
   -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
   -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM1D
-lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
+custom_usermods = audioreactive
 
 [env:esp8266_2m_compat]
 extends = env:esp8266_2m
@@ -411,6 +429,7 @@ platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages_compat}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags_compat} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP02_compat\" #-DWLED_DISABLE_2D
   -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM1D
   -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
+custom_usermods = audioreactive
 
 [env:esp8266_2m_160]
 extends = env:esp8266_2m
@@ -420,18 +439,37 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=
   -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
 custom_usermods = audioreactive
 
+[env:esp8266_2m_min]
+;; Minimal-feature build for ESP02 (2MB flash).
+;; Use this to recover from a failed OTA: flash via serial, then OTA-upload the regular esp8266_2m binary.
+;; OTA is intentionally kept enabled. All other optional features are stripped to minimise binary size.
+extends = esp8266
+board = esp_wroom_02
+board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP02_min\"
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_ALEXA
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_HUESYNC
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_MQTT
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_ADALIGHT
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_LOXONE
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_WEBSOCKETS
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_ESPNOW
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM1D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_PIXELFORGE
+  -D WLED_DISABLE_IMPROV_WIFISCAN
+
 [env:esp01_1m_full]
+extends = esp8266
 board = esp01_1m
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_1m128k}
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP01\" -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA
   ; -D WLED_USE_REAL_MATH ;; may fix wrong sunset/sunrise times, at the cost of 7064 bytes FLASH and 975 bytes RAM
   -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM1D
   -D WLED_DISABLE_PARTICLESYSTEM2D
   -D WLED_DISABLE_PIXELFORGE
-lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:esp01_1m_full_compat]
 extends = env:esp01_1m_full
@@ -454,15 +492,11 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=
 custom_usermods = audioreactive
 
 [env:esp32dev]
+extends = esp32
 board = esp32dev
-platform = ${esp32_idf_V4.platform}
-platform_packages = ${esp32_idf_V4.platform_packages}
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 custom_usermods = audioreactive
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32_idf_V4.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32\" #-D WLED_DISABLE_BROWNOUT_DET
               -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0 ;; this flag is mandatory for "classic ESP32" when building with arduino-esp32 >=2.0.3
-lib_deps = ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}
 board_build.flash_mode = dio
 
@@ -474,50 +508,33 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32_idf_V4.build_flags}
               -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_DEBUG\"
 
 [env:esp32dev_8M]
-board = esp32dev
-platform = ${esp32_idf_V4.platform}
-platform_packages = ${esp32_idf_V4.platform_packages}
-custom_usermods = audioreactive
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
+extends = env:esp32dev
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32_idf_V4.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_8M\" #-D WLED_DISABLE_BROWNOUT_DET
   -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0 ;; this flag is mandatory for "classic ESP32" when building with arduino-esp32 >=2.0.3
-lib_deps = ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.large_partitions}
 board_upload.flash_size = 8MB
 board_upload.maximum_size = 8388608
 ; board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
-board_build.flash_mode = dio
 
 [env:esp32dev_16M]
-board = esp32dev
-platform = ${esp32_idf_V4.platform}
-platform_packages = ${esp32_idf_V4.platform_packages}
-custom_usermods = audioreactive
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
+extends = env:esp32dev
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32_idf_V4.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_16M\" #-D WLED_DISABLE_BROWNOUT_DET
               -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0 ;; this flag is mandatory for "classic ESP32" when building with arduino-esp32 >=2.0.3
-lib_deps = ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.extreme_partitions}
 board_upload.flash_size = 16MB
 board_upload.maximum_size = 16777216
 board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
-board_build.flash_mode = dio
 
 [env:esp32_eth]
+extends = esp32
 board = esp32-poe
-platform = ${esp32_idf_V4.platform}
-platform_packages = ${esp32_idf_V4.platform_packages}
 upload_speed = 921600
 custom_usermods = audioreactive
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_Ethernet\" -D RLYPIN=-1 -D WLED_USE_ETHERNET -D BTNPIN=-1
   -D SR_DMTYPE=-1 -D AUDIOPIN=-1 -D I2S_SDPIN=-1 -D I2S_WSPIN=-1 -D I2S_CKPIN=-1 -D MCLK_PIN=-1 ;; force AR to not allocate any PINs at startup
   -D DATA_PINS=4 ;; default led pin = 16 conflicts with pins used for ethernet
   ; -D WLED_DISABLE_ESPNOW ;; ESP-NOW requires wifi, may crash with ethernet only => uncomment if your board uses ETH_CLOCK_GPIO0_OUT, ETH_CLOCK_GPIO16_OUT, ETH_CLOCK_GPIO17_OUT
   -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0 ;; this flag is mandatory for "classic ESP32" when building with arduino-esp32 >=2.0.3
-lib_deps = ${esp32.lib_deps}
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}
 board_build.flash_mode = dio
 
@@ -528,20 +545,14 @@ board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
 board_build.flash_mode = qio
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.extended_partitions}
 custom_usermods = audioreactive
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32_idf_V4.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_WROVER\"
   -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0 ;; this flag is mandatory for "classic ESP32" when building with arduino-esp32 >=2.0.3
   -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM -mfix-esp32-psram-cache-issue ;; Older ESP32 (rev.<3) need a PSRAM fix (increases static RAM used) https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/stable/esp32/api-guides/external-ram.html
   -D DATA_PINS=25
-lib_deps = ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
-  
+
 [env:esp32c3dev]
 extends = esp32c3
-platform = ${esp32c3.platform}
-platform_packages = ${esp32c3.platform_packages}
-framework = arduino
 board = esp32-c3-devkitm-1
-board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}
 custom_usermods = audioreactive
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32c3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-C3\"
   -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
@@ -549,8 +560,6 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32c3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=
   -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; for virtual CDC USB
   ;-DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0   ;; for serial-to-USB chip
 upload_speed = 460800
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-lib_deps = ${esp32c3.lib_deps}
 board_build.flash_mode = dio ; safe default, required for OTA updates to 0.16 from older version which used dio (must match the bootloader!)
 
 [env:esp32c3dev_qio]
@@ -560,45 +569,34 @@ board_build.flash_mode = qio ; qio is faster and works on almost all boards (som
 
 [env:esp32s3dev_16MB_opi]
 ;; ESP32-S3 development board, with 16MB FLASH and >= 8MB PSRAM (memory_type: qio_opi)
+extends = esp32s3
 board = esp32-s3-devkitc-1 ;; generic dev board; the next line adds PSRAM support
 board_build.arduino.memory_type = qio_opi     ;; use with PSRAM: 8MB or 16MB
-platform = ${esp32s3.platform}
-platform_packages = ${esp32s3.platform_packages}
-upload_speed = 921600
 custom_usermods = audioreactive
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_16MB_opi\"
   -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
   ;-D ARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0  ;; -D ARDUINO_USB_MODE=1 ;; for boards with serial-to-USB chip
   -D ARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; -D ARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
   -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM
-lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.extreme_partitions}
 board_upload.flash_size = 16MB
 board_upload.maximum_size = 16777216
 board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
 board_build.flash_mode = qio
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 
 [env:esp32s3dev_8MB_opi]
 ;; ESP32-S3 development board, with 8MB FLASH and >= 8MB PSRAM (memory_type: qio_opi)
+extends = esp32s3
 board = esp32-s3-devkitc-1 ;; generic dev board; the next line adds PSRAM support
 board_build.arduino.memory_type = qio_opi     ;; use with PSRAM: 8MB or 16MB
-platform = ${esp32s3.platform}
-platform_packages = ${esp32s3.platform_packages}
-upload_speed = 921600
 custom_usermods = audioreactive
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_8MB_opi\"
   -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
   ;-D ARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0  ;; -D ARDUINO_USB_MODE=1 ;; for boards with serial-to-USB chip
   -D ARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; -D ARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
   -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM
-lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
-board_build.partitions = ${esp32.large_partitions}
 board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
 board_build.flash_mode = qio
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 
 [env:esp32s3dev_8MB_qspi]
 ;; generic ESP32-S3 board with 8MB FLASH and PSRAM (memory_type: qio_qspi). Try this one if esp32s3dev_8MB_opi does not work on your board
@@ -611,18 +609,27 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=
   -D ARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; -D ARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
   -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM
   ;; -DLOLIN_WIFI_FIX ;; uncomment if you have WiFi connectivity problems
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
+
+[env:esp32s3dev_8MB_none]
+;; ESP32-S3 development board, 8MB FLASH, no PSRAM
+extends = esp32s3
+board = esp32-s3-devkitc-1 ;; generic dev board
+custom_usermods = audioreactive
+build_unflags = ${esp32s3.build_unflags} -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM ;; make sure PSRAM support is removed
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_8MB_none\"
+  -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
+  ;-D ARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0  ;; -D ARDUINO_USB_MODE=1 ;; for boards with serial-to-USB chip
+  -D ARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; -D ARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
+board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
+board_build.flash_mode = qio
 
 [env:esp32S3_wroom2]
 ;; For ESP32-S3 WROOM-2, a.k.a. ESP32-S3 DevKitC-1 v1.1
 ;; with >= 16MB FLASH and >= 8MB PSRAM (memory_type: opi_opi)
-platform = ${esp32s3.platform}
-platform_packages = ${esp32s3.platform_packages}
+extends = esp32s3
 board = esp32s3camlcd ;; this is the only standard board with "opi_opi"
 board_build.arduino.memory_type = opi_opi
-upload_speed = 921600
 custom_usermods = audioreactive
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_WROOM-2\"
   -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
   -D ARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0  ;; -D ARDUINO_USB_MODE=1 ;; for boards with serial-to-USB chip
@@ -632,12 +639,9 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=
   -D BTNPIN=0 -D RLYPIN=16 -D IRPIN=17 -D AUDIOPIN=-1
   ;;-D WLED_DEBUG
   -D SR_DMTYPE=1 -D I2S_SDPIN=13 -D I2S_CKPIN=14 -D I2S_WSPIN=15 -D MCLK_PIN=4  ;; I2S mic
-lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
-
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.extreme_partitions}
 board_upload.flash_size = 16MB
 board_upload.maximum_size = 16777216
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 
 [env:esp32S3_wroom2_32MB]
 ;; For ESP32-S3 WROOM-2 with 32MB Flash, and >= 8MB PSRAM (memory_type: opi_opi)
@@ -654,36 +658,42 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=
 board_build.partitions = tools/WLED_ESP32_32MB.csv
 board_upload.flash_size = 32MB
 board_upload.maximum_size = 33554432
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 
 [env:esp32s3_4M_qspi]
 ;; ESP32-S3, with 4MB FLASH and <= 4MB PSRAM (memory_type: qio_qspi)
-board = lolin_s3_mini ;; -S3 mini, 4MB flash 2MB PSRAM 
-platform = ${esp32s3.platform}
-platform_packages = ${esp32s3.platform_packages}
-upload_speed = 921600
+extends = esp32s3
+board = lolin_s3_mini ;; -S3 mini, 4MB flash 2MB PSRAM
 custom_usermods = audioreactive
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_4M_qspi\"
   -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; -DARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
   -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM
   -DLOLIN_WIFI_FIX ; seems to work much better with this
   -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
-lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}
 board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
 board_build.flash_mode = qio
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
+
+[env:esp32s3_4M_none]
+;; ESP32-S3 with 4MB FLASH, no PSRAM
+extends = esp32s3
+board = esp32-s3-devkitc-1
+custom_usermods = audioreactive
+build_unflags = ${esp32s3.build_unflags} -D BOARD_HAS_PSRAM ;; make sure PSRAM support is removed
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_4M_none\"
+  -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; -DARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
+  -DLOLIN_WIFI_FIX ; seems to work much better with this
+  -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
+board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}
+board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
+board_build.flash_mode = qio
+
 
 [env:lolin_s2_mini]
-platform = ${esp32s2.platform}
-platform_packages = ${esp32s2.platform_packages}
+extends = esp32s2
 board = lolin_s2_mini
-board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}
 board_build.flash_mode = qio
 board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
 custom_usermods = audioreactive
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s2.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S2\"
   -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1
   -DARDUINO_USB_MSC_ON_BOOT=0
@@ -698,18 +708,113 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s2.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=
   -D HW_PIN_DATASPI=11
   -D HW_PIN_MISOSPI=9
 ;  -D STATUSLED=15
-lib_deps = ${esp32s2.lib_deps}
 
 
 [env:usermods]
-board = esp32dev
-platform = ${esp32_idf_V4.platform}
-platform_packages = ${esp32_idf_V4.platform_packages}
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
+extends = env:esp32dev
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32_idf_V4.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_USERMODS\"
   -DTOUCH_CS=9
-lib_deps = ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
-board_build.flash_mode = dio
 custom_usermods = *   ; Expands to all usermods in usermods folder
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.extreme_partitions}  ; We're gonna need a bigger boat
+
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Hub75 examples
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Note: some panels may experience ghosting with default full brightness. use -D WLED_HUB75_MAX_BRIGHTNESS=239 or lower to fix it.
+
+[hub75]
+;; Shared values for all HUB75 build envs.
+
+;; Core HUB75 flags - common to every HUB75 build
+build_flags =
+  -D WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX -D NO_GFX
+  -D NO_CIE1931 ;; disable driver-internal gamma correction
+  -D WLED_DEBUG_BUS
+  -D LED_TYPES=TYPE_HUB75MATRIX_HS
+  ; -D WLED_DEBUG
+
+;; Default I2S mic pins disabled (HUB75 uses GPIOs that would otherwise clash).
+;; Envs that wire up a real mic should NOT include this and define I2S_*PIN themselves.
+i2s_disable_flags = -D SR_DMTYPE=1 -D I2S_SDPIN=-1 -D I2S_CKPIN=-1 -D I2S_WSPIN=-1 -D MCLK_PIN=-1  ;; Disable to prevent pin clash
+
+;; Pinned HUB75 driver libraries
+lib_deps = https://github.com/mrfaptastic/ESP32-HUB75-MatrixPanel-DMA.git#f17fb7fe9d487e9643f919eb5aeedea8d9d1f8d7 ;; 3.0.14
+
+;; Extra flags shared by all S3-based HUB75 builds
+s3_build_flags =
+  -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; -DARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
+  -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM
+  -DLOLIN_WIFI_FIX ; seems to work much better with this (sets lower TX power)
+  -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
+  -D S3_LCD_DIV_NUM=20 ;; Attempt to fix wifi performance issue when panel active with S3 chips
+
+
+[env:esp32dev_hub75]
+extends = env:esp32dev
+upload_speed = 921600
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32_idf_V4.build_flags} ${hub75.build_flags} ${hub75.i2s_disable_flags}
+              -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0 ;; this flag is mandatory for "classic ESP32" when building with arduino-esp32 >=2.0.3
+              -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_HUB75\"
+lib_deps = ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
+           ${hub75.lib_deps}
+
+[env:esp32dev_hub75_forum_pinout]
+extends = env:esp32dev_hub75
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32_idf_V4.build_flags} ${hub75.build_flags} ${hub75.i2s_disable_flags}
+              -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0
+              -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_HUB75_forum_pinout\"
+              -D ESP32_FORUM_PINOUT ;; enable for SmartMatrix default pins
+
+[env:esp32s3dev_4MB_qspi_hub75]
+; HD-WF2 - NOTE: this board has NO PSRAM, so BOARD_HAS_PSRAM must not be set
+; (BOARD_HAS_PSRAM causes the DMA library to allocate only in SPIRAM, which fails without PSRAM)
+extends = env:esp32s3dev_8MB_qspi
+board_build.partitions = ${esp32.extended_partitions} ;; 1.65MB firmware, 700KB filesystem - only 4MB flash usable on this board
+build_unflags = ${esp32s3.build_unflags} -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} ${hub75.build_flags} ${hub75.s3_build_flags} ${hub75.i2s_disable_flags}
+              -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_HD-WF2\"
+              -D HD_WF2_PINOUT ;; Huidu HD-WF2 specific GPIO wiring
+lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
+           ${hub75.lib_deps}
+
+[env:adafruit_matrixportal_esp32s3]
+; ESP32-S3 processor, 8 MB flash, 2 MB of PSRAM, dedicated driver pins for HUB75
+extends = env:esp32s3dev_8MB_qspi
+board = adafruit_matrixportal_esp32s3_wled ; modified board definition: removed flash section that causes FS erase on upload
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} ${hub75.build_flags} ${hub75.s3_build_flags} ${hub75.i2s_disable_flags}
+              -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_Adafruit_Matrixportal\"
+              -D ARDUINO_ADAFRUIT_MATRIXPORTAL_ESP32S3
+lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
+           ${hub75.lib_deps}
+;; board_build.partitions = tools/partitions-8MB_spiffs-tinyuf2.csv ;; supports adafruit UF2 bootloader
+
+[env:waveshare_esp32s3_32MB_hub75]
+;; Waveshare ESP32-S3-RGB-Matrix (memory_type: opi_opi); see https://docs.waveshare.com/ESP32-S3-RGB-Matrix
+extends = env:esp32S3_wroom2_32MB
+monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
+build_unflags = ${env:esp32S3_wroom2_32MB.build_unflags}
+  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_WROOM-2_32MB\" ;; need to un-set the relese name before setting a new one
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} ${hub75.build_flags} ${hub75.s3_build_flags} ${hub75.i2s_disable_flags}
+  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_Waveshare_HUB75\"
+  -D WAVESHARE_S3_PINOUT
+;  -D WLED_USE_SD_SPI
+;  -D SD_PRINT_HOME_DIR
+;  -D WLED_DEBUG
+lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
+  ${hub75.lib_deps}
+
+[env:esp32s3dev_16MB_opi_hub75]
+;; MOONHUB HUB75 adapter board (lilygo T7-S3 with 16MB flash and octal PSRAM)
+extends = env:esp32s3dev_8MB_opi
+board = lilygo-t7-s3
+board_build.partitions = ${esp32.extreme_partitions}   ;; for 16MB flash (overrides large_partitions for 8MB)
+;; Note: real I2S mic pins are wired here, so we do NOT include ${hub75.i2s_disable_flags}.
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} ${hub75.build_flags} ${hub75.s3_build_flags}
+              -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_16MB_opi_HUB75\"
+              -D MOONHUB_S3_PINOUT ;; HUB75 pinout
+              -D LEDPIN=14 -D BTNPIN=0 -D RLYPIN=15 -D IRPIN=-1 -D AUDIOPIN=-1 ;; defaults that avoid pin conflicts with HUB75
+              -D SR_DMTYPE=1 -D I2S_SDPIN=10 -D I2S_CKPIN=11 -D I2S_WSPIN=12 -D MCLK_PIN=-1  ;; I2S mic
+lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
+           ${hub75.lib_deps}

platformio_override.sample.ini

@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ default_envs = WLED_generic8266_1M, esp32dev_V4_dio80  # put the name(s) of your
 [env:WLED_generic8266_1M]
 extends = env:esp01_1m_full  # when you want to extend the existing environment (define only updated options)
 ; board = esp01_1m  # uncomment when ou need different board
-; platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}  # uncomment and change when you want particular platform
-; platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+; platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}  # uncomment and change when you want particular platform
+; platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 ; board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_1m128k}
 ; upload_speed = 921600 # fast upload speed (remove ';' if your board supports fast upload speed)
 # Sample libraries used for various usermods. Uncomment when using particular usermod.
@@ -33,7 +33,12 @@ build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
 ;
 ; *** To use the below defines/overrides, copy and paste each onto its own line just below build_flags in the section above.
-; 
+; *** Note: on adding custom usermods
+;     custom_usermods entries are a separate key in the env section (not inside build_flags). Place them on their own line in the env.
+;     Multiple usermods are separated by a space, the names can be found in the library.json file of the usermod.
+;     Example: use the default usermods from the esp32dev env and add the Temperature and four_line_display_ALT usermods
+;     custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} Temperature four_line_display_ALT
+;
 ; Set a release name that may be used to distinguish required binary for flashing
 ;   -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_MULTI_USREMODS\"
 ;
@@ -98,17 +103,17 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
 ;   -D WLED_DEBUG_PORT=7868
 ;
 ; Use Autosave usermod and set it to do save after 90s
-;   -D USERMOD_AUTO_SAVE
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} auto_save
 ;   -D AUTOSAVE_AFTER_SEC=90
 ;
 ; Use AHT10/AHT15/AHT20 usermod
-;   -D USERMOD_AHT10
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} AHT10_v2
 ;
 ; Use INA226 usermod
-;   -D USERMOD_INA226
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} INA226_v2
 ;
 ; Use 4 Line Display usermod with SPI display
-;   -D USERMOD_FOUR_LINE_DISPLAY
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} four_line_display_ALT
 ;   -DFLD_SPI_DEFAULT
 ;   -D FLD_TYPE=SSD1306_SPI64
 ;   -D FLD_PIN_CLOCKSPI=14
@@ -118,22 +123,22 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
 ;   -D FLD_PIN_RESET=27
 ;
 ; Use Rotary encoder usermod (in conjunction with 4LD)
-;   -D USERMOD_ROTARY_ENCODER_UI
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} rotary_encoder_ui_ALT
 ;   -D ENCODER_DT_PIN=5
 ;   -D ENCODER_CLK_PIN=18
 ;   -D ENCODER_SW_PIN=19
 ;
 ; Use Dallas DS18B20 temperature sensor usermod and configure it to use GPIO13
-;   -D USERMOD_DALLASTEMPERATURE
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} Temperature
 ;   -D TEMPERATURE_PIN=13
 ;
 ; Use Multi Relay usermod and configure it to use 6 relays and appropriate GPIO
-;   -D USERMOD_MULTI_RELAY
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} multi_relay
 ;   -D MULTI_RELAY_MAX_RELAYS=6
 ;   -D MULTI_RELAY_PINS=12,23,22,21,24,25
 ;
 ; Use PIR sensor usermod and configure it to use GPIO4 and timer of 60s
-;   -D USERMOD_PIRSWITCH
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} PIR_sensor_switch
 ;   -D PIR_SENSOR_PIN=4   # use -1 to disable usermod
 ;   -D PIR_SENSOR_OFF_SEC=60
 ;   -D PIR_SENSOR_MAX_SENSORS=2 # max allowable sensors (uses OR logic for triggering)
@@ -146,12 +151,12 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
 ;   -D I2S_CKPIN=19
 ;
 ; Use PWM fan usermod
-;   -D USERMOD_PWM_FAN
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} PWM_fan
 ;   -D TACHO_PIN=33
 ;   -D PWM_PIN=32
 ;
 ;  Use POV Display usermod
-;   -D USERMOD_POV_DISPLAY
+;   custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} pov_display
 ; Use built-in or custom LED as a status indicator (assumes LED is connected to GPIO16)
 ;   -D STATUSLED=16
 ;
@@ -193,7 +198,8 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Optional: build flags for speed, instead of optimising for size.
-# Example of usage: see [env:esp32S3_PSRAM_HUB75]
+# Add ${Speed_Flags.build_flags} / ${Speed_Flags.build_unflags} to your own env
+# in platformio_override.ini to opt in.
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 [Speed_Flags]
@@ -214,8 +220,8 @@ build_flags =
 
 [env:esp07]
 board = esp07
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
@@ -223,8 +229,8 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:d1_mini]
 board = d1_mini
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 upload_speed = 921600
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
@@ -234,8 +240,8 @@ monitor_filters = esp8266_exception_decoder
 
 [env:heltec_wifi_kit_8]
 board = d1_mini
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
@@ -243,8 +249,8 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:h803wf]
 board = d1_mini
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D DATA_PINS=1 -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED
@@ -294,8 +300,8 @@ board_build.arduino.memory_type = qio_qspi ;; use with PSRAM: 2MB or  4MB
 
 [env:esp8285_4CH_MagicHome]
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_1m128k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA
@@ -303,8 +309,8 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:esp8285_H801]
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_1m128k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA
@@ -312,8 +318,8 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:d1_mini_5CH_Shojo_PCB]
 board = d1_mini
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_USE_SHOJO_PCB ;; NB: WLED_USE_SHOJO_PCB is not used anywhere in the source code. Not sure why its needed.
@@ -322,8 +328,8 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 [env:d1_mini_debug]
 board = d1_mini
 build_type = debug
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} ${common.debug_flags}
@@ -334,8 +340,8 @@ board = d1_mini
 upload_protocol = espota
 # exchange for your WLED IP
 upload_port = "10.10.1.27"
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
@@ -343,8 +349,8 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:anavi_miracle_controller]
 board = d1_mini
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D DATA_PINS=12 -D IRPIN=-1 -D RLYPIN=2
@@ -374,6 +380,7 @@ board_upload.maximum_size = 2097152
 extends = esp32              ;; use default esp32 platform
 board = esp32dev
 upload_speed = 460800
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} Temperature four_line_display_ALT
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags}
   -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_wemos_shield\"
   -D DATA_PINS=16
@@ -381,12 +388,8 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags}
   -D BTNPIN=17
   -D IRPIN=18
   -UWLED_USE_MY_CONFIG
-  -D USERMOD_DALLASTEMPERATURE
-  -D USERMOD_FOUR_LINE_DISPLAY
   -D TEMPERATURE_PIN=23
 lib_deps = ${esp32.lib_deps}
-  OneWire@~2.3.5          ;; needed for USERMOD_DALLASTEMPERATURE
-  olikraus/U8g2 @ ^2.28.8 ;; needed for USERMOD_FOUR_LINE_DISPLAY
 board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}
 
 [env:esp32_pico-D4]
@@ -412,22 +415,22 @@ build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags} -D DATA_PINS=27 -D BTNP
 
 [env:sp501e]
 board = esp_wroom_02
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D DATA_PINS=3 -D BTNPIN=1
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:sp511e]
 board = esp_wroom_02
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D DATA_PINS=3 -D BTNPIN=2 -D IRPIN=5 -D WLED_MAX_BUTTONS=3
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:Athom_RGBCW]        ;7w and 5w(GU10) bulbs
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D BTNPIN=-1 -D RLYPIN=-1 -D DATA_PINS=4,12,14,13,5
@@ -436,8 +439,8 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:Athom_15w_RGBCW]        ;15w bulb
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D BTNPIN=-1 -D RLYPIN=-1 -D DATA_PINS=4,12,14,5,13
@@ -446,8 +449,8 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:Athom_3Pin_Controller]        ;small controller with only data
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D BTNPIN=0 -D RLYPIN=-1 -D DATA_PINS=1 -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED
@@ -455,8 +458,8 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:Athom_4Pin_Controller]       ; With clock and data interface
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D BTNPIN=0 -D RLYPIN=12 -D DATA_PINS=1 -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED
@@ -464,8 +467,8 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:Athom_5Pin_Controller]      ;Analog light strip controller
 board = esp8285
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D BTNPIN=0 -D RLYPIN=-1 DATA_PINS=4,12,14,13 -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED
@@ -473,11 +476,12 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:MY9291]
 board = esp01_1m
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_1m128k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA -D USERMOD_MY9291
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp01_1m_full.custom_usermods} MY9291
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags} -D WLED_DISABLE_OTA
 lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -487,8 +491,8 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:codm-controller-0_6]
 board = esp_wroom_02
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_2m512k}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
@@ -496,8 +500,8 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 [env:codm-controller-0_6-rev2]
 board = esp_wroom_02
-platform = ${common.platform_wled_default}
-platform_packages = ${common.platform_packages}
+platform = ${esp8266.platform_wled_default}
+platform_packages = ${esp8266.platform_packages}
 board_build.ldscript = ${common.ldscript_4m1m}
 build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
 build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp8266.build_flags}
@@ -505,42 +509,15 @@ lib_deps = ${esp8266.lib_deps}
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # EleksTube-IPS
+# See usermods/EleksTube_IPS/platformio_override.ini.sample
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-[env:elekstube_ips]
-extends = esp32              ;; use default esp32 platform
-board = esp32dev
-upload_speed = 921600
-custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} RTC EleksTube_IPS
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags} -D WLED_DISABLE_BROWNOUT_DET -D WLED_DISABLE_INFRARED
-  -D DATA_PINS=12
-  -D RLYPIN=27
-  -D BTNPIN=34
-  -D PIXEL_COUNTS=6
-  # Display config
-  -D ST7789_DRIVER
-  -D TFT_WIDTH=135
-  -D TFT_HEIGHT=240
-  -D CGRAM_OFFSET
-  -D TFT_SDA_READ
-  -D TFT_MOSI=23
-  -D TFT_SCLK=18
-  -D TFT_DC=25
-  -D TFT_RST=26
-  -D SPI_FREQUENCY=40000000
-  -D USER_SETUP_LOADED
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
 
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Usermod examples
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-# 433MHz RF remote example for esp32dev
-[env:esp32dev_usermod_RF433]
-extends = env:esp32dev
-custom_usermods =
-  ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods}
-  RF433
+# 433MHz RF remote example: see usermods/usermod_v2_RF433/platformio_override.ini.sample
 
 # External usermod from a git repository.
 # The library's `library.json` must include `"build": {"libArchive": false}`.
@@ -554,102 +531,4 @@ custom_usermods =
   https://github.com/wled/wled-usermod-example.git#main
 
 
-# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Hub75 examples
-# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Note: some panels may experience ghosting with default full brightness. use -D WLED_HUB75_MAX_BRIGHTNESS=239 or lower to fix it.
 
-[env:esp32dev_hub75]
-board = esp32dev
-upload_speed = 921600
-platform = ${esp32_idf_V4.platform}
-platform_packages =
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags}
-  -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_hub75\"
-  -D WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX -D NO_GFX
-  -D WLED_DEBUG_BUS
-  ; -D WLED_DEBUG
-  -D SR_DMTYPE=1 -D I2S_SDPIN=-1 -D I2S_CKPIN=-1 -D I2S_WSPIN=-1 -D MCLK_PIN=-1  ;; Disable to prevent pin clash
-
-lib_deps = ${esp32_idf_V4.lib_deps}
-  https://github.com/mrfaptastic/ESP32-HUB75-MatrixPanel-DMA.git#3.0.11
-
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
-board_build.partitions = ${esp32.default_partitions}
-board_build.flash_mode = dio
-custom_usermods = audioreactive
-
-[env:esp32dev_hub75_forum_pinout]
-extends = env:esp32dev_hub75
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags}
-              -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_hub75_forum_pinout\"
-              -D WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX -D NO_GFX 
-              -D ESP32_FORUM_PINOUT ;; enable for SmartMatrix default pins
-              -D WLED_DEBUG_BUS
-              -D SR_DMTYPE=1 -D I2S_SDPIN=-1 -D I2S_CKPIN=-1 -D I2S_WSPIN=-1 -D MCLK_PIN=-1  ;; Disable to prevent pin clash
-; -D WLED_DEBUG
-
-
-[env:adafruit_matrixportal_esp32s3]
-; ESP32-S3 processor, 8 MB flash, 2 MB of PSRAM, dedicated driver pins for HUB75
-board = adafruit_matrixportal_esp32s3_wled ; modified board definition: removed flash section that causes FS erase on upload
-;; adafruit recommends to use arduino-esp32 2.0.14
-;;platform = espressif32@ ~6.5.0
-;;platform_packages = platformio/framework-arduinoespressif32 @ 3.20014.231204 ;; arduino-esp32 2.0.14
-platform = ${esp32s3.platform}
-platform_packages =
-upload_speed = 921600
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_8M_qspi\"
-  -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; -DARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
-  -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM
-  -DLOLIN_WIFI_FIX ; seems to work much better with this (sets lower TX power)
-  -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
-  -D WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX -D NO_GFX
-  -D S3_LCD_DIV_NUM=20 ;; Attempt to fix wifi performance issue when panel active with S3 chips
-  -D ARDUINO_ADAFRUIT_MATRIXPORTAL_ESP32S3
-  -D WLED_DEBUG_BUS
-  -D SR_DMTYPE=1 -D I2S_SDPIN=-1 -D I2S_CKPIN=-1 -D I2S_WSPIN=-1 -D MCLK_PIN=-1  ;; Disable to prevent pin clash
-
-
-lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
-  https://github.com/mrfaptastic/ESP32-HUB75-MatrixPanel-DMA.git#aa28e2a ;; S3_LCD_DIV_NUM fix
-
-board_build.partitions = ${esp32.large_partitions}                  ;; standard bootloader and 8MB Flash partitions
-;; board_build.partitions = tools/partitions-8MB_spiffs-tinyuf2.csv ;; supports adafruit UF2 bootloader
-board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
-board_build.flash_mode = qio
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
-custom_usermods = audioreactive
-
-[env:esp32S3_PSRAM_HUB75]
-;; MOONHUB HUB75 adapter board (lilygo T7-S3 with 16MB flash and PSRAM)
-board = lilygo-t7-s3
-platform = ${esp32s3.platform}
-platform_packages =
-upload_speed = 921600
-build_unflags = ${common.build_unflags}
-              ${Speed_Flags.build_unflags}    ;; optional: removes "-Os" so we can override with "-O2" in build_flags
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"esp32S3_16MB_PSRAM_HUB75\"
-              ${Speed_Flags.build_flags}      ;; optional: -O2 -> optimize for speed instead of size
-              -DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 ;; -DARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
-              -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM
-              -DLOLIN_WIFI_FIX ; seems to work much better with this (sets lower TX power)
-              -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
-              -D WLED_ENABLE_HUB75MATRIX -D NO_GFX 
-              -D S3_LCD_DIV_NUM=20 ;; Attempt to fix wifi performance issue when panel active with S3 chips
-              -D MOONHUB_S3_PINOUT ;; HUB75 pinout
-              -D WLED_DEBUG_BUS
-              -D LEDPIN=14 -D BTNPIN=0 -D RLYPIN=15 -D IRPIN=-1 -D AUDIOPIN=-1 ;; defaults that avoid pin conflicts with HUB75
-              -D SR_DMTYPE=1 -D I2S_SDPIN=10 -D I2S_CKPIN=11 -D I2S_WSPIN=12 -D MCLK_PIN=-1  ;; I2S mic
-
-lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
-           https://github.com/mrfaptastic/ESP32-HUB75-MatrixPanel-DMA.git#aa28e2a ;; S3_LCD_DIV_NUM fix
-
-;;board_build.partitions = ${esp32.large_partitions}               ;; for 8MB flash
-board_build.partitions = ${esp32.extreme_partitions}               ;; for 16MB flash
-board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
-board_build.flash_mode = qio
-monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
-custom_usermods = audioreactive

readme.md

@@ -7,81 +7,97 @@
   <a href="https://kno.wled.ge"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/quick_start-wiki-blue.svg?style=flat-square"></a>
   <a href="https://github.com/Aircoookie/WLED-App"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/app-wled-blue.svg?style=flat-square"></a>
   <a href="https://gitpod.io/#https://github.com/wled-dev/WLED"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Gitpod-ready--to--code-blue?style=flat-square&logo=gitpod"></a>
-
-  </p>
+</p>
 
 # Welcome to WLED! ✨
 
-A fast and feature-rich implementation of an ESP32 and ESP8266 webserver to control NeoPixel (WS2812B, WS2811, SK6812) LEDs or also SPI based chipsets like the WS2801 and APA102!
+A fast and feature-rich firmware for ESP32 microcontrollers to control addressable LEDs — from simple strips to large 2D matrices and HUB75 panels.
 
-Originally created by [Aircoookie](https://github.com/Aircoookie)
+Originally created by [Aircoookie](https://github.com/Aircoookie), now maintained by a community of contributors.
 
 ## ⚙️ Features
-- WS2812FX library with more than 100 special effects  
-- FastLED noise effects and 50 palettes  
-- Modern UI with color, effect and segment controls  
-- Segments to set different effects and colors to user defined parts of the LED string  
-- Settings page - configuration via the network  
-- Access Point and station mode - automatic failsafe AP  
-- [Up to 10 LED outputs](https://kno.wled.ge/features/multi-strip/#esp32) per instance
-- Support for RGBW strips  
-- Up to 250 user presets to save and load colors/effects easily, supports cycling through them.  
-- Presets can be used to automatically execute API calls  
-- Nightlight function (gradually dims down)  
-- Full OTA software updateability (HTTP + ArduinoOTA), password protectable  
-- Configurable analog clock (Cronixie, 7-segment and EleksTube IPS clock support via usermods) 
-- Configurable Auto Brightness limit for safe operation  
-- Filesystem-based config for easier backup of presets and settings  
 
-## 💡 Supported light control interfaces
-- WLED app for [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ca.cgagnier.wlednativeandroid) and [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/gb/app/wled-native/id6446207239)
-- JSON and HTTP request APIs  
-- MQTT   
-- E1.31, Art-Net, DDP and TPM2.net
-- [diyHue](https://github.com/diyhue/diyHue) (Wled is supported by diyHue, including Hue Sync Entertainment under udp. Thanks to [Gregory Mallios](https://github.com/gmallios))
-- [Hyperion](https://github.com/hyperion-project/hyperion.ng)
-- UDP realtime  
-- Alexa voice control (including dimming and color)  
-- Sync to Philips hue lights  
-- Adalight (PC ambilight via serial) and TPM2  
-- Sync color of multiple WLED devices (UDP notifier)  
-- Infrared remotes (24-key RGB, receiver required)  
-- Simple timers/schedules (time from NTP, timezones/DST supported)  
+### Effects & Visuals
+- [**200+ built-in effects**](https://kno.wled.ge/features/effects/) including classic animations, audio-reactive, and 2D/matrix effects
+- [50+ color palettes](https://kno.wled.ge/features/palettes/) plus a built-in **custom palette editor** (PixelForge)
+- [**2D LED matrix support**](https://kno.wled.ge/advanced/mapping/) with dedicated 2D effects and flexible panel mapping
+- [**HUB75 RGB matrix panel support**](https://kno.wled.ge/advanced/HUB75/) (ESP32)
+- [**AudioReactive**](https://kno.wled.ge/advanced/audio-reactive/) effects — included by default, responding to sound via microphone, line-in, or network audio source
+- Effect blending for smooth transitions between animations
+- Antialiased drawing functions for smooth graphics
+
+### Segments & Control
+- [**Segments**](https://kno.wled.ge/features/segments/) — apply different effects, colors and palettes to independent parts of your LED setup simultaneously
+- Up to **250 presets** to save and recall colors, effects and segment configurations — supports [playlists](https://kno.wled.ge/features/presets/) for automated cycling
+- Nightlight function with configurable dimming curve
+- Configurable **Auto Brightness Limiter** (per output) for safe operation
+
+### Hardware Support
+- **ESP32** (all variants: original, S2, S3, C3)
+- [**Up to 17 LED outputs**](https://kno.wled.ge/features/multi-strip/) on ESP32 using parallel I2S + RMT
+- [Addressable LED support](https://kno.wled.ge/basics/compatible-led-strips/): WS2812B, WS2811, WS2815, SK6812, WS2805, TM1914, APA102, WS2801, LPD8806, and many more
+- RGBW, [RGB+CCT](https://kno.wled.ge/features/cct/) and white-only strips
+- PWM outputs for analog LEDs and dimmers
+- [**Ethernet** support](https://kno.wled.ge/features/ethernet-lan/) for a wide range of boards (QuinLED, LILYGO, Olimex, and more)
+- Filesystem-based config for easy backup and restore of presets and settings
+- Full OTA firmware updates (HTTP + ArduinoOTA), password-protectable
+
+### Connectivity & Integrations
+- **WLED app** for [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ca.cgagnier.wlednativeandroid) and [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/gb/app/wled-native/id6446207239)
+- [JSON](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/json-api/) and [HTTP request](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/http-api/) APIs
+- **Multi-WiFi** — connect to up to 3 networks with automatic AP fallback
+- **ESP-NOW** wireless sync between devices (no WiFi router required)
+- [**MQTT**](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/mqtt/) with Home Assistant discovery
+- [**E1.31, Art-Net**](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/e1.31-dmx/), [DDP](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/ddp/) and [TPM2.net](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/udp-realtime/) for DMX/professional lighting control
+- [UDP realtime sync](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/udp-notifier/) across multiple WLED devices
+- Alexa voice control (on/off, brightness, color)
+- [Philips Hue sync](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/philips-hue/)
+- [diyHue](https://github.com/diyhue/diyHue) and [Hyperion](https://github.com/hyperion-project/hyperion.ng) integration
+- [Adalight / TPM2](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/serial/) (PC ambilight via serial)
+- [Infrared remote control](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/infrared/) (24-key RGB, receiver required)
+- Timers and schedules (NTP time sync, full timezone and DST support)
+
+### Developer-Friendly
+- **Usermod system** — extend WLED with community or custom modules without modifying core code
+- Large and active [usermod library](https://kno.wled.ge/advanced/community-usermods/) including AudioReactive, temperature sensors, rotary encoders, displays, and much more
+- Well-documented [JSON API](https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/json-api/)
+- Licensed under the **EUPL v1.2**
 
 ## 📲 Quick start guide and documentation
 
-See the [documentation on our official site](https://kno.wled.ge)!
+See the [documentation at kno.wled.ge](https://kno.wled.ge)!
 
-[On this page](https://kno.wled.ge/basics/tutorials/) you can find excellent tutorials and tools to help you get your new project up and running!
+[Tutorials and getting-started guides](https://kno.wled.ge/basics/tutorials/) to help you get your project running quickly.
 
 ## 🖼️ User interface
+
 <img src="/images/macbook-pro-space-gray-on-the-wooden-table.jpg" width="50%"><img src="/images/walking-with-iphone-x.jpg" width="50%">
 
 ## 💾 Compatible hardware
 
-See [here](https://kno.wled.ge/basics/compatible-hardware)!
+See the [compatible hardware list](https://kno.wled.ge/basics/compatible-hardware) on the wiki.
 
 ## ✌️ Other
 
-Licensed under the EUPL v1.2 license  
-Credits [here](https://kno.wled.ge/about/contributors/)!
-CORS proxy by [Corsfix](https://corsfix.com/)
+Licensed under the [EUPL v1.2](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wled-dev/WLED/main/LICENSE).  
+Credits to all [contributors](https://kno.wled.ge/about/contributors/)!  
+CORS proxy by [Corsfix](https://corsfix.com/).
 
 Join the Discord server to discuss everything about WLED!
 
 <a href="https://discord.gg/QAh7wJHrRM"><img src="https://discordapp.com/api/guilds/473448917040758787/widget.png?style=banner2" width="25%"></a>
 
-Check out the WLED [Discourse forum](https://wled.discourse.group)!  
+Check out the WLED [Discourse forum](https://wled.discourse.group)!
 
-You can also send me mails to [dev.aircoookie@gmail.com](mailto:dev.aircoookie@gmail.com), but please, only do so if you want to talk to me privately.  
+If you'd like to reach the original creator privately: [dev.aircoookie@gmail.com](mailto:dev.aircoookie@gmail.com).
 
-If WLED really brightens up your day, you can [![](https://img.shields.io/badge/send%20me%20a%20small%20gift-paypal-blue.svg?style=flat-square)](https://paypal.me/aircoookie)
+If WLED brightens up your day, you can [send a gift to Aircoookie via PayPal](https://paypal.me/aircoookie).
 
+---
 
-*Disclaimer:*   
+*Disclaimer:*
 
-If you are prone to photosensitive epilepsy, we recommended you do **not** use this software.  
-If you still want to try, don't use strobe, lighting or noise modes or high effect speed settings.
-
-As per the EUPL license, I assume no liability for any damage to you or any other person or equipment.  
+If you are prone to photosensitive epilepsy, we recommend you do **not** use this software.  
+If you still want to try, avoid strobe, lightning or noise modes and high effect speed settings.
 
+As per the EUPL license, no liability is assumed for any damage to you or any other person or equipment.

tools/cdata-test.js

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ describe('Script', () => {
 
   async function checkIfFileWasNewlyCreated(file) {
     const modifiedTime = fs.statSync(file).mtimeMs;
-    assert(Date.now() - modifiedTime < 500, file + ' was not modified');
+    assert(Date.now() - modifiedTime < 850, file + ' was not modified');
   }
 
   async function testFileModification(sourceFilePath, resultFile) {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ describe('Script', () => {
     // modify file
     fs.appendFileSync(sourceFilePath, ' ');
     // delay for 1 second to ensure the modified time is different
-    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 1000));
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 1400));
 
     // run script cdata.js again and wait for it to finish
     await execPromise('node tools/cdata.js');
@@ -175,13 +175,19 @@ describe('Script', () => {
     });
 
     it('a settings file changes', async () => {
-      await testFileModification(path.join(dataPath, 'settings_leds.htm'), 'html_ui.h');
+      await testFileModification(path.join(dataPath, 'settings_leds.htm'), 'html_settings.h');
     });
 
-    it('the favicon changes', async () => {
-      await testFileModification(path.join(dataPath, 'favicon.ico'), 'html_ui.h');
+    it('common.js changes', async () => {
+      await testFileModification(path.join(dataPath, 'common.js'), 'html_settings.h');
     });
 
+    // this testcase currently fails - might be due to npm updates (maybe "faking" a favicon.ico change is harder now), or a real regression
+    // see https://github.com/wled/WLED/issues/5581
+    // it('the favicon changes', async () => {
+    //   await testFileModification(path.join(dataPath, 'favicon.ico'), 'html_other.h');
+    // });
+
     it('cdata.js changes', async () => {
       await testFileModification('tools/cdata.js', 'html_ui.h');
     });
@@ -209,4 +215,4 @@ describe('Script', () => {
       assert(secondRunTime < firstRunTime / 2, 'html_*.h files were rebuilt');
     });
   });
-});
+});

tools/dynarray_espressif32.ld

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-/* ESP32 linker script fragment to add dynamic array section to binary */
-SECTIONS
-{
-  .dynarray :
-  {
-    . = ALIGN(0x10);
-    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.dynarray.*)))
-  } > default_rodata_seg
-}
-INSERT AFTER .flash.rodata;

tools/wled-tools

@@ -141,8 +141,16 @@ discover_devices() {
         exit 1  
     fi  
 
-    # Map avahi responses to strings seperated by 0x1F (unit separator)
-    mapfile -t raw_devices < <(avahi-browse _wled._tcp --terminate -r -p | awk -F';' '/^=/ {print $7"\x1F"$8"\x1F"$9}')  
+    # Map avahi responses to strings separated by 0x1F (unit separator), deduplicated
+    mapfile -t raw_devices < <(
+        avahi-browse _wled._tcp --terminate -r -p |
+        awk -F';' '
+            /^=/ {
+                key = $7 "\x1F" $8 "\x1F" $9
+                if (!seen[key]++) print key
+            }
+        '
+    )
 
     local devices_array=()  
     for device in "${raw_devices[@]}"; do  

usermods/ADS1115_v2/ADS1115_v2.cpp

@@ -28,18 +28,19 @@ class ADS1115Usermod : public Usermod {
     }
 
     void loop() {
-      if (isEnabled && millis() - lastTime > loopInterval) {
-        lastTime = millis();
+      if (!isEnabled || strip.isUpdating() || millis() - lastTime <= loopInterval)
+        return;
 
-        // If we don't have new data, skip this iteration.
-        if (!ads.conversionComplete()) {
-          return;
-        }
+      lastTime = millis();
 
-        updateResult();
-        moveToNextChannel();
-        startReading();
+      // If we don't have new data, skip this iteration.
+      if (!ads.conversionComplete()) {
+        return;
       }
+
+      updateResult();
+      moveToNextChannel();
+      startReading();
     }
 
     void addToJsonInfo(JsonObject& root)
@@ -69,6 +70,8 @@ class ADS1115Usermod : public Usermod {
     {
       JsonObject top = root.createNestedObject(F("ADC ADS1115"));
       
+      top[F("Loop Interval")] = loopInterval;
+
       for (uint8_t i = 0; i < channelsCount; i++) {
         ChannelSettings* settingsPtr = &(channelSettings[i]);
         JsonObject channel = top.createNestedObject(settingsPtr->settingName);
@@ -79,8 +82,6 @@ class ADS1115Usermod : public Usermod {
         channel[F("Offset")] = settingsPtr->offset;
         channel[F("Decimals")] = settingsPtr->decimals;
       }
-
-      top[F("Loop Interval")] = loopInterval;
     }
 
     bool readFromConfig(JsonObject& root)

usermods/ADS1115_v2/library.json

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "name": "ADS1115_v2",
   "build": { "libArchive": false },
   "dependencies": {
-    "Adafruit BusIO": "https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_BusIO#1.13.2",
-    "Adafruit ADS1X15": "https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_ADS1X15#2.4.0"
+    "Adafruit BusIO": "https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_BusIO#1.17.4",
+    "Adafruit ADS1X15": "https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_ADS1X15#2.6.2"
   }
 }

usermods/ADS1115_v2/readme.md

@@ -1,10 +1,29 @@
-# ADS1115 16-Bit ADC with four inputs
+# ADS1115 Usermod
 
-This usermod will read from an ADS1115 ADC. The voltages are displayed in the Info section of the web UI.
+Reads values from an ADS1115 16-bit ADC and exposes them in the `Info` tab.
 
-Configuration is performed via the Usermod menu. There are no parameters to set in code!
+## Features
+- Reads values from an ADS1115 over I2C.
+- Supports 8 ADS1115 input modes:
+	- 4 single-ended inputs (`AIN0` to `AIN3`)
+	- 4 differential pairs (`AIN0-AIN1`, `AIN0-AIN3`, `AIN1-AIN3`, `AIN2-AIN3`)
+- Per-channel configuration in the Usermod settings:
+	- Enable/disable
+	- Display name
+	- Units
+	- Multiplier and offset
+	- Decimal precision
+- Configurable measurement loop interval.
+- Publishes configured channel values to the `Info` tab.
 
-## Installation 
+## Compatibility
+- Requires an ADS1115 module connected via I2C.
+- Works on targets with I2C support.
+- Default ADC gain is `1x` (input range `+/-4.096V`).
 
-Add 'ADS1115' to `custom_usermods` in your platformio environment.
+## Installation
+- Add `ADS1115` to `custom_usermods` in your `platformio.ini` (or `platformio_override.ini`).
+
+## Author
+- Dima Zhemkov [@dima-zhemkov](https://github.com/dima-zhemkov)
 

usermods/AHT10_v2/platformio_override.ini

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-[env:aht10_example]
-extends = env:esp32dev
-build_flags =
-  ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags}
-  ; -D USERMOD_AHT10_DEBUG ; -- add a debug status to the info modal

usermods/Animated_Staircase/Animated_Staircase.cpp

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
     unsigned int topMaxDist        = 50;    // default maximum measured distance in cm, top
     unsigned int bottomMaxDist     = 50;    // default maximum measured distance in cm, bottom
     bool togglePower               = false; // toggle power on/off with staircase on/off
+    bool topAPinInvert             = false; // invert output of top sensor
+    bool bottomAPinInvert          = false; // invert output of bottom sensor
 
     /* runtime variables */
     bool initDone = false;
@@ -91,6 +93,8 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
     static const char _topEchoCm[];
     static const char _bottomEchoCm[];
     static const char _togglePower[];
+    static const char _topPIRorTrigger_pin_invert[];
+    static const char _bottomPIRorTrigger_pin_invert[];
 
     void publishMqtt(bool bottom, const char* state) {
 #ifndef WLED_DISABLE_MQTT
@@ -156,6 +160,12 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
       return pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH, maxTimeUs) > 0;
     }
 
+    bool readPIRPin(int8_t pin, bool invert) {
+      if (pin < 0) return false;
+        bool v = digitalRead(pin);
+      return invert ? !v : v;
+    }
+
     bool checkSensors() {
       bool sensorChanged = false;
 
@@ -164,15 +174,15 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
 
         bottomSensorRead = bottomSensorWrite ||
           (!useUSSensorBottom ?
-            (bottomPIRorTriggerPin<0 ? false : digitalRead(bottomPIRorTriggerPin)) :
+            (bottomPIRorTriggerPin<0 ? false : readPIRPin(bottomPIRorTriggerPin, bottomAPinInvert)) :
             ultrasoundRead(bottomPIRorTriggerPin, bottomEchoPin, bottomMaxDist*59)  // cm to us
           );
         topSensorRead = topSensorWrite ||
           (!useUSSensorTop ?
-            (topPIRorTriggerPin<0 ? false : digitalRead(topPIRorTriggerPin)) :
+            (topPIRorTriggerPin<0 ? false : readPIRPin(topPIRorTriggerPin, topAPinInvert)) :
             ultrasoundRead(topPIRorTriggerPin, topEchoPin, topMaxDist*59)   // cm to us
           );
-
+     
         if (bottomSensorRead != bottomSensorState) {
           bottomSensorState = bottomSensorRead; // change previous state
           sensorChanged = true;
@@ -439,18 +449,20 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
       if (staircase.isNull()) {
         staircase = root.createNestedObject(FPSTR(_name));
       }
-      staircase[FPSTR(_enabled)]                   = enabled;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_segmentDelay)]              = segment_delay_ms;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_onTime)]                    = on_time_ms / 1000;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_useTopUltrasoundSensor)]    = useUSSensorTop;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_topPIRorTrigger_pin)]       = topPIRorTriggerPin;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_topEcho_pin)]               = useUSSensorTop ? topEchoPin : -1;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_useBottomUltrasoundSensor)] = useUSSensorBottom;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin)]    = bottomPIRorTriggerPin;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomEcho_pin)]            = useUSSensorBottom ? bottomEchoPin : -1;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_topEchoCm)]                 = topMaxDist;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomEchoCm)]              = bottomMaxDist;
-      staircase[FPSTR(_togglePower)]               = togglePower;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_enabled)]                       = enabled;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_segmentDelay)]                  = segment_delay_ms;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_onTime)]                        = on_time_ms / 1000;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_useTopUltrasoundSensor)]        = useUSSensorTop;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_topPIRorTrigger_pin)]           = topPIRorTriggerPin;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_topEcho_pin)]                   = useUSSensorTop ? topEchoPin : -1;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_useBottomUltrasoundSensor)]     = useUSSensorBottom;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin)]        = bottomPIRorTriggerPin;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomEcho_pin)]                = useUSSensorBottom ? bottomEchoPin : -1;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_topEchoCm)]                     = topMaxDist;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomEchoCm)]                  = bottomMaxDist;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_togglePower)]                   = togglePower;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_topPIRorTrigger_pin_invert)]    = topAPinInvert;
+      staircase[FPSTR(_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin_invert)] = bottomAPinInvert;
       DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("Staircase config saved."));
     }
 
@@ -462,11 +474,13 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
     bool readFromConfig(JsonObject& root) {
       bool oldUseUSSensorTop = useUSSensorTop;
       bool oldUseUSSensorBottom = useUSSensorBottom;
+      bool oldTopAPinInvert = topAPinInvert;
+      bool oldBottomAPinInvert = bottomAPinInvert;
       int8_t oldTopAPin = topPIRorTriggerPin;
       int8_t oldTopBPin = topEchoPin;
       int8_t oldBottomAPin = bottomPIRorTriggerPin;
       int8_t oldBottomBPin = bottomEchoPin;
-
+     
       JsonObject top = root[FPSTR(_name)];
       if (top.isNull()) {
         DEBUG_PRINT(FPSTR(_name));
@@ -485,10 +499,12 @@ class Animated_Staircase : public Usermod {
       useUSSensorTop     = top[FPSTR(_useTopUltrasoundSensor)] | useUSSensorTop;
       topPIRorTriggerPin = top[FPSTR(_topPIRorTrigger_pin)] | topPIRorTriggerPin;
       topEchoPin         = top[FPSTR(_topEcho_pin)] | topEchoPin;
-
+      topAPinInvert      = top[FPSTR(_topPIRorTrigger_pin_invert)] | topAPinInvert;
+     
       useUSSensorBottom     = top[FPSTR(_useBottomUltrasoundSensor)] | useUSSensorBottom;
       bottomPIRorTriggerPin = top[FPSTR(_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin)] | bottomPIRorTriggerPin;
       bottomEchoPin         = top[FPSTR(_bottomEcho_pin)] | bottomEchoPin;
+      bottomAPinInvert      = top[FPSTR(_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin_invert)] | bottomAPinInvert;
 
       topMaxDist    = top[FPSTR(_topEchoCm)] | topMaxDist;
       topMaxDist    = min(150,max(30,(int)topMaxDist));     // max distance ~1.5m (a lag of 9ms may be expected)
@@ -554,14 +570,15 @@ const char Animated_Staircase::_segmentDelay[]              PROGMEM = "segment-d
 const char Animated_Staircase::_onTime[]                    PROGMEM = "on-time-s";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_useTopUltrasoundSensor[]    PROGMEM = "useTopUltrasoundSensor";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_topPIRorTrigger_pin[]       PROGMEM = "topPIRorTrigger_pin";
+const char Animated_Staircase::_topPIRorTrigger_pin_invert[]    PROGMEM = "topPIRorTrigger_pin_invert";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_topEcho_pin[]               PROGMEM = "topEcho_pin";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_useBottomUltrasoundSensor[] PROGMEM = "useBottomUltrasoundSensor";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin[]    PROGMEM = "bottomPIRorTrigger_pin";
+const char Animated_Staircase::_bottomPIRorTrigger_pin_invert[] PROGMEM = "bottomPIRorTrigger_pin_invert";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_bottomEcho_pin[]            PROGMEM = "bottomEcho_pin";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_topEchoCm[]                 PROGMEM = "top-dist-cm";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_bottomEchoCm[]              PROGMEM = "bottom-dist-cm";
 const char Animated_Staircase::_togglePower[]               PROGMEM = "toggle-on-off";
 
-
 static Animated_Staircase animated_staircase;
 REGISTER_USERMOD(animated_staircase);

usermods/DHT/platformio_override.ini.sample

@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@
 ; USERMOD_DHT_MQTT                 - publish measurements to the MQTT broker
 ; USERMOD_DHT_STATS                - For debug, report delay stats
 
-[env:d1_mini_usermod_dht_C]
-extends = env:d1_mini
-custom_usermods = ${env:d1_mini.custom_usermods} DHT
-build_flags = ${env:d1_mini.build_flags} -D USERMOD_DHT_CELSIUS
+[env:esp8266_2m_usermod_dht_C]
+extends = env:esp8266_2m
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp8266_2m.custom_usermods} DHT
+build_flags = ${env:esp8266_2m.build_flags} -D USERMOD_DHT_CELSIUS
 
-[env:custom32_LEDPIN_16_usermod_dht_C]
-extends = env:custom32_LEDPIN_16
-custom_usermods = ${env:custom32_LEDPIN_16.custom_usermods} DHT
-build_flags = ${env:custom32_LEDPIN_16.build_flags} -D USERMOD_DHT_CELSIUS -D USERMOD_DHT_STATS
+[env:esp32dev_LEDPIN_16_usermod_dht_C]
+extends = env:esp32dev
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} DHT
+build_flags = ${env:esp32dev.build_flags} -D LEDPIN=16 -D USERMOD_DHT_CELSIUS -D USERMOD_DHT_STATS
 

usermods/EXAMPLE/usermod_v2_example.cpp

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class MyExampleUsermod : public Usermod {
     void loop() override {
       // if usermod is disabled or called during strip updating just exit
       // NOTE: on very long strips strip.isUpdating() may always return true so update accordingly
-      if (!enabled || strip.isUpdating()) return;
+      if (!enabled || (strip.isUpdating() && (millis() - lastTime < 200))) return; // adjust "200" (in millisecond) to your needs - prevents starvation with very long strips 
 
       // do your magic here
       if (millis() - lastTime > 1000) {
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ class MyExampleUsermod : public Usermod {
       JsonObject usermod = root[FPSTR(_name)];
       if (!usermod.isNull()) {
         // expect JSON usermod data in usermod name object: {"ExampleUsermod:{"user0":10}"}
-        userVar0 = usermod["user0"] | userVar0; //if "user0" key exists in JSON, update, else keep old value
+        userVar0 = usermod["user0"] | userVar0; //if "user0" key exists in JSON, update, else keep old value (userVar0 is defined in wled.h)
       }
       // you can as well check WLED state JSON keys
       //if (root["bri"] == 255) Serial.println(F("Don't burn down your garage!"));

usermods/EleksTube_IPS/library.json.disabled

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "name:": "EleksTube_IPS",
+  "name": "EleksTube_IPS",
   "build": { "libArchive": false },
   "dependencies": {
     "TFT_eSPI" : "2.5.33"

usermods/Fix_unreachable_netservices_v2/library.json

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 {
   "name": "Fix_unreachable_netservices_v2",
+  "build": { "libArchive": false },
   "platforms": ["espressif8266"]
 }

usermods/Fix_unreachable_netservices_v2/usermod_Fix_unreachable_netservices.cpp

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ public:
     }
     if (m_updateConfig)
     {
-      serializeConfig();
+      serializeConfigToFS();
       m_updateConfig = false;
     }
   }

usermods/INA226_v2/INA226_v2.cpp

@@ -1,14 +1,38 @@
 #include "wled.h"
 #include <INA226_WE.h>
 
+#ifndef INA226_ADDRESS
 #define INA226_ADDRESS 0x40 // Default I2C address for INA226
+#endif
 
-#define DEFAULT_CHECKINTERVAL 60000
+#ifndef INA226_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS
+#define INA226_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS 60000 // Default check interval in milliseconds
+#endif
+
+#define DEFAULT_CHECKINTERVAL INA226_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS
 #define DEFAULT_INASAMPLES 128
 #define DEFAULT_INASAMPLESENUM AVERAGE_128
 #define DEFAULT_INACONVERSIONTIME 1100
 #define DEFAULT_INACONVERSIONTIMEENUM CONV_TIME_1100
 
+// Compile-time defaults for shunt resistor (micro-ohms), current range (mA), and current offset (mA)
+// These can be overridden via -D flags in platformio.ini / platformio_override.ini
+#ifndef INA226_SHUNT_MICRO_OHMS
+#define INA226_SHUNT_MICRO_OHMS 1000000  // 1 Ohm = 1,000,000 μΩ
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INA226_DEFAULT_CURRENT_RANGE
+#define INA226_DEFAULT_CURRENT_RANGE 1000  // 1000 mA = 1 A
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INA226_CURRENT_OFFSET_MA
+#define INA226_CURRENT_OFFSET_MA 0  // No offset by default
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INA226_ENABLED_DEFAULT
+#define INA226_ENABLED_DEFAULT false
+#endif
+
 // A packed version of all INA settings enums and their human friendly counterparts packed into a 32 bit structure
 // Some values are shifted and need to be preprocessed before usage
 struct InaSettingLookup
@@ -81,10 +105,11 @@ private:
     uint16_t _settingInaSamples : 11;          // Number of samples for averaging, max 1024
 
     uint8_t _i2cAddress;
-    uint16_t _checkInterval; // milliseconds, user settings is in seconds
-    float _decimalFactor;    // a power of 10 factor. 1 would be no change, 10 is one decimal, 100 is two etc. User sees a power of 10 (0, 1, 2, ..)
-    uint16_t _shuntResistor; // Shunt resistor value in milliohms
-    uint16_t _currentRange;  // Expected maximum current in milliamps
+    uint32_t _checkIntervalMs;  // milliseconds, user settings is in seconds
+    float _decimalFactor;       // a power of 10 factor. 1 would be no change, 10 is one decimal, 100 is two etc. User sees a power of 10 (0, 1, 2, ..)
+    uint32_t _shuntResistorUOhm; // Shunt resistor value in micro-ohms (μΩ)
+    uint16_t _currentRangeMa;    // Expected maximum current in milliamps
+    int16_t _currentOffsetMa;    // Current offset in milliamps, subtracted from readings
 
     uint8_t _lastStatus = 0;
     float _lastCurrent = 0;
@@ -93,7 +118,7 @@ private:
     float _lastShuntVoltage = 0;
     bool _lastOverflow = false;
 
-#ifndef WLED_MQTT_DISABLE
+#ifndef WLED_DISABLE_MQTT
     float _lastCurrentSent = 0;
     float _lastVoltageSent = 0;
     float _lastPowerSent = 0;
@@ -118,9 +143,11 @@ private:
         _ina226 = new INA226_WE(_i2cAddress);
         if (!_ina226->init())
         {
-            DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("INA226 initialization failed!"));
+            DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("INA226: init failed!"));
             return;
         }
+        DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("INA226: addr=0x%02X shunt=%luμΩ range=%umA offset=%dmA\n"),
+                       _i2cAddress, _shuntResistorUOhm, _currentRangeMa, _currentOffsetMa);
         _ina226->setCorrectionFactor(1.0);
 
         uint16_t tmpShort = _settingInaSamples;
@@ -129,7 +156,7 @@ private:
         tmpShort = _settingInaConversionTimeUs << 2;
         _ina226->setConversionTime(getConversionTimeEnum(tmpShort));
 
-        if (_checkInterval >= 20000)
+        if (_checkIntervalMs >= 20000)
         {
             _isTriggeredOperationMode = true;
             _ina226->setMeasureMode(TRIGGERED);
@@ -140,7 +167,11 @@ private:
             _ina226->setMeasureMode(CONTINUOUS);
         }
 
-        _ina226->setResistorRange(static_cast<float>(_shuntResistor) / 1000.0, static_cast<float>(_currentRange) / 1000.0);
+        _ina226->setResistorRange(static_cast<float>(_shuntResistorUOhm) / 1000000.0f, static_cast<float>(_currentRangeMa) / 1000.0f);
+
+        DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("INA226: mode=%s interval=%lums samples=%u convTime=%uμs\n"),
+                       _isTriggeredOperationMode ? "triggered" : "continuous",
+                       _checkIntervalMs, _settingInaSamples, _settingInaConversionTimeUs << 2);
     }
 
     void fetchAndPushValues()
@@ -150,17 +181,19 @@ private:
         if (_lastStatus != 0)
             return;
 
-        float current = truncateDecimals(_ina226->getCurrent_mA() / 1000.0);
+        float current = truncateDecimals((_ina226->getCurrent_mA() - _currentOffsetMa) / 1000.0f);
         float voltage = truncateDecimals(_ina226->getBusVoltage_V());
-        float power = truncateDecimals(_ina226->getBusPower() / 1000.0);
-        float shuntVoltage = truncateDecimals(_ina226->getShuntVoltage_V());
+        float power = truncateDecimals(_ina226->getBusPower() / 1000.0f);
+        float shuntVoltage = truncateDecimals(_ina226->getShuntVoltage_mV());
         bool overflow = _ina226->overflow;
 
 #ifndef WLED_DISABLE_MQTT
         mqttPublishIfChanged(F("current"), _lastCurrentSent, current, 0.01f);
         mqttPublishIfChanged(F("voltage"), _lastVoltageSent, voltage, 0.01f);
         mqttPublishIfChanged(F("power"), _lastPowerSent, power, 0.1f);
-        mqttPublishIfChanged(F("shunt_voltage"), _lastShuntVoltageSent, shuntVoltage, 0.01f);
+        // Publish in V for backward compatibility
+        float shuntVoltageV = shuntVoltage / 1000.0f;
+        mqttPublishIfChanged(F("shunt_voltage"), _lastShuntVoltageSent, shuntVoltageV, 0.01f);
         mqttPublishIfChanged(F("overflow"), _lastOverflowSent, overflow);
 #endif
 
@@ -169,6 +202,9 @@ private:
         _lastPower = power;
         _lastShuntVoltage = shuntVoltage;
         _lastOverflow = overflow;
+
+        DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("INA226: %.3fA %.2fV %.2fW shunt=%.2fmV%s\n"),
+                       current, voltage, power, shuntVoltage, overflow ? " OVF" : "");
     }
 
     void handleTriggeredMode(unsigned long currentTime)
@@ -188,7 +224,7 @@ private:
         }
         else
         {
-            if (currentTime - _lastLoopCheck >= _checkInterval)
+            if (currentTime - _lastLoopCheck >= _checkIntervalMs)
             {
                 // Start a measurement and use isBusy() later to determine when it is done
                 _ina226->startSingleMeasurementNoWait();
@@ -201,7 +237,7 @@ private:
 
     void handleContinuousMode(unsigned long currentTime)
     {
-        if (currentTime - _lastLoopCheck >= _checkInterval)
+        if (currentTime - _lastLoopCheck >= _checkIntervalMs)
         {
             _lastLoopCheck = currentTime;
             fetchAndPushValues();
@@ -215,19 +251,23 @@ private:
             return;
 
         char topic[128];
-        snprintf_P(topic, 127, "%s/current", mqttDeviceTopic);
+        auto buildTopic = [&](const char *suffix) {
+            snprintf_P(topic, sizeof(topic), PSTR("%s/%s"), mqttDeviceTopic, suffix);
+        };
+
+        buildTopic("current");
         mqttCreateHassSensor(F("Current"), topic, F("current"), F("A"));
 
-        snprintf_P(topic, 127, "%s/voltage", mqttDeviceTopic);
+        buildTopic("voltage");
         mqttCreateHassSensor(F("Voltage"), topic, F("voltage"), F("V"));
 
-        snprintf_P(topic, 127, "%s/power", mqttDeviceTopic);
+        buildTopic("power");
         mqttCreateHassSensor(F("Power"), topic, F("power"), F("W"));
 
-        snprintf_P(topic, 127, "%s/shunt_voltage", mqttDeviceTopic);
+        buildTopic("shunt_voltage");
         mqttCreateHassSensor(F("Shunt Voltage"), topic, F("voltage"), F("V"));
 
-        snprintf_P(topic, 127, "%s/overflow", mqttDeviceTopic);
+        buildTopic("overflow");
         mqttCreateHassBinarySensor(F("Overflow"), topic);
     }
 
@@ -315,14 +355,23 @@ public:
     UsermodINA226()
     {
         // Default values
+        _settingEnabled = INA226_ENABLED_DEFAULT;
         _settingInaSamples = DEFAULT_INASAMPLES;
-        _settingInaConversionTimeUs = DEFAULT_INACONVERSIONTIME;
+        _settingInaConversionTimeUs = DEFAULT_INACONVERSIONTIME >> 2; // stored shifted to fit 12-bit field
 
         _i2cAddress = INA226_ADDRESS;
-        _checkInterval = DEFAULT_CHECKINTERVAL;
+        _checkIntervalMs = DEFAULT_CHECKINTERVAL;
         _decimalFactor = 100;
-        _shuntResistor = 1000;
-        _currentRange = 1000;
+        _shuntResistorUOhm = INA226_SHUNT_MICRO_OHMS;
+        _currentRangeMa = INA226_DEFAULT_CURRENT_RANGE;
+        _currentOffsetMa = INA226_CURRENT_OFFSET_MA;
+
+        _mqttPublish = false;
+        _mqttPublishAlways = false;
+        _mqttHomeAssistant = false;
+        _initDone = false;
+        _isTriggeredOperationMode = false;
+        _measurementTriggered = false;
     }
 
     void setup()
@@ -399,7 +448,7 @@ public:
         JsonArray jsonCurrent = user.createNestedArray(F("Current"));
         JsonArray jsonVoltage = user.createNestedArray(F("Voltage"));
         JsonArray jsonPower = user.createNestedArray(F("Power"));
-        JsonArray jsonShuntVoltage = user.createNestedArray(F("Shunt Voltage"));
+        JsonArray jsonShuntVoltage = user.createNestedArray(F("Shunt Voltage Drop"));
         JsonArray jsonOverflow = user.createNestedArray(F("Overflow"));
 
         if (_lastLoopCheck == 0)
@@ -432,7 +481,7 @@ public:
         jsonPower.add(F("W"));
 
         jsonShuntVoltage.add(_lastShuntVoltage);
-        jsonShuntVoltage.add(F("V"));
+        jsonShuntVoltage.add(F("mV"));
 
         jsonOverflow.add(_lastOverflow ? F("true") : F("false"));
     }
@@ -442,12 +491,13 @@ public:
         JsonObject top = root.createNestedObject(FPSTR(_name));
         top[F("Enabled")] = _settingEnabled;
         top[F("I2CAddress")] = static_cast<uint8_t>(_i2cAddress);
-        top[F("CheckInterval")] = _checkInterval / 1000;
+        top[F("CheckInterval")] = _checkIntervalMs / 1000;
         top[F("INASamples")] = _settingInaSamples;
         top[F("INAConversionTime")] = _settingInaConversionTimeUs << 2;
         top[F("Decimals")] = log10f(_decimalFactor);
-        top[F("ShuntResistor")] = _shuntResistor;
-        top[F("CurrentRange")] = _currentRange;
+        top[F("ShuntResistor")] = static_cast<float>(_shuntResistorUOhm) / 1000.0f;
+        top[F("CurrentRange")] = _currentRangeMa;
+        top[F("CurrentOffset")] = _currentOffsetMa;
 #ifndef WLED_DISABLE_MQTT
         top[F("MqttPublish")] = _mqttPublish;
         top[F("MqttPublishAlways")] = _mqttPublishAlways;
@@ -457,6 +507,17 @@ public:
         DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("INA226 config saved."));
     }
 
+    void appendConfigData() override
+    {
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:CheckInterval',1,'seconds');"));
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:INASamples',1,'samples (1-1024)');"));
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:INAConversionTime',1,'&micro;s');"));
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:Decimals',1,'(0-5)');"));
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:ShuntResistor',1,'m&Omega;');"));
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:CurrentRange',1,'mA');"));
+        oappend(F("addInfo('INA226:CurrentOffset',1,'mA');"));
+    }
+
     bool readFromConfig(JsonObject &root) override
     {
         JsonObject top = root[FPSTR(_name)];
@@ -472,12 +533,12 @@ public:
             configComplete = false;
 
         configComplete &= getJsonValue(top[F("I2CAddress")], _i2cAddress);
-        if (getJsonValue(top[F("CheckInterval")], _checkInterval))
+        if (getJsonValue(top[F("CheckInterval")], _checkIntervalMs))
         {
-            if (1 <= _checkInterval && _checkInterval <= 600)
-                _checkInterval *= 1000;
+            if (1 <= _checkIntervalMs && _checkIntervalMs <= 600)
+                _checkIntervalMs *= 1000;
             else
-                _checkInterval = DEFAULT_CHECKINTERVAL;
+                _checkIntervalMs = DEFAULT_CHECKINTERVAL;
         }
         else
             configComplete = false;
@@ -511,8 +572,26 @@ public:
         else
             configComplete = false;
 
-        configComplete &= getJsonValue(top[F("ShuntResistor")], _shuntResistor);
-        configComplete &= getJsonValue(top[F("CurrentRange")], _currentRange);
+        float shuntMilliOhms;
+        if (getJsonValue(top[F("ShuntResistor")], shuntMilliOhms))
+        {
+            if (shuntMilliOhms > 0)
+                _shuntResistorUOhm = static_cast<uint32_t>(shuntMilliOhms * 1000.0f + 0.5f);
+            else
+                _shuntResistorUOhm = INA226_SHUNT_MICRO_OHMS;
+        }
+        else
+            configComplete = false;
+
+        if (getJsonValue(top[F("CurrentRange")], _currentRangeMa))
+        {
+            if (_currentRangeMa == 0 || _currentRangeMa > 20000)
+                _currentRangeMa = INA226_DEFAULT_CURRENT_RANGE;
+        }
+        else
+            configComplete = false;
+        if (!getJsonValue(top[F("CurrentOffset")], _currentOffsetMa))
+            _currentOffsetMa = INA226_CURRENT_OFFSET_MA;  // Use compile-time default if missing from config
 
 #ifndef WLED_DISABLE_MQTT
         if (getJsonValue(top[F("MqttPublish")], tmpBool))

usermods/INA226_v2/README.md

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ The following settings can be configured in the Usermod Menu:
 - **Decimals**: Number of decimals in the output.
 - **ShuntResistor**: Shunt resistor value in milliohms. An R100 shunt resistor should be written as "100", while R010 should be "10".
 - **CurrentRange**: Expected maximum current in milliamps (e.g., 5 A = 5000 mA).
+- **CurrentOffset**: Current offset in milliamps, subtracted from raw readings. Useful for compensating a consistent bias in the sensor. Default is 0.
 - **MqttPublish**: Enable or disable MQTT publishing.
 - **MqttPublishAlways**: Publish always, regardless if there is a change.
 - **MqttHomeAssistantDiscovery**: Enable Home Assistant discovery.
@@ -63,4 +64,33 @@ extends = env:esp32dev
 custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} INA226
 build_flags = ${env:esp32dev.build_flags}
   ; -D USERMOD_INA226_DEBUG ; -- add a debug status to the info modal
-```
+```
+
+### Compile-time Defaults
+
+Several parameters can be overridden at compile time via `-D` build flags. This is useful for setting board-specific defaults so the device works correctly on first boot without manual configuration.
+
+| Build Flag | Default | Unit | Description |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `INA226_ADDRESS` | `0x40` | — | I2C address of the INA226 |
+| `INA226_SHUNT_MICRO_OHMS` | `1000000` | μΩ | Shunt resistor value (1 000 000 μΩ = 1 Ω) |
+| `INA226_DEFAULT_CURRENT_RANGE` | `1000` | mA | Expected maximum current (1000 mA = 1 A) |
+| `INA226_CURRENT_OFFSET_MA` | `0` | mA | Current offset subtracted from readings |
+| `INA226_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS` | `60000` | ms | Default interval between readings on first boot |
+| `INA226_ENABLED_DEFAULT` | `false` | — | Enable the usermod on first boot |
+
+Example for a board with a 2.888 mΩ effective shunt, 10 A range, -118 mA offset, 1 second polling, and enabled by default:
+
+```ini
+[env:my_board]
+extends = env:esp32dev
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} INA226
+build_flags = ${env:esp32dev.build_flags}
+  -D INA226_ENABLED_DEFAULT=true
+  -D INA226_SHUNT_MICRO_OHMS=2888
+  -D INA226_DEFAULT_CURRENT_RANGE=10000
+  -D INA226_CURRENT_OFFSET_MA=-118
+  -D INA226_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS=1000
+```
+
+All compile-time defaults can still be changed at runtime through the Usermod settings page.

usermods/INA226_v2/platformio_override.ini

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-[env:ina226_example]
-extends = env:esp32dev
-custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} INA226_v2
-build_flags =
-  ${env:esp32dev.build_flags}
-  ; -D USERMOD_INA226_DEBUG ; -- add a debug status to the info modal

usermods/SN_Photoresistor/platformio_override.ini.sample

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 ; Options
 ; -------
-; USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR                      - define this to have this user mod included wled00\usermods_list.cpp
 ; USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR_MEASUREMENT_INTERVAL - the number of milliseconds between measurements, defaults to 60 seconds
 ; USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR_FIRST_MEASUREMENT_AT - the number of milliseconds after boot to take first measurement, defaults to 20 seconds
 ; USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR_REFERENCE_VOLTAGE    - the voltage supplied to the sensor, defaults to 5v
@@ -8,9 +7,10 @@
 ; USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR_RESISTOR_VALUE       - the resistor size, defaults to 10000.0 (10K hms)
 ; USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR_OFFSET_VALUE         - the offset value to report on, defaults to 25
 ;
-[env:usermod_sn_photoresistor_d1_mini]
-extends = env:d1_mini
+[env:usermod_sn_photoresistor_esp8266_2m]
+extends = env:esp8266_2m
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp8266_2m.custom_usermods} SN_Photoresistor
 build_flags =
-    ${common.build_flags_esp8266}
-    -D USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR
-lib_deps = ${env.lib_deps}
+    ${env:esp8266_2m.build_flags}
+    -D USERMOD_SN_PHOTORESISTOR_MEASUREMENT_INTERVAL=60
+lib_deps = ${env:esp8266_2m.lib_deps}

usermods/ST7789_display/library.json.disabled

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "name:": "ST7789_display",
+  "name": "ST7789_display",
   "build": { "libArchive": false }
 }

usermods/TTGO-T-Display/platformio_override.ini

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-[env:esp32dev]
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags_esp32} 
-; PIN defines - uncomment and change, if needed:
-;  -D LEDPIN=2
-   -D BTNPIN=35
-;  -D IRPIN=4
-;  -D RLYPIN=12
-;  -D RLYMDE=1

usermods/Temperature/platformio_override.ini

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-; Options
-; -------
-; USERMOD_DALLASTEMPERATURE_MEASUREMENT_INTERVAL - the number of milliseconds between measurements, defaults to 60 seconds
-;
-

usermods/audioreactive/audio_reactive.cpp

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ static uint8_t binNum = 8;           // Used to select the bin for FFT based bea
 #if defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S2) || defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32C3)
 #define UM_AUDIOREACTIVE_USE_INTEGER_FFT // always use integer FFT on ESP32-S2 and ESP32-C3
 #endif
-#endif
+#endif // UM_AUDIOREACTIVE_USE_ARDUINO_FFT
 
 #if !defined(UM_AUDIOREACTIVE_USE_INTEGER_FFT)
 using FFTsampleType = float;
@@ -758,6 +758,8 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
   private:
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
 
+    static constexpr uint8_t SR_DMTYPE_NETWORK_ONLY = 254;
+
     #ifndef AUDIOPIN
     int8_t audioPin = -1;
     #else
@@ -879,6 +881,9 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
 #endif
     static const char _digitalmic[];
     static const char _addPalettes[];
+    static const char _palName0[];
+    static const char _palName1[];
+    static const char _palName2[];
     static const char UDP_SYNC_HEADER[];
     static const char UDP_SYNC_HEADER_v1[];
 
@@ -1295,7 +1300,12 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
 
       size_t packetSize = fftUdp.parsePacket();
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
-      if ((packetSize > 0) && ((packetSize < 5) || (packetSize > UDPSOUND_MAX_PACKET))) fftUdp.flush(); // discard invalid packets (too small or too big) - only works on esp32
+      if ((packetSize > 0) && ((packetSize < 5) || (packetSize > UDPSOUND_MAX_PACKET)))
+        #if ESP_IDF_VERSION_MAJOR < 5
+        fftUdp.flush(); // discard invalid packets (too small or too big) - only works on esp32
+        #else
+        fftUdp.clear(); // function was renamed in newer frameworks
+        #endif
 #endif
       if ((packetSize > 5) && (packetSize <= UDPSOUND_MAX_PACKET)) {
         //DEBUGSR_PRINTLN("Received UDP Sync Packet");
@@ -1439,7 +1449,7 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
           break;
         #endif
 
-        case 254: // dummy "network receive only" mode
+        case SR_DMTYPE_NETWORK_ONLY: // dummy "network receive only" mode
           if (audioSource) delete audioSource; audioSource = nullptr;
           disableSoundProcessing = true;
           audioSyncEnabled = 2; // force udp sound receive mode
@@ -1456,19 +1466,25 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
       }
       delay(250); // give microphone enough time to initialise
 
-      if (!audioSource && (dmType != 254)) enabled = false;// audio failed to initialise
+      if (!audioSource && (dmType != SR_DMTYPE_NETWORK_ONLY)) enabled = false;// audio failed to initialise
 #endif
       if (enabled) onUpdateBegin(false);                 // create FFT task, and initialize network
 
 
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
-      if (FFT_Task == nullptr) enabled = false;          // FFT task creation failed
+      if (audioSource && FFT_Task == nullptr) enabled = false;          // FFT task creation failed
       if((!audioSource) || (!audioSource->isInitialized())) {  // audio source failed to initialize. Still stay "enabled", as there might be input arriving via UDP Sound Sync 
-      #ifdef WLED_DEBUG
-        DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("AR: Failed to initialize sound input driver. Please check input PIN settings."));
-      #else
-        DEBUGSR_PRINTLN(F("AR: Failed to initialize sound input driver. Please check input PIN settings."));
-      #endif
+#ifdef WLED_DEBUG
+        #define AR_INIT_DEBUG_PRINT DEBUG_PRINTLN
+#else
+        #define AR_INIT_DEBUG_PRINT DEBUGSR_PRINTLN
+#endif
+        if (dmType == SR_DMTYPE_NETWORK_ONLY) {
+          AR_INIT_DEBUG_PRINT(F("AR: No sound input driver configured - network receive only."));
+        } else {
+          AR_INIT_DEBUG_PRINT(F("AR: Failed to initialize sound input driver. Please check input PIN settings."));
+        }
+        #undef AR_INIT_DEBUG_PRINT
         disableSoundProcessing = true;
       }
 #endif
@@ -1522,14 +1538,9 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
       // We cannot wait indefinitely before processing audio data
       if (strip.isUpdating() && (millis() - lastUMRun < 2)) return;   // be nice, but not too nice
 
-      // suspend local sound processing when "real time mode" is active (E131, UDP, ADALIGHT, ARTNET)
-      if (  (realtimeOverride == REALTIME_OVERRIDE_NONE)  // please add other overrides here if needed
-          &&( (realtimeMode == REALTIME_MODE_GENERIC)
-            ||(realtimeMode == REALTIME_MODE_E131)
-            ||(realtimeMode == REALTIME_MODE_UDP)
-            ||(realtimeMode == REALTIME_MODE_ADALIGHT)
-            ||(realtimeMode == REALTIME_MODE_ARTNET) ) )  // please add other modes here if needed
-      {
+      // suspend local sound processing when "real time mode" is active (E131, UDP, ADALIGHT, ARTNET, DDP, DMX)
+      //  exception: sound input is still needed when useMainSegmentOnly - other segments are still running with local input.
+      if (realtimeMode && !realtimeOverride && !useMainSegmentOnly) {
         #if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32) && defined(WLED_DEBUG)
         if ((disableSoundProcessing == false) && (audioSyncEnabled == 0)) {  // we just switched to "disabled"
           DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("[AR userLoop]  realtime mode active - audio processing suspended."));
@@ -1606,7 +1617,11 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
             have_new_sample = receiveAudioData();
             if (have_new_sample) last_UDPTime = millis();
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
+            #if ESP_IDF_VERSION_MAJOR < 5
             else fftUdp.flush(); // Flush udp input buffers if we haven't read it - avoids hickups in receive mode. Does not work on 8266.
+            #else
+            else fftUdp.clear(); // function was renamed in newer frameworks
+            #endif
 #endif
             lastTime = millis();
           }
@@ -1711,7 +1726,7 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
           );
       }
       micDataReal = 0.0f;                     // just to be sure
-      if (enabled) disableSoundProcessing = false;
+      if (enabled) disableSoundProcessing = false;  // allows FFT_Task to run at least once, even when loop() might disable again
       updateIsRunning = init;
     }
 
@@ -1951,14 +1966,10 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
         }
 #endif
       }
-      if (palettes > 0 && root.containsKey(F("rmcpal"))) {
-        // handle removal of custom palettes from JSON call so we don't break things
-        removeAudioPalettes();
-      }
     }
 
     void onStateChange(uint8_t callMode) override {
-      if (initDone && enabled && addPalettes && palettes==0 && customPalettes.size()<WLED_MAX_CUSTOM_PALETTES) {
+      if (initDone && enabled && addPalettes && palettes==0) {
         // if palettes were removed during JSON call re-add them
         createAudioPalettes();
       }
@@ -2123,6 +2134,9 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
       uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'Generic PDM',5);"));
     #endif
     uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'ES8388',6);"));
+      uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'None - network receive only',"));
+      uiScript.print(SR_DMTYPE_NETWORK_ONLY);
+      uiScript.print(F(");"));
     
       uiScript.print(F("dd=addDropdown(ux,'config:AGC');"));
       uiScript.print(F("addOption(dd,'Off',0);"));
@@ -2187,24 +2201,21 @@ class AudioReactive : public Usermod {
 
 void AudioReactive::removeAudioPalettes(void) {
   DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("Removing audio palettes."));
-  while (palettes>0) {
-    customPalettes.pop_back();
-    DEBUG_PRINTLN(palettes);
-    palettes--;
-  }
-  DEBUG_PRINT(F("Total # of palettes: ")); DEBUG_PRINTLN(customPalettes.size());
+  palettes -= (int8_t)removeUsermodPalettes(_name);
+  if (palettes < 0) palettes = 0; // safeguard
 }
 
 void AudioReactive::createAudioPalettes(void) {
-  DEBUG_PRINT(F("Total # of palettes: ")); DEBUG_PRINTLN(customPalettes.size());
   if (palettes) return;
   DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("Adding audio palettes."));
-  for (int i=0; i<MAX_PALETTES; i++)
-    if (customPalettes.size() < WLED_MAX_CUSTOM_PALETTES) {
-      customPalettes.push_back(CRGBPalette16(CRGB(BLACK)));
+  static const char *const palNames[MAX_PALETTES] PROGMEM = {_palName0, _palName1, _palName2};
+  for (int i=0; i<MAX_PALETTES; i++) {
+    if (usermodPalettes.size() < WLED_MAX_USERMOD_PALETTES) {
+      usermodPalettes.push_back({CRGBPalette16(CRGB(BLACK)), _name, (uint8_t)i, palNames[i]}); // start black, filled each loop by fillAudioPalettes()
       palettes++;
       DEBUG_PRINTLN(palettes);
     } else break;
+  }
 }
 
 // credit @netmindz ar palette, adapted for usermod @blazoncek
@@ -2238,9 +2249,10 @@ CRGB AudioReactive::getCRGBForBand(int x, int pal) {
 
 void AudioReactive::fillAudioPalettes() {
   if (!palettes) return;
-  size_t lastCustPalette = customPalettes.size();
-  if (int(lastCustPalette) >= palettes) lastCustPalette -= palettes;
-  for (int pal=0; pal<palettes; pal++) {
+  // Scan by name pointer identity to find the palettes we added, palIndex = 0/1/2... selects the getCRGBForBand variant, matching how the entries were created.
+  for (auto &ump : usermodPalettes) {
+    if (ump.name != _name) continue;
+    const int pal = ump.palIndex;
     uint8_t tcp[16];  // Needs to be 4 times however many colors are being used.
                       // 3 colors = 12, 4 colors = 16, etc.
 
@@ -2248,26 +2260,26 @@ void AudioReactive::fillAudioPalettes() {
     tcp[1] = 0;
     tcp[2] = 0;
     tcp[3] = 0;
-    
+
     CRGB rgb = getCRGBForBand(1, pal);
     tcp[4] = 1;  // anchor of first color
     tcp[5] = rgb.r;
     tcp[6] = rgb.g;
     tcp[7] = rgb.b;
-    
+
     rgb = getCRGBForBand(128, pal);
     tcp[8] = 128;
     tcp[9] = rgb.r;
     tcp[10] = rgb.g;
     tcp[11] = rgb.b;
-    
+
     rgb = getCRGBForBand(255, pal);
     tcp[12] = 255;  // anchor of last color - must be 255
     tcp[13] = rgb.r;
     tcp[14] = rgb.g;
     tcp[15] = rgb.b;
 
-    customPalettes[lastCustPalette+pal].loadDynamicGradientPalette(tcp);
+    ump.palette.loadDynamicGradientPalette(tcp);
   }
 }
 
@@ -2282,7 +2294,10 @@ const char AudioReactive::_inputLvl[]   PROGMEM = "inputLevel";
 const char AudioReactive::_analogmic[]  PROGMEM = "analogmic";
 #endif
 const char AudioReactive::_digitalmic[] PROGMEM = "digitalmic";
-const char AudioReactive::_addPalettes[]       PROGMEM = "add-palettes";
+const char AudioReactive::_addPalettes[]          PROGMEM = "add-palettes";
+const char AudioReactive::_palName0[]              PROGMEM = "Ratio";
+const char AudioReactive::_palName1[]              PROGMEM = "Hue";
+const char AudioReactive::_palName2[]              PROGMEM = "Spectrum";
 const char AudioReactive::UDP_SYNC_HEADER[]    PROGMEM = "00002"; // new sync header version, as format no longer compatible with previous structure
 const char AudioReactive::UDP_SYNC_HEADER_v1[] PROGMEM = "00001"; // old sync header version - need to add backwards-compatibility feature
 

usermods/pixels_dice_tray/platformio_override.ini.sample

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ board_build.partitions = ${esp32.large_partitions}
 board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
 board_build.flash_mode = qio
 monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=T-QT-PRO-8MB
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"T-QT-PRO-8MB_dice\"
   -D CONFIG_LITTLEFS_FOR_IDF_3_2 -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
   -D ARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 -D ARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
   
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ board_build.partitions = ${esp32.large_partitions}
 board_build.f_flash = 80000000L
 board_build.flash_mode = qio
 monitor_filters = esp32_exception_decoder
-build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=ESP32-S3_8MB_qspi
+build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32s3.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32-S3_8MB_qspi_dice\"
   -D CONFIG_LITTLEFS_FOR_IDF_3_2 -D WLED_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT=0
   -D ARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1 -D ARDUINO_USB_MODE=1      ;; for boards with USB-OTG connector only (USBCDC or "TinyUSB")
   
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ lib_deps = ${esp32s3.lib_deps}
 # https://github.com/wled-dev/WLED/issues/1382
 ; [env:esp32dev_dice]
 ; extends = env:esp32dev
-; build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=ESP32
+; build_flags = ${common.build_flags} ${esp32.build_flags} -D WLED_RELEASE_NAME=\"ESP32_dice\"
 ;   ; Enable Pixels dice mod
 ;   -D USERMOD_PIXELS_DICE_TRAY
 ; lib_deps = ${esp32.lib_deps}

usermods/pov_display/library.json

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "name:": "pov_display",
+  "name": "pov_display",
   "build": { "libArchive": false},
   "platforms": ["espressif32"]
 }

usermods/sht/sht.cpp

@@ -143,7 +143,13 @@ void ShtUsermod::appendDeviceToMqttDiscoveryMessage(JsonDocument& root) {
   device[F("ids")] = escapedMac.c_str();
   device[F("name")] = serverDescription;
   device[F("sw")] = versionString;
+  // AI: below section was generated by an AI
+  #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
   device[F("mdl")] = ESP.getChipModel();
+  #else
+  device[F("mdl")] = F("ESP8266");
+  #endif
+  // AI: end
   device[F("mf")] = F("espressif");
 }
 

usermods/usermod_v2_four_line_display_ALT/platformio_override.ini.sample

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 default_envs = esp32dev_fld
 
 [env:esp32dev_fld]
-extends = env:esp32dev_V4
-custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev_V4.custom_usermods} four_line_display_ALT
+extends = env:esp32dev
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} four_line_display_ALT
 build_flags =
-    ${env:esp32dev_V4.build_flags}
+    ${env:esp32dev.build_flags}
     -D FLD_TYPE=SH1106
     -D I2CSCLPIN=27
     -D I2CSDAPIN=26

usermods/usermod_v2_rotary_encoder_ui_ALT/platformio_override.ini.sample

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 default_envs = esp32dev_re
 
 [env:esp32dev_re]
-extends = env:esp32dev_V4
-custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev_V4.custom_usermods} rotary_encoder_ui_ALT
+extends = env:esp32dev
+custom_usermods = ${env:esp32dev.custom_usermods} rotary_encoder_ui_ALT
 build_flags =
-    ${env:esp32dev_V4.build_flags}
+    ${env:esp32dev.build_flags}
     -D USERMOD_ROTARY_ENCODER_GPIO=INPUT
     -D ENCODER_DT_PIN=21
     -D ENCODER_CLK_PIN=23

wled00/FX.cpp

@@ -701,7 +701,9 @@ void dissolve(uint32_t color) {
         unsigned i = hw_random16(SEGLEN);
         if (SEGENV.aux0) { //dissolve to primary/palette
           if (pixels[i] == SEGCOLOR(1)) {
-            pixels[i] = color == SEGCOLOR(0) ? SEGMENT.color_from_palette(i, true, PALETTE_SOLID_WRAP, 0) : color;
+            uint32_t c = color == SEGCOLOR(0) ? SEGMENT.color_from_palette(i, true, PALETTE_SOLID_WRAP, 0) : color;
+            if (SEGMENT.check2 && c == SEGCOLOR(1)) c ^= 0x00000001;  // change the color slightly so the effect doesn't get stuck in Complete mode if color is same as bkg color
+            pixels[i] = c;
             break; //only spawn 1 new pixel per frame
           }
         } else { //dissolve to secondary
@@ -2343,7 +2345,7 @@ void mode_colortwinkle() {
           unsigned index = i >> 3;
           unsigned  bitNum = i & 0x07;
           bitWrite(SEGENV.data[index], bitNum, true);
-          SEGMENT.setPixelColor(i, ColorFromPalette(SEGPALETTE, hw_random8(), 64, NOBLEND));
+          SEGMENT.setPixelColor(i, ColorFromPalette(SEGPALETTE, hw_random8(), gamma8inv(64), NOBLEND));  // note on gamma8inv: inverting results in non-linear brightness fade as originally designed
           break; //only spawn 1 new pixel per frame per 50 LEDs
         }
       }
@@ -2614,7 +2616,7 @@ static CRGBW twinklefox_one_twinkle(uint32_t ms, uint8_t salt, bool cat)
   unsigned hue = slowcycle8 - salt;
   CRGBW c;
   if (bright > 0) {
-    c = ColorFromPalette(SEGPALETTE, hue, bright, NOBLEND);
+    c = ColorFromPalette(SEGPALETTE, hue, gamma8inv(bright), NOBLEND); // note on gamma8inv: inverting results in non-linear brightness fade as originally designed
     if (!SEGMENT.check1) {
       // This code takes a pixel, and if its in the 'fading down'
       // part of the cycle, it adjusts the color a little bit like the
@@ -2649,19 +2651,18 @@ static void twinklefox_base(bool cat)
   if (SEGMENT.speed > 100) SEGENV.aux0 = 3 + ((255 - SEGMENT.speed) >> 3);
   else SEGENV.aux0 = 22 + ((100 - SEGMENT.speed) >> 1);
 
-  // Set up the background color, "bg".
+  // Set up the background color, "bg". Note: using gamma invert for brightness as the FX was written without any gamma correction, it will dim down too much now
   CRGBW bg = SEGCOLOR(1);
-  unsigned bglight = bg.getAverageLight();
+  unsigned bglight = bg.getRGBaverage();
   if (bglight > 64) {
-    bg = color_fade(bg, 16, true); // very bright, so scale to 1/16th
+    bg = color_fade(bg, gamma8inv(16), true); // very bright, so scale to 1/16th
   } else if (bglight > 16) {
-    bg = color_fade(bg, 64, true); // not that bright, so scale to 1/4th
+    bg = color_fade(bg, gamma8inv(64), true); // not that bright, so scale to 1/4
   } else {
-    bg = color_fade(bg, 86, true); // dim, scale to 1/3rd.
+    bg = color_fade(bg, gamma8inv(86), true); // dim, scale to 1/3rd
   }
-  bg = gamma32inv(bg); // need to invert gamma as the FX was written without any gamma correction and it will dim down too much otherwise
 
-  unsigned backgroundBrightness = bg.getAverageLight();
+  bglight = bg.getRGBaverage(); // update after scaling
 
   for (unsigned i = 0; i < SEGLEN; i++) {
 
@@ -2678,8 +2679,8 @@ static void twinklefox_base(bool cat)
     // on the "brightness = f( time )" idea.
     CRGBW c = twinklefox_one_twinkle(myclock30, myunique8, cat);
 
-    unsigned cbright = c.getAverageLight();
-    int deltabright = cbright - backgroundBrightness;
+    unsigned cbright = c.getRGBaverage();
+    int deltabright = cbright - bglight;
     if (deltabright >= 32 || (bg==0)) {
       // If the new pixel is significantly brighter than the background color,
       // use the new color.
@@ -5451,6 +5452,7 @@ void mode_2Dgameoflife(void) { // Written by Ewoud Wijma, inspired by https://na
         }
       }
     }
+    return;
   }
 
   // Repeat detection
@@ -6834,7 +6836,7 @@ void mode_gravcenter_base(unsigned mode) {
   uint8_t gravity = 8 - SEGMENT.speed/32;
   int offset = 1;
   if(mode == 2) offset = 0;  // Gravimeter
-  if (tempsamp >= gravcen->topLED) gravcen->topLED = tempsamp-offset;
+  if (tempsamp >= gravcen->topLED + offset) gravcen->topLED = tempsamp-offset;
   else if (gravcen->gravityCounter % gravity == 0) gravcen->topLED--;
   
   if(mode == 1) {  //Gravcentric
@@ -8730,7 +8732,7 @@ void mode_particleperlin(void) {
 
   PartSys->update(); // update and render
 }
-static const char _data_FX_MODE_PARTICLEPERLIN[] PROGMEM = "PS Fuzzy Noise@Speed,Particles,Bounce,Friction,Scale,Cylinder,Smear,Collide;;!;2;pal=64,sx=50,ix=200,c1=130,c2=30,c3=5,o3=1";
+static const char _data_FX_MODE_PARTICLEPERLIN[] PROGMEM = "PS Fuzzy Noise@Speed,Particles,Bounce,Friction,Scale,Cylinder,Smear,Collide;;!;2;pal=64,sx=50,ix=200,c1=130,c2=30,c3=5";
 
 /*
   Particle smashing down like meteors and exploding as they hit the ground, has many parameters to play with
@@ -9836,6 +9838,7 @@ void mode_particleFireworks1D(void) {
       PartSys->setColorByPosition(false); // disable
       for (uint32_t e = 0; e < explosionsize; e++) { // emit explosion particles
         int idx = PartSys->sprayEmit(PartSys->sources[0]); // emit a particle
+        if (idx < 0) break; // no more particles available
         if(SEGMENT.custom3 > 23) {
           if(SEGMENT.custom3 == 31) { // highest slider value
             PartSys->setColorByAge(SEGMENT.check1); // color by age if colorful mode is enabled
@@ -9860,7 +9863,7 @@ void mode_particleFireworks1D(void) {
     PartSys->applyFriction(1); // apply friction to all particles
 
   PartSys->update(); // update and render
-  
+
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < PartSys->usedParticles; i++) {
     if (PartSys->particles[i].ttl > 20) PartSys->particles[i].ttl -= 20; //ttl is linked to brightness, this allows to use higher brightness but still a short spark lifespan
     else PartSys->particles[i].ttl = 0;
@@ -9910,7 +9913,7 @@ void mode_particleSparkler(void) {
     PartSys->sources[i].source.ttl = 400; // replenish its life (setting it perpetual uses more code)
     PartSys->sources[i].sat = SEGMENT.custom1; // color saturation
     if (SEGMENT.speed == 255) // random position at highest speed setting
-      PartSys->sources[i].source.x = hw_random16(PartSys->maxX);
+      PartSys->sources[i].source.x = hw_random(PartSys->maxX);
     else
       PartSys->particleMoveUpdate(PartSys->sources[i].source, PartSys->sources[i].sourceFlags, &sparklersettings); //move sparkler
   }

wled00/FX_fcn.cpp

@@ -228,12 +228,19 @@ void Segment::resetIfRequired() {
 void Segment::loadPalette(CRGBPalette16 &targetPalette, uint8_t pal) {
   // there is one randomly generated palette (1) followed by 4 palettes created from segment colors (2-5)
   // those are followed by 7 fastled palettes (6-12) and 59 gradient palettes (13-71)
-  // then come the custom palettes (255,254,...) growing downwards from 255 (255 being 1st custom palette)
+  // then come user custom palettes (IDs <=200) and usermod palettes (IDs 201-255), both growing downward from their respective base IDs
   // palette 0 is a varying palette depending on effect and may be replaced by segment's color if so
   // instructed in color_from_palette()
-  if (pal >= FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT && pal <= 255-customPalettes.size()) pal = 0; // out of bounds palette
-  //default palette. Differs depending on effect
-  if (pal == 0) pal = _default_palette; // _default_palette is set in setMode()
+  if (pal == 0) pal = _default_palette; // _default_palette is set in setMode(), differs depending on effect
+  const int umCount   = usermodPalettes.size();
+  const int custCount = customPalettes.size();
+  if (pal >= FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT) {
+    if (pal > WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE) { // usermod range (IDs 201-255)
+      if ((WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE - pal) >= umCount) pal = 0;
+    } else { // custom range
+      if ((WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE - pal) >= custCount) pal = 0;
+    }
+  }
   switch (pal) {
     case 0: //default palette. Exceptions for specific effects above
       targetPalette = PartyColors_gc22;
@@ -267,8 +274,10 @@ void Segment::loadPalette(CRGBPalette16 &targetPalette, uint8_t pal) {
       }
       break;}
     default: //progmem palettes
-      if (pal > 255 - customPalettes.size()) {
-        targetPalette = customPalettes[255-pal]; // we checked bounds above
+      if (pal > WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE) { // usermod palette
+        targetPalette = usermodPalettes[WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE - pal].palette;
+      } else if (pal >= FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT) { // user custom palette
+        targetPalette = customPalettes[WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE - pal];
       } else if (pal < DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT + FASTLED_PALETTE_COUNT) { // palette 6 - 12, fastled palettes
         targetPalette = *fastledPalettes[pal - DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT];
       } else {
@@ -585,7 +594,13 @@ Segment &Segment::setMode(uint8_t fx, bool loadDefaults) {
 }
 
 Segment &Segment::setPalette(uint8_t pal) {
-  if (pal <= 255-customPalettes.size() && pal > FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT) pal = 0; // not built in palette or custom palette
+  if (pal >= FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT) {
+    if (pal > WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE) { // usermod range
+      if ((WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE - pal) >= (int)usermodPalettes.size()) pal = 0;
+    } else { // custom range
+      if ((WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE - pal) >= (int)customPalettes.size()) pal = 0;
+    }
+  }
   if (pal != palette) {
     //DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("- Starting palette transition: %d\n"), pal);
     startTransition(strip.getTransition(), blendingStyle != TRANSITION_FADE); // start transition prior to change (no need to copy segment)
@@ -1102,7 +1117,7 @@ void Segment::blur(uint8_t blur_amount, bool smear) const {
  * Rotates the color in HSV space, where pos is H. (0=0deg, 256=360deg)
  */
 uint32_t Segment::color_wheel(uint8_t pos) const {
-  if (palette) return color_from_palette(pos, false, false, 0); // only wrap if "always wrap" is set
+  if (palette) return color_from_palette(pos, false, true, 0); // color_wheel is a continuous (moving) wheel, so wrap end->start (restores pre-0.16 behaviour)
   uint8_t w = W(getCurrentColor(0));
   CRGBW rgb;
   rgb = CHSV32(static_cast<uint16_t>(pos << 8), 255, 255);
@@ -1367,6 +1382,7 @@ static uint8_t _dummy     (uint8_t a, uint8_t b) { return a; } // dummy (same as
 void WS2812FX::blendSegment(const Segment &topSegment) const {
   typedef uint8_t(*FuncType)(uint8_t, uint8_t);
   // function pointer array: fill with _dummy if using special case: avoid OOB access and always provide a valid path
+  // note: making the function array static const uses more ram and comes at no significant speed gain
   FuncType funcs[] = {
     _dummy,      _dummy,     _dummy,    _subtract,
     _difference, _average,   _dummy,    _divide,
@@ -1398,14 +1414,71 @@ void WS2812FX::blendSegment(const Segment &topSegment) const {
   const size_t  matrixSize = Segment::maxWidth * Segment::maxHeight;
   const size_t  startIndx  = XY(topSegment.start, topSegment.startY);
   const size_t  stopIndx   = startIndx + length;
-  const unsigned progress  = topSegment.progress();
-  const unsigned progInv   = 0xFFFFU - progress;
   uint8_t       opacity    = topSegment.currentBri(); // returns transitioned opacity for style FADE
   uint8_t       cct        = topSegment.currentCCT();
   if (gammaCorrectCol) opacity = gamma8inv(opacity); // use inverse gamma on brightness for correct color scaling after gamma correction (see #5343 for details)
 
-  Segment::setClippingRect(0, 0);             // disable clipping by default
+  const Segment *segO = topSegment.getOldSegment();
+  const bool hasGrouping = topSegment.groupLength() != 1;
 
+  // fast path: handle the default case - no transitions, no grouping/spacing, no mirroring, no CCT
+  if (!segO && blendingStyle == TRANSITION_FADE && !hasGrouping && !topSegment.mirror && !topSegment.mirror_y) {
+    if (isMatrix && stopIndx <= matrixSize && !_pixelCCT) {
+#ifndef WLED_DISABLE_2D
+      // Calculate pointer steps to avoid 'if' and 'XY()' inside loops
+      int x_inc = 1;
+      int y_inc = Segment::maxWidth;
+      int start_offset = XY(topSegment.start, topSegment.startY);
+
+      // adjust starting position and steps based on Reverse/Transpose
+      // note: transpose is handled in separate loop so it is still fast and no branching is needed in default path
+      if (!topSegment.transpose) {
+        if (topSegment.reverse)   { start_offset += (width - 1); x_inc = -1; }
+        if (topSegment.reverse_y) { start_offset += (height - 1) * Segment::maxWidth; y_inc = -Segment::maxWidth; }
+
+        for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+          uint32_t* pRow = &_pixels[start_offset + y * y_inc];
+          const int y_width = y * width;
+          for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+            uint32_t* p = pRow + x * x_inc;
+            uint32_t c_a = topSegment.getPixelColorRaw(x + y_width);
+            *p = color_blend(*p, segblend(c_a, *p), opacity);
+          }
+        }
+      } else { // transposed
+        for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+          const int px = topSegment.reverse ? (height - y - 1) : y;  // source pixel: swap y into x, reverse if needed
+          for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+            const int py = topSegment.reverse_y ? (width  - x - 1) : x;  // source pixel: swap x into y, reverse if needed
+            const uint32_t c_a = topSegment.getPixelColorRaw(px + py * height); // height = virtual width
+            const size_t idx = XY(topSegment.start + x, topSegment.startY + y); // write logical (non swapped) pixel coordinate
+            _pixels[idx] = color_blend(_pixels[idx], segblend(c_a, _pixels[idx]), opacity);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return;
+#endif
+    } else if (!isMatrix) {
+      // 1D fast path, include CCT as it is more common on 1D setups
+      uint32_t* strip = _pixels;
+      int start = topSegment.start;
+      int off   = topSegment.offset;
+      for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        uint32_t c_a = topSegment.getPixelColorRaw(i);
+        int p = topSegment.reverse ? (length - i - 1) : i;
+        int idx = start + p + off;
+        if (idx >= topSegment.stop) idx -= length;
+        strip[idx] = color_blend(strip[idx], segblend(c_a, strip[idx]), opacity);
+        if (_pixelCCT) _pixelCCT[idx] = cct;
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // slow path: handle transitions, grouping/spacing, segments with clipping and CCT pixels
+  Segment::setClippingRect(0, 0);  // disable clipping by default
+  const unsigned progress = topSegment.progress();
+  const unsigned progInv  = 0xFFFFU - progress;
   const unsigned dw = (blendingStyle==TRANSITION_OUTSIDE_IN ? progInv : progress) * width / 0xFFFFU + 1;
   const unsigned dh = (blendingStyle==TRANSITION_OUTSIDE_IN ? progInv : progress) * height / 0xFFFFU + 1;
   const unsigned orgBS = blendingStyle;
@@ -1466,7 +1539,6 @@ void WS2812FX::blendSegment(const Segment &topSegment) const {
 #ifndef WLED_DISABLE_2D
     const int nCols = topSegment.virtualWidth();
     const int nRows = topSegment.virtualHeight();
-    const Segment *segO = topSegment.getOldSegment();
     const int oCols = segO ? segO->virtualWidth() : nCols;
     const int oRows = segO ? segO->virtualHeight() : nRows;
 
@@ -1562,8 +1634,8 @@ void WS2812FX::blendSegment(const Segment &topSegment) const {
     }
 #endif
   } else {
+    // 1D Slow Path
     const int nLen = topSegment.virtualLength();
-    const Segment *segO = topSegment.getOldSegment();
     const int oLen = segO ? segO->virtualLength() : nLen;
 
     const auto setMirroredPixel = [&](int i, uint32_t c, uint8_t o) {
@@ -1643,7 +1715,7 @@ void WS2812FX::show() {
 
   if (realtimeMode == REALTIME_MODE_INACTIVE || useMainSegmentOnly || realtimeOverride > REALTIME_OVERRIDE_NONE) {
     // clear frame buffer
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < totalLen; i++) _pixels[i] = BLACK; // memset(_pixels, 0, sizeof(uint32_t) * getLengthTotal());
+    memset(_pixels, 0, sizeof(uint32_t) * totalLen);
     // blend all segments into (cleared) buffer
     for (Segment &seg : _segments) if (seg.isActive() && (seg.on || seg.isInTransition())) {
       blendSegment(seg);              // blend segment's buffer into frame buffer

wled00/bus_manager.cpp

@@ -813,6 +813,7 @@ BusHub75Matrix::BusHub75Matrix(const BusConfig &bc) : Bus(bc.type, bc.start, bc.
 
   // mxconfig.driver = HUB75_I2S_CFG::ICN2038S;  // experimental - use specific shift register driver
   // mxconfig.driver = HUB75_I2S_CFG::FM6124;    // try this driver in case you panel stays dark, or when colors look too pastel
+  // Other possible shiftreg drivers: HUB75_I2S_CFG::FM6126A, HUB75_I2S_CFG::ICN2038S, HUB75_I2S_CFG::MBI5124, HUB75_I2S_CFG::DP3246
 
   // mxconfig.latch_blanking = 3;
   // mxconfig.i2sspeed = HUB75_I2S_CFG::HZ_10M;  // experimental - 5MHZ should be enugh, but colours looks slightly better at 10MHz
@@ -824,8 +825,13 @@ BusHub75Matrix::BusHub75Matrix(const BusConfig &bc) : Bus(bc.type, bc.start, bc.
   mxconfig.chain_length = max((uint8_t) 1, min(chainLength, (uint8_t) 4));
 
   if (mxconfig.mx_height >= 64 && (mxconfig.chain_length > 1)) {
-    DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN(F("WARNING, only single panel can be used of 64 pixel boards due to memory"));
-    mxconfig.chain_length = 1;
+  #if defined(BOARD_HAS_PSRAM)                    // limitation to one panel only applies to boards without PSRAM
+    if (!psramFound() || ESP.getPsramSize() == 0) // PSRAM sanity check
+  #endif
+    {
+      DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN(F("WARNING, only single panel can be used of 64 pixel boards due to memory"));
+      mxconfig.chain_length = 1;
+    }
   }
 
   if (bc.type == TYPE_HUB75MATRIX_HS) {
@@ -835,6 +841,7 @@ BusHub75Matrix::BusHub75Matrix(const BusConfig &bc) : Bus(bc.type, bc.start, bc.
       _isVirtual = true;
       mxconfig.mx_width = min((uint8_t) 64, panelWidth) * 2;
       mxconfig.mx_height = min((uint8_t) 64, panelHeight) / 2;
+      mxconfig.driver = HUB75_I2S_CFG::FM6124;  // use FM6124 for "outdoor" 4-scan panels - workaround until we can make the driver user-configurable
   } else {
     DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN("Unknown type");
     return;
@@ -858,6 +865,14 @@ BusHub75Matrix::BusHub75Matrix(const BusConfig &bc) : Bus(bc.type, bc.start, bc.
   DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN("MatrixPanel_I2S_DMA - Matrix Portal S3 config");
   mxconfig.gpio = { 42, 41, 40, 38, 39, 37,  45, 36, 48, 35, 21, 47, 14, 2 };
 
+#elif defined(HD_WF2_PINOUT) // Huidu HD-WF2 ESP32-S3 (no PSRAM)
+
+  // https://www.aliexpress.com/item/1005002258734810.html
+  // https://github.com/mrcodetastic/ESP32-HUB75-MatrixPanel-DMA/issues/433
+  DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN("MatrixPanel_I2S_DMA - HD-WF2 S3 config");
+  // HUB75_I2S_CFG::i2s_pins _pins={R1_PIN, G1_PIN, B1_PIN, R2_PIN, G2_PIN, B2_PIN, A_PIN, B_PIN, C_PIN, D_PIN, E_PIN, LAT_PIN, OE_PIN, CLK_PIN};
+  mxconfig.gpio = { 2, 6, 10, 3, 7, 11, 39, 38, 37, 36, 21, 33, 35, 34 };
+
 #elif defined(CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ESP32S3) && defined(BOARD_HAS_PSRAM)// ESP32-S3 with PSRAM
 
 #if defined(MOONHUB_S3_PINOUT)
@@ -866,6 +881,12 @@ BusHub75Matrix::BusHub75Matrix(const BusConfig &bc) : Bus(bc.type, bc.start, bc.
   // HUB75_I2S_CFG::i2s_pins _pins={R1_PIN, G1_PIN, B1_PIN, R2_PIN, G2_PIN, B2_PIN, A_PIN, B_PIN, C_PIN, D_PIN, E_PIN, LAT_PIN, OE_PIN, CLK_PIN};
   mxconfig.gpio = { 1, 5, 6, 7, 13, 9, 16, 48, 47, 21, 38, 8, 4, 18 };
 
+#elif defined(WAVESHARE_S3_PINOUT)
+  DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN("MatrixPanel_I2S_DMA - Waveshare S3 with PSRAM, Waveshare pinout");
+
+  // HUB75_I2S_CFG::i2s_pins _pins={R1_PIN, G1_PIN, B1_PIN, R2_PIN, G2_PIN, B2_PIN, A_PIN, B_PIN, C_PIN, D_PIN, E_PIN, LAT_PIN, OE_PIN, CLK_PIN};
+  mxconfig.gpio = {4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 16, 18, 8, 3, 42, 9, 40, 2, 41};
+  
 #else
   DEBUGBUS_PRINTLN("MatrixPanel_I2S_DMA - S3 with PSRAM");
   // HUB75_I2S_CFG::i2s_pins _pins={R1_PIN, G1_PIN, B1_PIN, R2_PIN, G2_PIN, B2_PIN, A_PIN, B_PIN, C_PIN, D_PIN, E_PIN, LAT_PIN, OE_PIN, CLK_PIN};
@@ -982,10 +1003,8 @@ BusHub75Matrix::BusHub75Matrix(const BusConfig &bc) : Bus(bc.type, bc.start, bc.
     }
     setBitArray(_ledsDirty, _len, false);             // reset dirty bits
 
-    if (mxconfig.double_buff == false) {
-      // create LEDs buffer (initialized to BLACK), prefer DRAM if enough heap is available (faster in case global _pixels buffer is in PSRAM as not both will fit the cache)
-      _ledBuffer = static_cast<CRGB*>(allocate_buffer(_len * sizeof(CRGB), BFRALLOC_PREFER_DRAM | BFRALLOC_CLEAR));
-    }
+    // create LEDs buffer (initialized to BLACK), prefer DRAM if enough heap is available (faster in case global _pixels buffer is in PSRAM as not both will fit the cache)
+    _ledBuffer = static_cast<CRGB*>(allocate_buffer(_len * sizeof(CRGB), BFRALLOC_PREFER_DRAM | BFRALLOC_CLEAR));
   }
 
   PANEL_CHAIN_TYPE chainType = CHAIN_NONE; // default for quarter-scan panels that do not use chaining
@@ -1078,6 +1097,7 @@ uint32_t BusHub75Matrix::getPixelColor(unsigned pix) const {
 
 void BusHub75Matrix::setBrightness(uint8_t b) {
   _bri = b;
+  if (!_valid || !display) return;
   display->setBrightness(_bri); 
 }
 

wled00/bus_manager.h

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class Bus {
     inline  bool     containsPixel(uint16_t pix) const          { return pix >= _start && pix < _start + _len; }
 
     static inline std::vector<LEDType> getLEDTypes()            { return {{TYPE_NONE, "", PSTR("None")}}; } // not used. just for reference for derived classes
-    static constexpr size_t   getNumberOfPins(uint8_t type)     { return isVirtual(type) ? 4 : isPWM(type) ? numPWMPins(type) : isHub75(type) ? 5 : is2Pin(type) + 1; } // credit @PaoloTK
+    static constexpr size_t   getNumberOfPins(uint8_t type)     { return isVirtual(type) ? 4 : isPWM(type) ? numPWMPins(type) : isHub75(type) ? 5 : is2Pin(type) + 1; } // credit @PaoloTK; for HUB75 the 5 slots store config params (panelW, panelH, chain, rows, cols), not GPIO pins
     static constexpr size_t   getNumberOfChannels(uint8_t type) { return hasWhite(type) + 3*hasRGB(type) + hasCCT(type); }
     static constexpr bool hasRGB(uint8_t type) {
       return !((type >= TYPE_WS2812_1CH && type <= TYPE_WS2812_WWA) || type == TYPE_ANALOG_1CH || type == TYPE_ANALOG_2CH || type == TYPE_ONOFF);

wled00/cfg.cpp

@@ -30,8 +30,10 @@ static constexpr bool validatePinsAndTypes(const unsigned* types, unsigned numTy
   // Pins provided < pins required -> always invalid
   // Pins provided = pins required -> always valid
   // Pins provided > pins required -> valid if excess pins are a product of last type pins since it will be repeated
-  return (sumPinsRequired(types, numTypes) > numPins) ? false :
-          (numPins - sumPinsRequired(types, numTypes)) % Bus::getNumberOfPins(types[numTypes-1]) == 0;
+  // HUB75 types use their pin slots for config params, not GPIO - skip GPIO pin validation for them
+  return Bus::isHub75(types[numTypes-1]) ? true :
+         (sumPinsRequired(types, numTypes) > numPins) ? false :
+         (numPins - sumPinsRequired(types, numTypes)) % Bus::getNumberOfPins(types[numTypes-1]) == 0;
 }
 
 
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ bool deserializeConfig(JsonObject doc, bool fromFS) {
   //int rev_major = doc["rev"][0]; // 1
   //int rev_minor = doc["rev"][1]; // 0
 
-  //long vid = doc[F("vid")]; // 2010020
+  long vid = doc[F("vid")] | VERSION; // 2605010 note: "vid" can be used to detect an update from older versions but only on first call, it is written to the new VID after buses are initialized
 
   JsonObject id = doc["id"];
   getStringFromJson(cmDNS, id[F("mdns")], 33);
@@ -693,8 +695,18 @@ bool deserializeConfig(JsonObject doc, bool fromFS) {
   JsonArray timersArray = tm["ins"];
   if (!timersArray.isNull()) {
     clearTimers();
+    bool legacySunriseLoaded = false;  // migration flag: pre 16.0 used hour=255 for both sunrise & sunset (type determined by array position)
     for (JsonObject timer : timersArray) {
       uint8_t h = timer[F("hour")] | 0;
+      // legacy migration for pre 16.0 (vid < 2605010): first occurrence = sunrise, second occurrence = sunset
+      if (vid < 2605010 && h == 255) {
+        if (legacySunriseLoaded) {
+          h = TH_SUNSET;   // second "255" entry is actually sunset
+        } else {
+          legacySunriseLoaded = true;
+        }
+      }
+
       int8_t m = timer[F("min")] | 0;
       uint8_t p = timer[F("macro")] | 0;
       uint8_t dow = timer[F("dow")] | 127;

wled00/colors.cpp

@@ -269,7 +269,10 @@ void loadCustomPalettes() {
     char fileName[32];
     sprintf_P(fileName, PSTR("/palette%d.json"), index);
     if (WLED_FS.exists(fileName)) {
-      emptyPaletteGap = 0; // reset gap counter if file exists
+      // add gray placeholders to preserve palette IDs for subsequent slots (is omitted in UI but shown in cpal.htm)
+      for (unsigned g = 0; g < emptyPaletteGap; g++)
+        customPalettes.push_back(CRGBPalette16(CRGB(128, 128, 128)));
+      emptyPaletteGap = 0;  // reset gap counter if file exists
       DEBUGFX_PRINTF_P(PSTR("Reading palette from %s\n"), fileName);
       if (readObjectFromFile(fileName, nullptr, &pDoc)) {
         JsonArray pal = pDoc[F("palette")];
@@ -309,6 +312,15 @@ void loadCustomPalettes() {
   }
 }
 
+size_t removeUsermodPalettes(const char *name) {
+  size_t before = usermodPalettes.size();
+  for (int i = usermodPalettes.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    if (usermodPalettes[i].name == name)
+      usermodPalettes.erase(usermodPalettes.begin() + i);
+  }
+  return before - usermodPalettes.size();
+}
+
 // convert HSV (16bit hue) to RGB (32bit with white = 0), optimized for speed
 WLED_O2_ATTR void hsv2rgb_spectrum(const CHSV32& hsv, CRGBW& rgb) {
   unsigned p, q, t;

wled00/colors.h

@@ -61,9 +61,20 @@ void adjust_color(CRGBW& rgb, int32_t hueShift, int32_t satChange,int32_t valueC
 [[gnu::hot, gnu::pure]] uint32_t ColorFromPalette(const CRGBPalette16 &pal, unsigned index, uint8_t brightness = (uint8_t)255U, TBlendType blendType = LINEARBLEND);
 CRGBPalette16 generateHarmonicRandomPalette(const CRGBPalette16 &basepalette);
 CRGBPalette16 generateRandomPalette();
+// Palette registered by a usermod at fixed IDs (255, 254, 253... 201).
+// Display name is "name: palName" (if palName non-null) or falls back to "name index" (e.g. "AudioReactive 1"), see util.cpp
+struct UsermodPalette {
+  CRGBPalette16 palette;
+  const char   *name;      // PROGMEM base name string (must not be nullptr), this name is used in removeUsermodPalettes()
+  uint8_t       palIndex;  // index of the palette for a usermod
+  const char   *palName;   // optional PROGMEM display name; if set, shown as "name: palName" (e.g. "AudioReactive: Audio Responsive Hue"), otherwise falls back to "name index"
+};
+
 void loadCustomPalettes();
+size_t removeUsermodPalettes(const char *name); // remove all entries from usermodPalettes whose name pointer matches 'name'
 extern std::vector<CRGBPalette16> customPalettes;
-inline size_t getPaletteCount() { return FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT + customPalettes.size(); }
+extern std::vector<UsermodPalette> usermodPalettes;
+inline size_t getPaletteCount() { return FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT + usermodPalettes.size() + customPalettes.size(); }
 
 void hsv2rgb_spectrum(const CHSV32& hsv, CRGBW& rgb);
 void hsv2rgb_spectrum(const CHSV& hsv, CRGB& rgb);
@@ -187,6 +198,11 @@ struct CRGBW {
   uint8_t getAverageLight() const {
     return (r + g + b + w) >> 2;
   }
+
+  // get the average of the R, G, B values
+  uint8_t getRGBaverage() const {
+    return ((r + g + b) * 21846) >> 16; // x*21846>>16 is equal to "divide by 3"
+  }
 };
 
 inline CHSV32::CHSV32(const CRGBW& rgb) {

wled00/const.h

@@ -10,8 +10,16 @@ constexpr size_t FASTLED_PALETTE_COUNT = 7;   //  6-12 = sizeof(fastledPalettes)
 constexpr size_t GRADIENT_PALETTE_COUNT = 59; // 13-72 = sizeof(gGradientPalettes) / sizeof(gGradientPalettes[0]);
 constexpr size_t DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT = 6;   //  0- 5 = dynamic palettes (0=default(virtual),1=random,2=primary,3=primary+secondary,4=primary+secondary+tertiary,5=primary+secondary(+tertiary if not black)
 constexpr size_t FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT = DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT + FASTLED_PALETTE_COUNT + GRADIENT_PALETTE_COUNT; // total number of fixed palettes
+
+// Palette ID space layout (palette IDs are uint8_t, 0-255):
+//   0  .. FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT-1            : fixed built-in palettes
+//   72 .. WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE(200) : user custom palettes (index 0 = ID 200, growing downward)
+//   201.. WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE(255): usermod-registered palettes (index 0 = ID 255, growing downward)
+constexpr uint8_t WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE = 255; // highest ID for usermod palettes
+constexpr uint8_t WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE  = 200; // highest ID for user custom palettes
+constexpr size_t  WLED_MAX_USERMOD_PALETTES     = WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE - WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE; // 55 slots (IDs 201-255)
 #ifndef ESP8266
-  #define WLED_MAX_CUSTOM_PALETTES (255 - FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT) // allow up to 255 total palettes, user is warned about stability issues when adding more than 10
+  #define WLED_MAX_CUSTOM_PALETTES (WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE - FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT + 1) // 129 slots (IDs 72-200)
 #else
   #define WLED_MAX_CUSTOM_PALETTES 10 // ESP8266: limit custom palettes to 10
 #endif
@@ -157,9 +165,14 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
 
 #define WLED_MAX_PANELS 18                      // must not be more than 32
 
-//Usermod IDs
-#define USERMOD_ID_RESERVED               0     //Unused. Might indicate no usermod present
-#define USERMOD_ID_UNSPECIFIED            1     //Default value for a general user mod that does not specify a custom ID
+// Usermod IDs
+// A unique ID is only required when a usermod needs one or more of:
+//   1. Inter-usermod communication: UsermodManager::lookup(mod_id) or getUMData(..., mod_id)
+//   2. Pin ownership via pinManager: PinOwner enum entries map to these IDs (see pin_manager.h)
+//   3. Identification in JSON info: addToJsonInfo emits each mod's ID into the "um" array
+// If none of the above apply, omit getId() (or return USERMOD_ID_UNSPECIFIED) and do NOT add an entry here.
+#define USERMOD_ID_RESERVED               0     //Unused. Reserved; may indicate no usermod present
+#define USERMOD_ID_UNSPECIFIED            1     //Default for usermods that do not require a unique ID
 #define USERMOD_ID_EXAMPLE                2     //Usermod "usermod_v2_example.h"
 #define USERMOD_ID_TEMPERATURE            3     //Usermod "usermod_temperature.h"
 #define USERMOD_ID_FIXNETSERVICES         4     //Usermod "usermod_Fix_unreachable_netservices.h"
@@ -382,7 +395,7 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
 #define BTN_TYPE_TOUCH_SWITCH     9
 
 //Ethernet board types
-#define WLED_NUM_ETH_TYPES        14
+#define WLED_NUM_ETH_TYPES        16
 
 
 #define WLED_ETH_NONE              0
@@ -399,6 +412,9 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
 #define WLED_ETH_ESP32_POE_WROVER 11
 #define WLED_ETH_LILYGO_T_POE_PRO 12
 #define WLED_ETH_GLEDOPTO         13
+#define WLED_ETH_QUINLED_V4_UNOQUAD  14
+#define WLED_ETH_QUINLED_V4_OCTA     15
+
 
 //Hue error codes
 #define HUE_ERROR_INACTIVE        0
@@ -481,6 +497,7 @@ static_assert(WLED_MAX_BUSSES <= 32, "WLED_MAX_BUSSES exceeds hard limit");
 #define JSON_LOCK_LEDGAP          20
 #define JSON_LOCK_LEDMAP_ENUM     21
 #define JSON_LOCK_REMOTE          22
+#define JSON_LOCK_OTA             23
 
 // Timer mode types
 #define NL_MODE_SET               0            //After nightlight time elapsed, set to target brightness

wled00/data/common.js

@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ function sendDDP(ws, start, len, colors) {
 		let pkt = new Uint8Array(11 + dLen); // DDP header is 10 bytes, plus 1 byte for WLED websocket protocol indicator
 		pkt[0] = 0x02; // DDP protocol indicator for WLED websocket. Note: below DDP protocol bytes are offset by 1
 		pkt[1] = 0x40; // flags: 0x40 = no push, 0x41 = push (i.e. render), note: this is DDP protocol byte 0
-		pkt[2] = 0x00; // reserved
+		pkt[2] = 0x00; // upper nibble is reserved, lower nibble is sequence number, if set to 0 no sequence checking is done (if enabled)
 		pkt[3] = 0x0B; // RGB, 8bit per channel
 		pkt[4] = 0x01; // destination id (not used but 0x01 is default output)
 		pkt[5] = (off >> 24) & 255; // DDP protocol 4-7 is offset
@@ -222,3 +222,138 @@ function sendDDP(ws, start, len, colors) {
 	}
 	return true;
 }
+
+// Pin utilities
+function getOwnerName(o,t,n) {
+	// Use firmware-provided name if available
+	if(n) return n;
+	if(!o) return "System"; // no owner provided
+	if(o===0x85){ return getBtnTypeName(t); } // button pin
+	return "UM #"+o;
+}
+function getBtnTypeName(t) {
+	var n=["None","Reserved","Push","Push Inv","Switch","PIR","Touch","Analog","Analog Inv","Touch Switch"];
+	var label = n[t] || "?";
+	return 'Button <span style="font-size:10px;color:#888">'+label+'</span>';
+}
+function getCaps(p,c) {
+	var r=[];
+	// Use touch info from settings endpoint
+	if(d.touch && d.touch.includes(p)) r.push("Touch");
+	if(d.ro_gpio && d.ro_gpio.includes(p)) r.push("Input Only");
+	// Use other caps from JSON (Analog, Boot, Input Only)
+	if(c&0x02) r.push("Analog");
+	if(c&0x08) r.push("Flash Boot");
+	if(c&0x10) r.push("Bootstrap");
+	return r.length?r.join(", "):"-";
+}
+
+// Fetch GPIO caps (/settings/s.js?p=11) then pin occupancy (/json/pins) with retry.
+// Caches result in d.pinsData. Calls cb() when ready (or on failure).
+// If page already loaded its own s.js (d.max_gpio set), skips caps load and goes straight to pins fetch.
+function fetchPinInfo(cb, retries=5) {
+	if (d.pinsData) { cb&&cb(); return; }
+	var done=false, fr=retries;
+	function doFetch() {
+		fetch(getURL('/json/pins'))
+			.then(r=>r.json())
+			.then(j=>{ if(!done){done=true; d.pinsData=j.pins||[]; cb&&cb();} })
+			.catch(()=>{ fr-->0 ? setTimeout(doFetch,100) : (!done&&(done=true,d.pinsData=[],cb&&cb())); });
+	}
+	if (d.max_gpio) { doFetch(); return; }
+	// Load GPIO caps from s.js?p=11 first (sets d.rsvd/ro_gpio/max_gpio/touch/adc/um_p)
+	d.max_gpio=50; d.rsvd=[]; d.ro_gpio=[]; d.touch=[]; d.adc=[]; d.um_p=[];
+	var cr=retries;
+	function tryCaps() {
+		var s=cE("script"); s.src=getURL('/settings/s.js?p=11');
+		d.body.appendChild(s);
+		s.onload=function(){ GetV(); doFetch(); };
+		s.onerror=function(){ cr-->0 ? setTimeout(tryCaps,100) : doFetch(); };
+	}
+	tryCaps();
+}
+
+// Pin dropdown utilities
+// Create or rebuild a pin <select> from an <input> or existing <select>
+// name: form field name, requirement flags bitmask: 1=output, 2=touch, 4=ADC
+function makePinSelect(name, flags) {
+	let el = gN(name);
+	if (!el) return null;
+	let v = parseInt(el.value);
+	if (isNaN(v)) v = -1;
+
+	let sel;
+	if (el.tagName === "SELECT") {
+		sel = el;
+		while (sel.lastChild) sel.lastChild.remove();
+	} else {
+		sel = cE('select');
+		sel.classList.add("pin");
+		sel.name = el.name;
+		if (el.required) sel.required = true;
+		let oc = el.getAttribute("onchange");
+		if (oc) sel.setAttribute("onchange", oc);
+		el.parentElement.replaceChild(sel, el);
+	}
+
+	let hasV = false;
+	for (let j = -1; j < (d.max_gpio||0); j++) {
+		if (j > -1 && d.rsvd && d.rsvd.includes(j)) continue;
+		if (j > -1 && (flags & 1) && d.ro_gpio && d.ro_gpio.includes(j)) continue;
+		if (j > -1 && (flags & 2) && (!d.touch || !d.touch.includes(j))) continue;
+		if (j > -1 && (flags & 4) && (!d.adc || !d.adc.includes(j))) continue;
+
+		let pInfo = d.pinsData && d.pinsData.find(p => p.p === j);
+		let used = j > -1 && pInfo && pInfo.a && j !== v;
+		let txt = j === -1 ? "unused" : `${j}`;
+		if (used) txt += ` (${getOwnerName(pInfo.o, pInfo.t, pInfo.n)})`;
+		// if (j > -1 && d.ro_gpio && d.ro_gpio.includes(j)) txt += " (R/O)"; // read only pins  note: removed as pin is not shown for outputs
+
+		let opt = cE("option");
+		opt.value = j;
+		opt.text = txt;
+		sel.appendChild(opt);
+
+		if (j === v) { opt.selected = true; hasV = true; }
+		else if (used) opt.disabled = true;
+	}
+
+	// Safety for invalid pins currently saved
+	if (!hasV && v >= 0) {
+		let opt = cE("option");
+		opt.value = v; opt.text = v + " ⚠"; opt.selected = true;
+		sel.insertBefore(opt, sel.options[1]);
+	}
+	sel.dataset.val = v;
+	return sel;
+}
+
+// Convert pin <select> back to <input type="number">
+function unmakePinSelect(name) {
+	let sel = gN(name);
+	if (!sel || sel.tagName !== "SELECT") return null;
+	let inp = cE('input');
+	inp.type = "number";
+	inp.name = sel.name;
+	inp.value = sel.value;
+	inp.className = "s";
+	if (sel.required) inp.required = true;
+	let oc = sel.getAttribute("onchange");
+	if (oc) inp.setAttribute("onchange", oc);
+	sel.parentElement.replaceChild(inp, sel);
+	return inp;
+}
+// Add option to select, auto-select matching data-val
+function addOption(sel, txt, val) {
+	if (!sel) return null;
+	let opt = cE("option");
+	opt.value = val;
+	opt.text = txt;
+	sel.appendChild(opt);
+	if (sel.dataset.val !== undefined) {
+		for (let i = 0; i < sel.options.length; i++) {
+			if (sel.options[i].value == sel.dataset.val) { sel.selectedIndex = i; break; }
+		}
+	}
+	return opt;
+}

wled00/data/cpal/cpal.htm

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 	<title>WLED Palette Editor</title>
 	<!--* <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
 	<script src="common.js"></script>
-	<script src="iro.js"></script> 
+	<script src="iro.js"></script>
 	<link rel="icon" href="data:,"> *-->
 </head>
 <body>
@@ -71,6 +71,8 @@
 		let copyColor = '#000';
 		let ws = null;
 		let maxCol; // max colors to send out in one chunk, ESP8266 is limited to ~50 (500 bytes), ESP32 can do ~128 (1340 bytes)
+		let _applySeq = 0; // incremented each time applyLED fires; used to cancel stale in-flight previews
+		let _httpQueue = [], _httpRun = 0;
 
 		// load external resources in sequence to avoid 503 errors if heap is low, repeats indefinitely until loaded
 		(function loadFiles() {
@@ -329,17 +331,7 @@
 			});
 			draw();
 		}
-/*
-		function rndPal() {
-			gr.innerHTML = '';
-			addMk(0, rndHex(), 1);
-			const cnt = Math.floor(Math.random() * 3) + 2, pos = new Set();
-			while (pos.size < cnt) pos.add(Math.floor(Math.random() * 254) + 1);
-			[...pos].sort((a,b)=>a-b).forEach(t => addMk(t, rndHex()));
-			addMk(255, rndHex(), 1);
-		}*/
 
-		
 		// convert hsl to hex using canvas
 		function hslToHex(h, s, l) {
 			let ctx = cE("canvas").getContext("2d");
@@ -468,7 +460,11 @@
 				rm.className = 'sml';
 				rm.title = 'Delete palette';
 				rm.innerHTML = '&#10006;';
-				rm.onclick = () => { requestJson({rmcpal:i}); setTimeout(refr, 500); };
+				rm.onclick = () => { 
+					requestJson({rmcpal:i}); // send remove command
+					setTimeout(refr, 500);   // slight delay to allow ESP to process deletion before fetching updated list
+					localStorage.removeItem('wledPalx'); // invalidate main UI cache
+				};
 
 				const name = isEmpty(p.palette) ? 'Empty slot' : 'Custom' + i;
 				const css = isEmpty(p.palette) ? '#666' : cssArr(p.palette);
@@ -592,7 +588,7 @@
 		// download external palettes, these were hand picked from cpt-city (http://seaviewsensing.com/pub/cpt-city/)
 		// all palettes are licensed "free to use", converted to WLED JSON format by @dedehai
 		function fetchExt() {
-			fetch('https://dedehai.github.io/cpt_city_selection.json')
+			fetch('https://wled.github.io/wled-web-tools/cpt_city_selection.json')
 				.then(r => { if (!r.ok) throw new Error(); return r.json(); })
 				.then(data => {
 					try { localStorage.setItem('wledCptCityJson', JSON.stringify(data)); } catch(e) {}
@@ -621,21 +617,16 @@
 
 		async function requestJson(cmd)
 		{
-			if (ws && ws.readyState == 1) {
+			if (ws && ws.readyState == 1 && ws.bufferedAmount < 32768) {
 				try {
 					ws.send(JSON.stringify(cmd));
+					await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 15)); // short delay to give ESP time to process (fewer packets dropped)
 					return 1;
 				} catch (e) {}
 			}
 
-			if (!window._httpQueue) {
-				window._httpQueue = [];
-				window._httpRun = 0;
-			}
-			if (_httpQueue.length >= 5) {
-				return Promise.resolve(-1); // reject if too many queued requests
-			}
-
+			// HTTP fallback
+			if (_httpQueue.length >= 5) return -1; // queue full; applyLED cancels stale queues before sending
 			return new Promise(resolve => {
 				_httpQueue.push({ cmd, resolve });
 				(async function run() {
@@ -650,7 +641,7 @@
 								cache: 'no-store'
 							});
 						} catch (e) {}
-						await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 120));
+						await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 120)); // delay between requests (go slow, this is the http fallback if WS fails)
 						q.resolve(0);
 					}
 					_httpRun = 0;
@@ -662,8 +653,12 @@
 		async function applyLED()
 		{
 			if (!palCache.length) return;
+			const seq = ++_applySeq;
+			// discard pending HTTP chunks from any previous preview so stale data doesn't drain slowly
+			while (_httpQueue.length) _httpQueue.shift().resolve(-1); // resolve dropped entries so their awaiters can observe the seq change and exit
 			try {
 				let st = await (await fetch(getURL('/json/state'), { cache: 'no-store' })).json();
+				if (seq !== _applySeq) return; // superseded by a newer preview request
 				if (!st.seg || !st.seg.length) return;
 
 				// get selected segments, use main segment if none selected
@@ -680,6 +675,7 @@
 						arr.push(palCache[len > 1 ? Math.round(i * 255 / (len - 1)) : 0]);
 					// send colors in chunks
 					for (let j = 0; j < arr.length; j += maxCol) {
+						if (seq !== _applySeq) return; // superseded mid-send
 						let chunk = [s.start + j, ...arr.slice(j, j + maxCol)];
 						await requestJson({ seg: { id: s.id, i: chunk } });
 					}

wled00/data/icons-ui/demo-files/demo.css

@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ p {
   font-size: 16px;
 }
 .fs1 {
-  font-size: 48px;
+  font-size: 32px;
 }
 .fs2 {
   font-size: 28px;

wled00/data/icons-ui/demo.html

@@ -9,10 +9,24 @@
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"></head>
 <body>
     <div class="bgc1 clearfix">
-        <h1 class="mhmm mvm"><span class="fgc1">Font Name:</span> wled122 <small class="fgc1">(Glyphs:&nbsp;25)</small></h1>
+        <h1 class="mhmm mvm"><span class="fgc1">Font Name:</span> wled122 <small class="fgc1">(Glyphs:&nbsp;26)</small></h1>
     </div>
     <div class="clearfix mhl ptl">
         <h1 class="mvm mtn fgc1">Grid Size: 16</h1>
+        <div class="glyph fs1">
+            <div class="clearfix bshadow0 pbs">
+                <span class="i-search"></span>
+                <span class="mls"> i-search</span>
+            </div>
+            <fieldset class="fs0 size1of1 clearfix hidden-false">
+                <input type="text" readonly value="e0a1" class="unit size1of2" />
+                <input type="text" maxlength="1" readonly value="&#xe0a1;" class="unitRight size1of2 talign-right" />
+            </fieldset>
+            <div class="fs0 bshadow0 clearfix hidden-true">
+                <span class="unit pvs fgc1">liga: </span>
+                <input type="text" readonly value="search, magnifier" class="liga unitRight" />
+            </div>
+        </div>
         <div class="glyph fs1">
             <div class="clearfix bshadow0 pbs">
                 <span class="i-pixelforge"></span>

wled00/data/icons-ui/fonts/wled122.svg

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 <glyph unicode="&#xe04c;" glyph-name="presets" d="M704 704c131.413 0 234.667-103.253 234.667-234.667 0-161.28-145.067-292.693-364.8-491.946l-61.867-56.32-61.867 55.893c-219.733 199.68-364.8 331.093-364.8 492.373 0 131.414 103.254 234.667 234.667 234.667 74.24 0 145.493-34.56 192-89.173 46.507 54.613 117.76 89.173 192 89.173zM516.267 40.533c203.093 183.894 337.066 305.494 337.066 428.8 0 85.334-64 149.334-149.333 149.334-65.707 0-129.707-42.24-151.893-100.694h-79.787c-22.613 58.454-86.613 100.694-152.32 100.694-85.333 0-149.333-64-149.333-149.334 0-123.306 133.973-244.906 337.066-428.8l4.267-4.266z" />
 <glyph unicode="&#xe066;" glyph-name="info" d="M512 746.667c235.52 0 426.667-191.147 426.667-426.667s-191.147-426.667-426.667-426.667-426.667 191.147-426.667 426.667 191.147 426.667 426.667 426.667zM554.667 106.667v256h-85.334v-256h85.334zM554.667 448v85.333h-85.334v-85.333h85.334z" />
 <glyph unicode="&#xe08f;" glyph-name="power" d="M554.667 704v-426.667h-85.334v426.667h85.334zM760.747 611.413c82.773-70.4 135.253-174.506 135.253-291.413 0-212.053-171.947-384-384-384s-384 171.947-384 384c0 116.907 52.48 221.013 135.253 291.413l60.16-60.16c-66.986-54.613-110.080-137.813-110.080-231.253 0-165.12 133.547-298.667 298.667-298.667s298.667 133.547 298.667 298.667c0 93.44-43.094 176.64-110.507 230.827z" />
+<glyph unicode="&#xe0a1;" glyph-name="search" d="M902.213 27.99l-197.073 167.615c-20.373 18.336-42.161 26.752-59.761 25.941 46.52 54.492 74.622 125.188 74.622 202.455 0 172.313-139.687 312-312 312-172.311 0-312-139.687-312-312s139.687-312 312-312c77.266 0 147.962 28.1 202.455 74.624-0.812-17.6 7.605-39.388 25.941-59.761l167.615-197.073c28.698-31.887 75.58-34.574 104.178-5.976s25.913 75.48-5.974 104.178zM408 216c-114.874 0-208 93.125-208 208s93.125 208 208 208 208-93.125 208-208-93.125-208-208-208z" />
 <glyph unicode="&#xe0a2;" glyph-name="settings" d="M816.64 280.064l85.504-67.584c8.192-6.144 10.24-16.896 5.12-26.112l-81.92-141.824c-5.12-9.216-15.872-12.8-25.088-9.216l-101.888 40.96c-20.992-15.872-44.032-29.696-69.12-39.936l-15.36-108.544c-1.024-10.24-9.728-17.408-19.968-17.408h-163.84c-10.24 0-18.432 7.168-20.48 17.408l-15.36 108.544c-25.088 10.24-47.616 23.552-69.12 39.936l-101.888-40.96c-9.216-3.072-19.968 0-25.088 9.216l-81.92 141.824c-4.608 8.704-2.56 19.968 5.12 26.112l86.528 67.584c-2.048 12.8-3.072 26.624-3.072 39.936s1.536 27.136 3.584 39.936l-86.528 67.584c-8.192 6.144-10.24 16.896-5.12 26.112l81.92 141.824c5.12 9.216 15.872 12.8 25.088 9.216l101.888-40.96c20.992 15.872 44.032 29.696 69.12 39.936l15.36 108.544c1.536 10.24 9.728 17.408 19.968 17.408h163.84c10.24 0 18.944-7.168 20.48-17.408l15.36-108.544c25.088-10.24 47.616-23.552 69.12-39.936l101.888 40.96c9.216 3.072 19.968 0 25.088-9.216l81.92-141.824c4.608-8.704 2.56-19.968-5.12-26.112l-86.528-67.584c2.048-12.8 3.072-26.112 3.072-39.936s-1.024-27.136-2.56-39.936zM512 166.4c84.48 0 153.6 69.12 153.6 153.6s-69.12 153.6-153.6 153.6-153.6-69.12-153.6-153.6 69.12-153.6 153.6-153.6z" />
 <glyph unicode="&#xe0e8;" glyph-name="eye" d="M512 640c213.333 0 395.52-132.693 469.333-320-73.813-187.307-256-320-469.333-320s-395.52 132.693-469.333 320c73.813 187.307 256 320 469.333 320zM512 106.667c117.76 0 213.333 95.573 213.333 213.333s-95.573 213.333-213.333 213.333-213.333-95.573-213.333-213.333 95.573-213.333 213.333-213.333zM512 448c70.827 0 128-57.173 128-128s-57.173-128-128-128-128 57.173-128 128 57.173 128 128 128z" />
 <glyph unicode="&#xe116;" glyph-name="sync" d="M512 661.333c188.587 0 341.333-152.746 341.333-341.333 0-66.987-19.626-129.28-52.906-181.76l-62.294 62.293c19.2 35.414 29.867 76.374 29.867 119.467 0 141.227-114.773 256-256 256v-128l-170.667 170.667 170.667 170.666v-128zM512 64v128l170.667-170.667-170.667-170.666v128c-188.587 0-341.333 152.746-341.333 341.333 0 66.987 19.626 129.28 52.906 181.76l62.294-62.293c-19.2-35.414-29.867-76.374-29.867-119.467 0-141.227 114.773-256 256-256z" />

wled00/data/icons-ui/style.css

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 @font-face {
   font-family: 'wled122';
   src:
-    url('fonts/wled122.ttf?yzxblb') format('truetype'),
-    url('fonts/wled122.woff?yzxblb') format('woff'),
-    url('fonts/wled122.svg?yzxblb#wled122') format('svg');
+    url('fonts/wled122.ttf?2tjc6') format('truetype'),
+    url('fonts/wled122.woff?2tjc6') format('woff'),
+    url('fonts/wled122.svg?2tjc6#wled122') format('svg');
   font-weight: normal;
   font-style: normal;
   font-display: block;
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@
   -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
 }
 
+.i-search:before {
+  content: "\e0a1";
+}
 .i-pixelforge:before {
   content: "\e900";
 }

wled00/data/index.css

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 @font-face {
 	font-family: "WIcons";
-  src: url(data:font/woff2;charset=utf-8;base64,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);
+  src: url(data:font/woff2;charset=utf-8;base64,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);
 }
 
 :root {

wled00/data/index.js

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ var pN = "", pI = 0, pNum = 0;
 var pmt = 1, pmtLS = 0;
 var lastinfo = {};
 var isM = false, mw = 0, mh=0;
+var bsOpts = null; // blending style options snapshot, used for dynamic filtering based on matrix mode (iOS compatibility)
 var ws, wsRpt=0;
 var cfg = {
 	theme:{base:"dark", bg:{url:"", rnd: false, rndGrayscale: false, rndBlur: false}, alpha:{bg:0.6,tab:0.8}, color:{bg:""}},
@@ -660,12 +661,14 @@ function parseInfo(i) {
 	mw = i.leds.matrix ? i.leds.matrix.w : 0;
 	mh = i.leds.matrix ? i.leds.matrix.h : 0;
 	isM = mw>0 && mh>0;
+	if (!bsOpts) bsOpts = Array.from(gId('bs').options).map(o => o.cloneNode(true)); // snapshot all options on first call
+	const bsSel = gId('bs');
+	// note: style.display='none' for option elements is not supported on all browsers (notably iOS)
+	bsSel.replaceChildren(...bsOpts.filter(o => isM || o.dataset.type !== "2D").map(o => o.cloneNode(true))); // allow all in matrix mode, filter 2D blends otherwise
 	if (!isM) {
-		gId("filter2D").classList.add('hide');
-		gId('bs').querySelectorAll('option[data-type="2D"]').forEach((o,i)=>{o.style.display='none';});
+		gId("filter2D").classList.add('hide'); // hide 2D effects in non-matrix mode
 	} else {
 		gId("filter2D").classList.remove('hide');
-		gId('bs').querySelectorAll('option[data-type="2D"]').forEach((o,i)=>{o.style.display='';});
 	}
 	gId("updBt").style.display = (i.opt & 1) ? '':'none';
 //	if (i.noaudio) {
@@ -986,21 +989,39 @@ function populatePalettes()
 		);
 	}
 	gId('pallist').innerHTML=html;
-	// append custom palettes (when loading for the 1st time)
+	// append usermod palettes (fixed ID space: 255 down to 201)
 	let li = lastinfo;
-	if (!isEmpty(li) && li.cpalcount) {
-		for (let j = 0; j<li.cpalcount; j++) {
+	if (!isEmpty(li) && li.umpalcount && li.umpalnames) {
+		for (let j = 0; j < li.umpalcount; j++) {
 			let div = d.createElement("div");
 			gId('pallist').appendChild(div);
 			div.outerHTML = generateListItemHtml(
 				'palette',
 				255-j,
-				'~ Custom '+j+' ~',
+				li.umpalnames[j],
 				'setPalette',
 				`<div class="lstIprev" style="${genPalPrevCss(255-j)}"></div>`
 			);
 		}
 	}
+	// append user custom palettes (fixed ID space: 200 down to FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT+1)
+	if (!isEmpty(li) && li.cpalcount) {
+		for (let j = 0; j < li.cpalcount; j++) {
+			const id = 200 - j;
+			const pd = palettesData[id];
+			if (pd && pd.length === 16 && pd.every(e => e[1] === 128 && e[2] === 128 && e[3] === 128)) continue; // skip gray gap-placeholder entries
+			let div = d.createElement("div");
+			gId('pallist').appendChild(div);
+			div.outerHTML = generateListItemHtml(
+				'palette',
+				id,
+				'~ Custom '+j+' ~',
+				'setPalette',
+				`<div class="lstIprev" style="${genPalPrevCss(id)}"></div>`
+			);
+		}
+	}
+	updateSelectedPalette(selectedPal); // update selection after adding usermod and custom palettes
 }
 
 function redrawPalPrev()
@@ -1457,7 +1478,9 @@ function readState(s,command=false)
 
 	tr = s.transition;
 	gId('tt').value = tr/10;
-	gId('bs').value = s.bs || 0;
+	const bsSel = gId('bs');
+	bsSel.value = s.bs || 0; // assign blending style
+	if (!bsSel.value) bsSel.value = 0; // fall back to Fade if option does not exist
 	if (tr===0) gId('bsp').classList.add('hide')
 	else gId('bsp').classList.remove('hide')
 
@@ -2812,7 +2835,7 @@ function loadPalettesData() {
 		if (lsPalData) {
 			try {
 				var d = JSON.parse(lsPalData);
-				if (d && d.vid == lastinfo.vid) {
+				if (d && d.vid == lastinfo.vid && d.pcount == lastinfo.palcount) {
 					palettesData = d.p;
 					redrawPalPrev();
 					return resolve();
@@ -2824,7 +2847,8 @@ function loadPalettesData() {
 		getPalettesData(0, () => {
 			localStorage.setItem("wledPalx", JSON.stringify({
 				p: palettesData,
-				vid: lastinfo.vid
+				vid: lastinfo.vid,
+				pcount: lastinfo.palcount // total palette count, refresh cache if it changes
 			}));
 			redrawPalPrev();
 			setTimeout(resolve, 99); // delay optional
@@ -3413,13 +3437,23 @@ function showVersionUpgradePrompt(info, oldVersion, newVersion) {
 
 function reportUpgradeEvent(info, oldVersion, alwaysReport) {
 	showToast('Reporting upgrade...');
+	const IR_TYPES = {
+		0: null,           // not configured — omit field entirely
+		1: "24-key",       // white 24-key remote
+		2: "24-key-ct",    // white 24-key with CW, WW, CT+, CT- keys
+		3: "40-key",       // blue 40-key remote
+		4: "44-key",       // white 44-key remote
+		5: "21-key",       // white 21-key remote
+		6: "6-key",        // black 6-key learning remote
+		7: "9-key",        // 9-key remote
+		8: "json-remote",  // ir.json configurable remote
+	};
 
-	// Fetch fresh data from /json/info endpoint as requested
-	fetch(getURL('/json/info'), {
-		method: 'get'
-	})
-		.then(res => res.json())
-		.then(infoData => {
+	// Reuse the info argument and fetch only /json/cfg (serialize requests to avoid 503s on low-heap devices)
+	const infoData = info;
+	fetch(getURL('/json/cfg'), {method: 'get'})
+		.then(res => res.ok ? res.json() : Promise.reject(new Error('Failed to fetch /json/cfg')))
+		.then(cfgData => {
 			// Map to UpgradeEventRequest structure per OpenAPI spec
 			// Required fields: deviceId, version, previousVersion, releaseName, chip, ledCount, isMatrix, bootloaderSHA256
 			const upgradeData = {
@@ -3434,13 +3468,58 @@ function reportUpgradeEvent(info, oldVersion, alwaysReport) {
 				brand: infoData.brand,                           // Device brand (always present)
 				product: infoData.product,                       // Product name (always present)
 				flashSize: infoData.flash,                       // Flash size (always present)
-				repo: infoData.repo                              // GitHub repository (always present)
-			};
+				repo: infoData.repo,                             // GitHub repository (always present)
+				fsUsed: infoData.fs?.u,                          // Filesystem used space in kB
+				fsTotal: infoData.fs?.t,                         // Filesystem total space in kB
+
+				// LED hardware
+				busCount:      cfgData.hw?.led?.ins?.length ?? 1,
+				busTypes:      (cfgData.hw?.led?.ins ?? []).map(b => busTypeToString(b.type)),
+				matrixWidth:   infoData.leds?.matrix?.w,
+				matrixHeight:  infoData.leds?.matrix?.h,
+				ledFeatures: [
+					...(infoData.leds?.lc & 0x02               ? ["rgbw"] : []),
+					...(infoData.leds?.lc & 0x04               ? ["cct"] : []),
+					...((infoData.leds?.maxpwr ?? 0) > 0       ? ["abl"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.hw?.led?.cr                    ? ["cct-from-rgb"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.hw?.led?.cct                   ? ["white-balance"] : []),
+					...((cfgData.light?.gc?.col ?? 1.0) > 1.0 || (cfgData.light?.gc?.bri ?? 1.0) > 1.0 ? ["gamma"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.light?.aseg                    ? ["auto-segments"] : []),
+					...((cfgData.light?.nl?.mode ?? 0) > 0     ? ["nightlight"] : []),
+				],
+
+				// peripherals (note: i2c/spi may reflect board defaults, not user-configured hardware)
+				peripherals: [
+					...((cfgData.hw?.relay?.pin ?? -1) >= 0                          ? ["relay"] : []),
+					...((cfgData.hw?.btn?.ins ?? []).filter(b => b.type !== 0).length > 0 ? ["buttons"] : []),
+					...((cfgData.eth?.type ?? 0) > 0                                 ? ["ethernet"] : []),
+					...((cfgData.if?.live?.dmx?.inputRxPin ?? 0) > 0                 ? ["dmx-input"] : []),
+					...((cfgData.hw?.ir?.type ?? 0) > 0                              ? ["ir-remote"] : []),
+				],
+				buttonCount: (cfgData.hw?.btn?.ins ?? []).filter(b => b.type !== 0).length,
+
+				// integrations
+				integrations: [
+					...(cfgData.if?.hue?.en                    ? ["hue"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.if?.mqtt?.en                   ? ["mqtt"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.if?.va?.alexa                  ? ["alexa"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.if?.sync?.send?.en             ? ["wled-sync"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.nw?.espnow                     ? ["esp-now"] : []),
+					...(cfgData.if?.sync?.espnow               ? ["esp-now-sync"] : []),
+				],
+
+				// usermods
+				usermods:    Object.keys(cfgData.um ?? {}),
+				usermodIds:  infoData.um ?? [],
+			  };
+
+			// IR remote — only include if configured
+			const irType = IR_TYPES[cfgData.hw?.ir?.type ?? 0];
+			if (irType) upgradeData.irRemoteType = irType;
 
 			// Add optional fields if available
 			if (infoData.psrSz !== undefined) upgradeData.psramSize = infoData.psrSz;  // Total PSRAM size in MB; can be 0
 
-			// Note: partitionSizes not currently available in /json/info endpoint
 
 			// Make AJAX call to postUpgradeEvent API
 			return fetch('https://usage.wled.me/api/usage/upgrade', {
@@ -3471,6 +3550,17 @@ function reportUpgradeEvent(info, oldVersion, alwaysReport) {
 		});
 }
 
+function busTypeToString(t) {
+	if (t === 0)                       return "none";
+	if (t === 40)                      return "on-off";
+	if (t >= 16 && t <= 39)            return "digital";      // WS2812, SK6812, etc.
+	if (t >= 41 && t <= 47)            return "pwm";          // analog RGB/CCT/single
+	if (t >= 48 && t <= 63)            return "digital-spi";  // APA102, WS2801, etc.
+	if (t >= 64 && t <= 71)            return "hub75";        // HUB75 matrix panels
+	if (t >= 80 && t <= 95)            return "network";      // DDP, E1.31, ArtNet
+	return "unknown";
+}
+
 function updateVersionInfo(version, neverAsk, alwaysReport) {
 	const versionInfo = {
 		version: version,

wled00/data/pixelforge/pixelforge.htm

@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ let fL; // file list
 const classics=['console_font_4x6.wbf','console_font_5x12.wbf','console_font_5x8.wbf','console_font_6x8.wbf','console_font_7x9.wbf']; // classic WLED fonts list
 let pT = []; // local tools list from JSON
 let wv = [0, 0]; // wled version [major, minor], updated in fsMem(), used to check tool compatibility
-const remoteURL = 'https://dedehai.github.io/pftools.json'; // Change to your actual repo
+const remoteURL = 'https://wled.github.io/wled-web-tools/pftools.json'; // tools list
 const toolsjson = 'pftools.json';
 // note: the pftools.json must use major.minor for tool versions (e.g. 0.95 or 1.1), otherwise the update check won't work
 //       also the code assumes that the tool url points to a gz file
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ function segLoad(){
 	}).catch(console.error);
 }
 
-/* which seg is showing image fx 53 */
+/* which seg is showing image fx (ID 53) */
 function curImgSeg(){
 	const sel=getId('seg');
 	for(let i=0;i<sel.options.length;i++){

wled00/data/settings.htm

@@ -9,20 +9,21 @@
 		(function loadFiles() {
 			const l = document.createElement('script');
 			l.src = 'common.js';
-			// load style.css then initialize
-			l.onload = () => loadResources(['style.css'], () => {
+			// note: loading style.css here causes ugly white button flashes so @import url("style.css") below inlines it for this page (only costs ~30bytes of flash)
+			l.onload = () => {
 				getLoc();
 				loadJS(getURL('/settings/s.js?p=0'), false);
-			});
+			};
 			l.onerror = () => setTimeout(loadFiles, 100);
 			document.head.appendChild(l);
 		})();
 	</script>
 	<style>
-	  @import url("style.css");
+		@import url("style.css");
 		body {
 			height: 100px;
-			margin: 0;
+			margin: 0 auto;
+			max-width: 520px;
 		}
 		html {
 			--h: 9vh;
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@
 		button {
 			display: block;
 			border-radius: var(--h);
-			font-size: 6vmin;
+			font-size: clamp(1rem, 6vw, 2rem);
 			height: var(--h);
 			width: calc(100% - 40px);
 			margin: 2vh auto 0;

wled00/data/settings_leds.htm

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 	<style> html { visibility: hidden; } </style> <!-- prevent white & ugly display while loading, unhidden in loadResources() -->
 	<script>
 		var maxD=1,maxI2S=0,maxRMT=0,maxA=1,chipID=0,maxM=4000,maxPB=2048,maxL=1664,maxCO=5,maxBT=4; //maximum bytes for LED allocation: 4kB for 8266, 32kB for 32
+		var hasPSRAM=false; // set from /json/info on page load
 		var customStarts=false,startsDirty=[];
 		function off(n)    { gN(n).value = -1;}
 		// these functions correspond to C macros found in const.h
@@ -38,6 +39,10 @@
 		function S() {
 			getLoc();
 			if(localStorage.getItem('ASc')==='true') d.Sf.AS.checked=true;
+			fetch(getURL('/json/info'))
+				.then(r => r.ok ? r.json() : {})
+				.then(info => { hasPSRAM = Number(info.psrSz ?? 0) > 0 || Number(info.psram ?? 0) > 0; })
+				.catch(() => {});
 			loadJS(getURL('/settings/s.js?p=2'), false, ()=>{
 				d.ledTypes = [/*{i:22,c:1,t:"D",n:"WS2812"},{i:42,c:6,t:"AA",n:"PWM CCT"}*/]; // filled from GetV()
 				d.um_p = [];
@@ -49,7 +54,7 @@
 				setABL();
 				d.Sf.addEventListener("submit", trySubmit);
 				if (d.um_p[0]==-1) d.um_p.shift();
-				pinDropdowns();
+				fetchPinInfo(pinDropdowns);
 			});	// If we set async false, file is loaded and executed, then next statement is processed
 			if (loc) d.Sf.action = getURL('/settings/leds');
 		}
@@ -70,9 +75,10 @@
 		function isS2()   { return chipID == 2; }
 		function isS3()   { return chipID == 3; }
 		function is32()   { return chipID == 4; }
+
 		function pinsOK() {
 			var ok = true;
-			var nList = d.Sf.querySelectorAll("#mLC input[name^=L]");
+			var nList = Array.from(d.Sf.querySelectorAll("#mLC input[name^=L], #mLC select.pin[name^=L]")); // include both input types (numeric & dropdown)
 			nList.forEach((LC,i)=>{
 				if (!ok) return; // prevent iteration after conflict
 				let nm = LC.name.substring(0,2);  // field name : /L./
@@ -84,19 +90,28 @@
 				}
 				// ignore IP address
 			  if (isNet(t)) return;
+				// LED pin(s) must be assigned for non-virtual types
+				let pIdx = parseInt(LC.name.charAt(1)); // determine pin index (0 for L0, 1 for L1, etc.)
+				if (pIdx < numPins(t) && !isVir(t) && (LC.value === "" || LC.value === "-1")) {
+						LC.focus();
+						ok = false;
+						return;
+				}
 				//check for pin conflicts
 				if (LC.value!="" && LC.value!="-1") {
 					let p = d.rsvd.concat(d.um_p); // used pin array
-					d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e)=>{if(e.value>-1)p.push(parseInt(e.value));}) // buttons, IR & relay
+					//d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e)=>{if(e.value>-1)p.push(parseInt(e.value));}) // buttons, IR & relay
+					// only non-LED selects (buttons, IR, relay) — LED pins check against each other below
+					d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e)=>{if(!/^L[0-4]/.test(e.name) && e.value>-1)p.push(parseInt(e.value));})
 					if (p.some((e)=>e==parseInt(LC.value))) {
 						alert(`Sorry, pins ${JSON.stringify(p)} can't be used.`);
-						LC.value="";
+						if (LC.tagName==="SELECT") LC.value="-1"; else LC.value="";
 						LC.focus();
 						ok = false;
 						return;
 					} else if (d.ro_gpio.some((e)=>e==parseInt(LC.value))) {
 						alert(`Sorry, pins ${JSON.stringify(d.ro_gpio)} are input only.`);
-						LC.value="";
+						if (LC.tagName==="SELECT") LC.value="-1"; else LC.value="";
 						LC.focus();
 						ok = false;
 						return;
@@ -107,10 +122,9 @@
 							let m  = nList[j].name.substring(2,3); // bus number (0-Z)
 							let t2 = parseInt(gN("LT"+m).value, 10);
 							if (isVir(t2)) continue;
-							if (nList[j].value!="" && nList[i].value==nList[j].value) {
+							if (nList[j].value!="" && nList[j].value!="-1" && LC.value==nList[j].value) {
 								alert(`Pin conflict between ${LC.name}/${nList[j].name}!`);
-								nList[j].value="";
-								nList[j].focus();
+								if (nList[j].tagName==="SELECT") nList[j].value="-1"; else { nList[j].value=""; nList[j].focus(); }
 								ok = false;
 								return;
 								}
@@ -138,7 +152,7 @@
 				if (isHub75(t)) {
 					let p = parseInt(d.Sf["L2"+n].value)||1, r = parseInt(d.Sf["L3"+n].value)||1, c = parseInt(d.Sf["L4"+n].value)||1, h = parseInt(d.Sf["L1"+n].value)||1;
 					if (r*c !== p) {alert(`HUB75 error: panels≠rows×cols`); e.stopPropagation(); return false;}
-					if (h >= 64 && p > 1) {alert(`HUB75 error: height >= 64, only single panel allowed`); e.stopPropagation(); return false;}
+					if (h >= 64 && p > 1 && !hasPSRAM) {alert(`HUB75 error: height >= 64, only single panel allowed`); e.stopPropagation(); return false;}
 					if(isS3()) {
 					  alert("HUB75 changes require a reboot"); // TODO: only throw this if panel config changed?
 					}
@@ -303,14 +317,28 @@
 				gId("p0d"+n).innerText = p0d;
 				gId("p1d"+n).innerText = p1d;
 				gId("off"+n).innerText = off;
-				// secondary pins show/hide (type string length is equivalent to number of pins used; except for network and on/off)
-				let pins = Math.max(gT(t).t.length,1) + 3*isNet(t) + 4*isHub75(t); // fixes network pins to 4
+				// convert pin fields so show/hide applies to the correct element type
+				for (let p=0; p<5; p++) {
+					let nm2 = "L"+p+n;
+					let el = d.Sf[nm2];
+					if (!el) continue;
+					if (isVir(t) || isHub75(t)) {
+						if (el.tagName === "SELECT") unmakePinSelect(nm2); // see common.js
+					} else {
+						if (el.tagName === "INPUT" && el.type === "number") {
+							makePinSelect(nm2, 1); // see common.js
+							d.pinUpdPending = true;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				// show/hide secondary pins on whatever element type now exists
+				let pins = Math.max(gT(t).t.length,1) + 3*isNet(t) + 4*isHub75(t);
 				for (let p=1; p<5; p++) {
 					var LK = d.Sf["L"+p+n];
 					if (!LK) continue;
 					LK.style.display = (p < pins) ? "inline" : "none";
 					LK.required = (p < pins);
-					if (p >= pins) LK.value="";
+					if (p >= pins) LK.value = (LK.tagName === "SELECT") ? "-1" : "";
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -415,25 +443,6 @@
 					LC.style.color="#fff";
 					return; // do not check conflicts
 				}
-				// check for pin conflicts & color fields
-				if (nm.search(/^L[0-4]/) == 0) // pin fields
-					if (LC.value!="" && LC.value!="-1") {
-						let p = d.rsvd.concat(d.um_p); // used pin array
-						d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e)=>{if(e.value>-1)p.push(parseInt(e.value));}) // buttons, IR & relay
-						for (j=0; j<nList.length; j++) {
-							if (i==j) continue;
-							let n2 = nList[j].name.substring(0,2); // field name : /L./
-							if (n2.search(/^L[0-4]/) == 0) { // pin fields
-								let m  = nList[j].name.substring(2,3); // bus number (0-Z)
-								let t2 = parseInt(gN("LT"+m).value, 10);
-								if (isVir(t2)) continue;
-								if (nList[j].value!="" && nList[j].value!="-1") p.push(parseInt(nList[j].value,10));  // add current pin
-							}
-						}
-						// now check for conflicts
-						if (p.some((e)=>e==parseInt(LC.value))) LC.style.color = "red";
-						else LC.style.color = d.ro_gpio.some((e)=>e==parseInt(LC.value)) ? "orange" : "#fff";
-					} else LC.style.color = "#fff";
 			});
 
 			// Use helper function to calculate channel usage
@@ -510,6 +519,11 @@
 			gId('fpsNone').style.display = (d.Sf.FR.value == 0) ? 'block':'none';
 			gId('fpsWarn').style.display = (d.Sf.FR.value == 0) || (d.Sf.FR.value >= 80) ? 'block':'none';
 			gId('fpsHigh').style.display = (d.Sf.FR.value >= 80) ? 'block':'none';
+
+			if (d.pinUpdPending) {
+				d.pinUpdPending = false;
+				d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e) => { pinUpd(e); });
+			}
 		}
 
 		function lastEnd(i) {
@@ -671,11 +685,18 @@ Swap: <select id="xw${s}" name="XW${s}">
 			gId("com_rem").style.display = (i>0) ? "inline":"none";
 		}
 
+		// get pin dropdown flags for button type: touch=2, ADC=4, any=0
+		function btnPinFlags(t) { return (t==6||t==9) ? 2 : (t==7||t==8) ? 4 : 0; }
+		function btnPinDd(s) {
+			let t = parseInt(d.Sf["BE"+s].value);
+			makePinSelect("BT"+s, btnPinFlags(t));
+			d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach(e => pinUpd(e));
+		}
 		function addBtn(i,p,t) {
 			var b = gId("btns");
 			var s = chrID(i);
 			var c = `<div id="btn${i}">#${i} GPIO: <input type="number" name="BT${s}" onchange="UI()" min="-1" max="${d.max_gpio}" class="xs" value="${p}">`;
-			c += `&nbsp;<select name="BE${s}">`
+			c += `&nbsp;<select name="BE${s}" onchange="btnPinDd('${s}')">`
 			c += `<option value="0" ${t==0?"selected":""}>Disabled</option>`;
 			c += `<option value="2" ${t==2?"selected":""}>Pushbutton</option>`;
 			c += `<option value="3" ${t==3?"selected":""}>Push inverted</option>`;
@@ -805,101 +826,70 @@ Swap: <select id="xw${s}" name="XW${s}">
 			}
 		}
 		function pinDropdowns() {
-			let fields = ["IR","RL"]; // IR & relay
-			gId("btns").querySelectorAll('input[type="number"]').forEach((e)=>{fields.push(e.name);}) // buttons
-			for (let i of d.Sf.elements) {
-				if (i.type === "number" && fields.includes(i.name)) { //select all pin select elements
-					let v = parseInt(i.value);
-					let sel = addDropdown(i.name,0);
-					for (var j = -1; j < d.max_gpio; j++) {
-						if (d.rsvd.includes(j)) continue;
-						let foundPin = d.um_p.indexOf(j);
-						let txt = (j === -1) ? "unused" : `${j}`;
-						if (foundPin >= 0 && j !== v) txt += ` used`; // already reserved pin
-						if (d.ro_gpio.includes(j)) txt += " (R/O)";
-						let opt = addOption(sel, txt, j);
-						if (j === v) opt.selected = true; // this is "our" pin
-						else if (d.um_p.includes(j) && j > -1) opt.disabled = true; // someone else's pin
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			// update select options
-			d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e)=>{pinUpd(e);});
-			// add dataset values for LED GPIO pins
-			d.Sf.querySelectorAll(".iST input.s[name^=L]").forEach((i)=>{
-				if (i.value!=="" && i.value>=0)
+			// Rebuild LED GPIO selects now that d.pinsData is available.
+			d.Sf.querySelectorAll(".iST input.s[name^=L], .iST select.pin[name^=L]").forEach((e) => {
+				let n = e.name.substring(2, 3);
+				let t = parseInt(d.Sf["LT"+n].value, 10);
+				if (!isVir(t) && !isHub75(t)) makePinSelect(e.name, 1);
+			});
+			// IR (any pin including input-only)
+			let irSel = makePinSelect("IR", 0);
+			if (irSel) irSel.onchange = function() { UI(); pinUpd(this); };
+			// Relay (output required)
+			let rlSel = makePinSelect("RL", 1);
+			if (rlSel) rlSel.onchange = function() { UI(); pinUpd(this); };
+			// Buttons (flags depend on button type: touch=2, ADC=4)
+			gId("btns").querySelectorAll('input[type="number"], select.pin[name^=BT]').forEach((e) => {
+				let s = e.name.substring(2);
+				let t = parseInt(d.Sf["BE"+s]?.value) || 0;
+				let bSel = makePinSelect(e.name, btnPinFlags(t));
+				if (bSel) bSel.onchange = function() { UI(); pinUpd(this); };
+			});
+			// cross-update all pin selects
+			d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin").forEach((e) => { pinUpd(e); });
+			// add dataset values for remaining LED GPIO inputs (virtual/HUB75)
+			d.Sf.querySelectorAll(".iST input.s[name^=L]").forEach((i) => {
+				if (i.value !== "" && parseInt(i.value, 10) >= 0)
 					i.dataset.val = i.value;
 			});
 		}
 		function pinUpd(e) {
-			// update changed select options across all usermods
+			// update changed select options across all pin selects
 			let oldV = parseInt(e.dataset.val);
 			e.dataset.val = e.value;
-			let txt = e.name;
+			let label = /^L[0-4].$/.test(e.name) ? 'LED' : e.name;
 			let pins = [];
-			d.Sf.querySelectorAll(".iST input.s[name^=L]").forEach((i)=>{
-				if (i.value!=="" && i.value>=0 && i.max<255)
-					pins.push(i.value);
+			// collect LED bus pin values from remaining inputs (virtual/HUB75)
+			d.Sf.querySelectorAll(".iST input.s[name^=L]").forEach((i) => {
+				let busN = i.name.substring(2, 3);
+				let t = parseInt(d.Sf["LT"+busN].value, 10);
+				let p = parseInt(i.name.charAt(1), 10);
+				if (isVir(t) || isHub75(t) || p >= numPins(t)) return;
+				if (i.value !== "" && parseInt(i.value, 10) >= 0) pins.push(i.value);
+			});
+			// collect LED bus pin values from selects
+			d.Sf.querySelectorAll(".iST select.pin[name^=L]").forEach((s) => {
+				if (s !== e && parseInt(s.value) >= 0)
+					pins.push(s.value);
 			});
 			let selects = d.Sf.querySelectorAll("select.pin");
 			for (let sel of selects) {
-				if (sel == e) continue
-				Array.from(sel.options).forEach((i)=>{
+				if (sel == e) continue;
+				Array.from(sel.options).forEach((i) => {
+					if (i.value == sel.dataset.val) return; // skip sel's own selected pin
 					let led = pins.includes(i.value);
-					if (!(i.value==oldV || i.value==e.value || led)) return;
-					if (i.value == -1) {
-						i.text = "unused";
-						return
-					}
+					if (!(i.value == oldV || i.value == e.value || led)) return;
+					if (i.value == -1) { i.text = "unused"; return; }
 					i.text = i.value;
-					if (i.value==oldV) {
-						i.disabled = false;
-					}
-					if (i.value==e.value || led) {
+					if (i.value == oldV) { i.disabled = false; }
+					if (i.value == e.value || led) {
 						i.disabled = true;
-						i.text += ` ${led?'LED':txt}`;
+						i.text += ` ${led ? 'LED' : label}`;
 					}
-					if (d.ro_gpio.includes(parseInt(i.value))) i.text += " (R/O)";
+					//if (d.ro_gpio.includes(parseInt(i.value))) i.text += " (R/O)"; // read only pin note: removed as pin is not shown for outputs
 				});
 			}
 		}
-		// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39729741/javascript-change-input-text-to-select-option
-		function addDropdown(field) {
-			let sel = cE('select');
-			sel.classList.add("pin");
-			let inp = d.getElementsByName(field)[0];
-			if (inp && inp.tagName === "INPUT" && (inp.type === "text" || inp.type === "number")) {  // may also use nodeName
-				let v = inp.value;
-				let n = inp.name;
-				// copy the existing input element's attributes to the new select element
-				for (var i = 0; i < inp.attributes.length; ++ i) {
-					var att = inp.attributes[i];
-					// type and value don't apply, so skip them
-					// ** you might also want to skip style, or others -- modify as needed **
-					if (att.name != 'type' && att.name != 'value' && att.name != 'class' && att.name != 'style') {
-						sel.setAttribute(att.name, att.value);
-					}
-				}
-				sel.setAttribute("data-val", v);
-				sel.setAttribute("onchange", "pinUpd(this)");
-				// finally, replace the old input element with the new select element
-				inp.parentElement.replaceChild(sel, inp);
-				return sel;
-			}
-			return null;
-		}
-		function addOption(sel,txt,val) {
-			if (sel===null) return; // select object missing
-			let opt = cE("option");
-			opt.value = val;
-			opt.text = txt;
-			sel.appendChild(opt);
-			for (let i=0; i<sel.childNodes.length; i++) {
-				let c = sel.childNodes[i];
-				if (c.value == sel.dataset.val) sel.selectedIndex = i;
-			}
-			return opt;
-		}
 		// calculate channel usage across all buses
 		function getDuse() {
 			let rmtUsed = 0, i2sUsed = 0;

wled00/data/settings_pininfo.htm

@@ -16,44 +16,11 @@
 		var pinsTimer=null, gpioInfo={};
 		function S() {
 			getLoc();
-			loadJS(getURL('/settings/s.js?p=11'), false, ()=>{
-				d.um_p = [];
-				d.rsvd = [];
-				d.ro_gpio = [];
-				d.max_gpio = 50;
-				d.touch = [];
-			}, ()=>{
-				// Load extended GPIO info and start pin polling
-				loadPins();
-				pinsTimer = setInterval(loadPins, 250);
-			});
+			fetchPinInfo(()=>{ loadPins(); pinsTimer=setInterval(loadPins,250); });
 		}
 
 		function B(){window.open(getURL('/settings'),'_self');} // back button
 
-		function getOwnerName(o,t,n) {
-			// Use firmware-provided name if available
-			if(n) return n;
-			if(!o) return "System"; // no owner provided
-			if(o===0x85){ return getBtnTypeName(t); } // button pin
-			return "UM #"+o;
-		}
-		function getBtnTypeName(t) {
-			var n=["None","Reserved","Push","Push Inv","Switch","PIR","Touch","Analog","Analog Inv","Touch Switch"];
-			var label = n[t] || "?";
-			return 'Button <span style="font-size:10px;color:#888">'+label+'</span>';
-		}
-		function getCaps(p,c) {
-			var r=[];
-			// Use touch info from settings endpoint
-			if(d.touch && d.touch.includes(p)) r.push("Touch");
-			if(d.ro_gpio && d.ro_gpio.includes(p)) r.push("Input Only");
-			// Use other caps from JSON (Analog, Boot, Input Only)
-			if(c&0x02) r.push("Analog");
-			if(c&0x08) r.push("Flash Boot");
-			if(c&0x10) r.push("Bootstrap");
-			return r.length?r.join(", "):"-";
-		}
 		function loadPins() {
 			fetch(getURL('/json/pins'),{method:'get'})
 			.then(r=>r.json())

wled00/data/settings_sec.htm

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 	</div>
 	<div class="sec" id="OTA">
 		<h3>Software Update</h3>
-		<button type="button" onclick="U()">Manual OTA Update</button><br>
+		<button type="button" onclick="U()">Update WLED</button><br>
 		<div id="aOTA">Enable ArduinoOTA: <input type="checkbox" name="AO"></div>
 		Only allow update from same network/WiFi: <input type="checkbox" name="SU"><br>
 		<i class="warn">&#9888; If you are using multiple VLANs (i.e. IoT or guest network) either set PIN or disable this option.<br>

wled00/data/settings_sync.htm

@@ -42,12 +42,30 @@
 	function SetVal(){switch(parseInt(d.Sf.EP.value)){case 5568: d.Sf.DI.value = 5568; break; case 6454: d.Sf.DI.value = 6454; break; case 4048: d.Sf.DI.value = 4048; break; }; SP();FC();}
 	function S(){
 		getLoc();
-		loadJS(getURL('/settings/s.js?p=4'), false, undefined, ()=>{SetVal();});	// If we set async false, file is loaded and executed, then next statement is processed
+		loadJS(getURL('/settings/s.js?p=4'), false, undefined, ()=>{SetVal(); fetchPinInfo(pinDropdowns);});	// If we set async false, file is loaded and executed, then next statement is processed
 		if (loc) d.Sf.action = getURL('/settings/sync');
 	}
 	function getURL(path) {
 		return (loc ? locproto + "//" + locip : "") + path;
 	}
+	const dmxNs = ["IDMR","IDMT","IDME"];
+	let dmxOwnPins; // track dmx pins to update dropdown restrictions on pin change
+	function pinDropdowns() {
+		dmxNs.forEach((n,i) => { const s = makePinSelect(n, i?1:0); if (s) s.onchange = dmxPinUpd; }); // note on the i?1:0 -> RX pin is allowed input only but TX/EN pins must be GPIO
+		dmxOwnPins = dmxNs.map(n => parseInt(gN(n)?.value??-1));
+		dmxPinUpd();
+	}
+	function dmxPinUpd() {
+		const vs = dmxNs.map(n => parseInt(gN(n)?.value??-1));
+		dmxNs.forEach((n,i) => {
+			for (const o of gN(n)?.options??[]) {
+				const p = parseInt(o.value); if (p<0) continue;
+				// unlock old selected pin, lock newly selected one
+				o.disabled = (p!==vs[i] && !dmxOwnPins.includes(p) && !!d.pinsData?.find(pi=>pi.p===p)?.a) || vs.some((v,j)=>j!==i&&v===p);
+				if (!o.disabled) o.text = String(p); // clear owner name i.e. (DMX input)
+			}
+		});
+	}
 	function hideDMXInput(){gId("dmxInput").style.display="none";}
 	function hideNoDMXInput(){gId("dmxInputOff").style.display="none";}
 	function hideNoDMXOutput(){gId("dmxOnOffOutput").style.display="none";}
@@ -126,8 +144,8 @@ Send notifications on direct change: <input type="checkbox" name="SD"><br>
 Send notifications on button press or IR: <input type="checkbox" name="SB"><br>
 Send Alexa notifications: <input type="checkbox" name="SA"><br>
 Send Philips Hue change notifications: <input type="checkbox" name="SH"><br>
-UDP packet retransmissions: <input name="UR" type="number" min="0" max="30" class="d5" required><br><br>
-<i>Reboot required to apply changes. </i>
+UDP packet retransmissions: <input name="UR" type="number" min="0" max="30" class="d5" required><br>
+<i class="warn">Reboot required to apply changes. </i>
 </div>
 <div class="sec">
 <h3>Instance List</h3>
@@ -139,7 +157,7 @@ Make this instance discoverable: <input type="checkbox" name="NB">
 Receive UDP realtime: <input type="checkbox" name="RD"><br>
 Use main segment only: <input type="checkbox" name="MO"><br>
 Respect LED Maps: <input type="checkbox" name="RLM"><br><br>
-<i>Network DMX input</i><br>
+<h4>Network DMX input</h4><br>
 Type:
 <select name=DI onchange="SP(); adj();">
 <option value=5568>E1.31 (sACN)</option>
@@ -174,12 +192,14 @@ Force max brightness: <input type="checkbox" name="FB"><br>
 Disable realtime gamma correction: <input type="checkbox" name="RG"><br>
 Realtime LED offset: <input name="WO" type="number" min="-255" max="255" required>
 <div id="dmxInput">
-	<h4>Wired DMX Input Pins</h4>
-	DMX RX: <input name="IDMR" type="number" min="-1" max="99">RO<br/>
-	DMX TX: <input name="IDMT" type="number" min="-1" max="99">DI<br/>
-	DMX Enable: <input name="IDME" type="number" min="-1" max="99">RE+DE<br/>
+	<br>
+	<h4>Wired DMX Input</h4>
+	DMX RX Pin: <input name="IDMR" type="number" min="-1" max="99">RO<br/>
+	DMX TX Pin: <input name="IDMT" type="number" min="-1" max="99">DI<br/>
+	DMX Enable Pin: <input name="IDME" type="number" min="-1" max="99">RE+DE<br/>
 	DMX Port: <input name="IDMP" type="number" min="1" max="2"><br/>
-</div> 
+	<i class="warn">Reboot required to apply changes.</i>
+</div>
 <div id="dmxInputOff">
 	<br><i class="warn">This firmware build does not include DMX Input support. <br></i>
 </div> 
@@ -223,7 +243,7 @@ Device Topic: <input type="text" name="MD" maxlength="32"><br>
 Group Topic: <input type="text" name="MG" maxlength="32"><br>
 Publish on button press: <input type="checkbox" name="BM"><br>
 Retain brightness & color messages: <input type="checkbox" name="RT"><br>
-<i>Reboot required to apply changes. </i><a href="https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/mqtt/" target="_blank">MQTT info</a>
+<i class="warn">Reboot required to apply changes. </i><a href="https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/mqtt/" target="_blank">MQTT info</a>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sec">

wled00/data/settings_time.htm

@@ -252,18 +252,18 @@
 		var buttonBlock = document.createElement('div');
 		buttonBlock.className = 'bb';
 		buttonBlock.innerHTML = `
-			<div class="bh">Button ${i}</div>
+			<div class="bh">Button (switch) ${i}</div>
 			<div class="bs">
 				<div class="ba">
-					<label>Push/Switch</label>
+					<label>Short (on → off)</label>
 					<select name="MP${b}" class="s" required>${presetOpts}</select>
 				</div>
 				<div class="ba">
-					<label>Short (on→off)</label>
+					<label>Long (off → on)</label>
 					<select name="ML${b}" class="s" required>${presetOpts}</select>
 				</div>
 				<div class="ba">
-					<label>Long (off→on)</label>
+					<label>Double press (n/a)</label>
 					<select name="MD${b}" class="s" required>${presetOpts}</select>
 				</div>
 			</div>
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@
 		Alexa On/Off Preset: <input name="A0" class="m" type="number" min="0" max="250" required> <input name="A1" class="m" type="number" min="0" max="250" required><br>
 	</div>
 	<div class="sec">
-		<h3>Button Action Presets</h3>
+		<h3>Button (switch) Action Presets</h3>
 		<div id="macros"></div>
 		<a href="https://kno.wled.ge/features/macros/#analog-button" target="_blank">Analog Button setup</a>
 	</div>

wled00/data/settings_um.htm

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 	<style> html { visibility: hidden; } </style> <!-- prevent white & ugly display while loading, unhidden in loadResources() -->
 	<script>
 	var umCfg = {};
-	var pins = [], pinO = [], owner;
 	var urows;
 	var numM = 0;
 	// load common.js with retry on error
@@ -32,7 +31,6 @@
 		})
 		.then(json => {
 			umCfg = json.um;
-			getPins(json);
 			urows="";
 			if (isO(umCfg)) {
 				for (const [k,o] of Object.entries(umCfg)) {
@@ -50,11 +48,9 @@
 				d.ro_gpio = [];
 				d.extra = [];
 			}, ()=>{
-				for (let r of d.rsvd) { pins.push(r); pinO.push("rsvd"); } // reserved pins
 				if (d.um_p[0]==-1) d.um_p.shift();	// remove filler
 				d.Sf.SDA.max = d.Sf.SCL.max = d.Sf.MOSI.max = d.Sf.SCLK.max = d.Sf.MISO.max = d.max_gpio;
-				//for (let i of d.getElementsByTagName("input")) if (i.type === "number" && i.name.replace("[]","").substr(-3) === "pin") i.max = d.max_gpio;
-				pinDD(); // convert INPUT to SELECT for pins
+				fetchPinInfo(pinDD); // load pin occupancy, then convert INPUT to SELECT for pins
 			});	// If we set async false, file is loaded and executed, then next statement is processed
 		})
 		.catch((error)=>{
@@ -90,28 +86,7 @@
 		}
 		*/
 	}
-	function getPins(o) {
-		if (isO(o)) {
-			for (const [k,v] of Object.entries(o)) {
-				if (isO(v)) {
-					let oldO = owner; // keep parent name
-					owner = k;
-					getPins(v);
-					owner = oldO;
-					continue;
-				}
-				if (k.replace("[]","").substr(-3)=="pin") {
-					if (Array.isArray(v)) {
-						for (var i=0; i<v.length; i++) if (v[i]>=0) { pins.push(v[i]); pinO.push(owner); }
-					} else {
-						if (v>=0) { pins.push(v); pinO.push(owner); }
-					}
-				} else if (Array.isArray(v)) {
-					for (var i=0; i<v.length; i++) getPins(v[i]);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
+
 	function initCap(s) {
   		if (typeof s !== 'string') return '';
 		// https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/how-to-capitalize-words-in-javascript/
@@ -161,15 +136,17 @@
 			if (i.type === "number" && (i.name.includes("pin") || ["SDA","SCL","MOSI","MISO","SCLK"].includes(i.name))) { //select all pin select elements
 				let v = parseInt(i.value);
 				let sel = addDD(i.name,0);
+				if (!sel) continue;
 				for (var j = -1; j < d.max_gpio; j++) {
-					if (d.rsvd.includes(j)) continue;
-					let foundPin = pins.indexOf(j);
+					if (j > -1 && d.rsvd && d.rsvd.includes(j)) continue;
+					let pInfo = d.pinsData && d.pinsData.find(p => p.p === j);
+					let used = j > -1 && pInfo && pInfo.a && j !== v; // add owner info if used and not "our" pin
 					let txt = (j === -1) ? "unused" : `${j}`;
-					if (foundPin >= 0 && j !== v) txt += ` ${pinO[foundPin]=="if"?"global":pinO[foundPin]}`; // already reserved pin
-					if (d.ro_gpio.includes(j)) txt += " (R/O)";
+					if (used) txt += ` (${getOwnerName(pInfo.o, pInfo.t, pInfo.n)})`;
+					if (j > -1 && d.ro_gpio && d.ro_gpio.includes(j)) txt += " (input only)"; // read-only pin
 					let opt = addO(sel, txt, j);
 					if (j === v) opt.selected = true; // this is "our" pin
-					else if (pins.includes(j)) opt.disabled = true; // someone else's pin
+					else if (used) opt.disabled = true; // someone else's pin
 				}
 				let um = i.name.split(":")[0];
 				d.extra.forEach((o)=>{
@@ -204,7 +181,7 @@
 						i.disabled = true;
 						i.text += ` ${txt}`;
 					}
-					if (d.ro_gpio.includes(parseInt(i.value))) i.text += " (R/O)";
+					if (d.ro_gpio.includes(parseInt(i.value))) i.text += " (input only)"; // read-only pin
 				}
 			});
 		}

wled00/data/settings_wifi.htm

@@ -236,8 +236,10 @@ Static subnet mask:<br>
 			<option value="11">ESP32-POE-WROVER</option>
 			<option value="7">KIT-VE</option>
 			<option value="12">LILYGO T-POE Pro</option>
-			<option value="8">QuinLED-Dig-Octa & T-ETH-POE</option>
-			<option value="4">QuinLED-ESP32</option>
+			<option value="4">QuinLED Uno/Quad</option>
+			<option value="8">QuinLED Octa & T-ETH-POE</option>
+			<option value="14">QuinLED v4 Uno/Quad</option>
+			<option value="15">QuinLED v4 Octa</option>
 			<option value="10">Serg74-ETH32</option>
 			<option value="5">TwilightLord-ESP32</option>
 			<option value="3">WESP32</option>

wled00/data/update.htm

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 	<script>
 		function B() { window.history.back(); }
 		var cnfr = false;
+		var deviceInfo = null;
 		function cR() {
 			if (!cnfr) {
 				var bt = gId('rev');
@@ -22,15 +23,30 @@
 			fetch(getURL('/json/info'))
 				.then(response => response.json())
 				.then(data => {
+					deviceInfo = data;
 					document.querySelector('.installed-version').textContent = `${data.brand} ${data.ver} (${data.vid})`;
+					const repoUrl = data.repo && data.repo !== "unknown" ? "https://github.com/" + data.repo + "/releases/latest" : null;
 					document.querySelector('.release-name').textContent = data.release;
 					// assemble update URL and update release badge
-					if (data.repo && data.repo !== "unknown") {
-						const repoUrl = "https://github.com/" + data.repo + "/releases/latest";
+					if (repoUrl) {
 						const badgeUrl = "https://img.shields.io/github/release/" + data.repo + ".svg?style=flat-square";
 						document.querySelector('.release-repo').href = repoUrl;
 						document.querySelector('.release-badge').src = badgeUrl;
 						toggle('release-download'); // only show release download item after receiving a valid data.repo
+						// fetch latest release from GitHub to build direct bin download link
+						fetch(`https://api.github.com/repos/${data.repo}/releases/latest`)
+							.then(r => r.json())
+							.then(gh => {
+								const ver = gh.tag_name.replace(/^v/, '');
+								const suffix = `_${ver}_${data.release}.bin`;
+								const asset = gh.assets.find(a => a.name.endsWith(suffix));
+								if (asset) {
+									const binUrl = asset.browser_download_url.replace(/^https?:\/\/[^/]+/, 'https://download.wled.me');
+									const el = document.querySelector('.release-name');
+									el.innerHTML = `<a href="${binUrl}">${data.release}</a>`;
+								}
+							})
+							.catch(() => {}); // silently ignore if GitHub API unavailable
 					} else {
 						gId('Norelease-download').classList.add("hide"); // repo invalid -> hide everything
 					}
@@ -60,6 +76,48 @@
 			gId('bootupd').classList.add("hide");
 			toggle('upd');			
 		}
+		async function autoUpdate() {
+			const btn = gId('autoUpdBtn');
+			const status = gId('autoUpdStatus');
+			btn.disabled = true;
+			status.textContent = '';
+			try {
+				const info = deviceInfo;
+				if (!info || !info.repo || info.repo === 'unknown') {
+					status.textContent = 'No release repository available for this build.';
+					btn.disabled = false;
+					return;
+				}
+				status.textContent = 'Checking GitHub for latest release...';
+				const ghResp = await fetch(`https://api.github.com/repos/${info.repo}/releases/latest`);
+				if (!ghResp.ok) throw new Error(`GitHub API error: ${ghResp.status}`);
+				const ghRelease = await ghResp.json();
+				const releaseVer = ghRelease.tag_name.replace(/^v/, '');
+				const assetSuffix = `_${releaseVer}_${info.release}.bin`;
+				const asset = ghRelease.assets.find(a => a.name.endsWith(assetSuffix));
+				if (!asset) {
+					const available = ghRelease.assets.map(a => a.name).join(', ');
+					status.textContent = `Firmware not found (*${assetSuffix}). Available: ${available}`;
+					btn.disabled = false;
+					return;
+				}
+				status.textContent = `Downloading ${asset.name} (${Math.round(asset.size/1024)} KB)...`;
+				const fwUrl = asset.browser_download_url.replace(/^https?:\/\/[^/]+/, 'https://download.wled.me');
+				const fwResp = await fetch(fwUrl);
+				if (!fwResp.ok) throw new Error(`Download failed: ${fwResp.status}`);
+				const blob = await fwResp.blob();
+				const file = new File([blob], asset.name, {type: 'application/octet-stream'});
+				const dt = new DataTransfer();
+				dt.items.add(file);
+				document.querySelector('input[name="update"]').files = dt.files;
+				status.textContent = `Downloaded ${asset.name}. Uploading to device...`;
+				hideforms();
+				gId('upd').submit();
+			} catch(e) {
+				status.textContent = 'Auto-update failed: ' + e.message;
+				btn.disabled = false;
+			}
+		}
 	</script>
 	<style>
 		@import url("style.css");
@@ -77,21 +135,25 @@
 		<p>
 		Installed version: <span class="sip installed-version">Loading...</span><br>
 		Release: <span class="sip release-name">Loading...</span><br>
-		<span id="Norelease-download">Latest binary: Checking...<br></span>
+		<span id="Norelease-download">Latest release: Checking...<br></span>
 		<span id="release-download" class="hide">
-		Download the latest binary: <a class="release-repo" href="https://github.com/wled/WLED/releases/latest" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
+		Latest version: <a class="release-repo" href="https://github.com/wled/WLED/releases/latest" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
 		style="vertical-align: text-bottom; display: inline-flex;">
-		<img class="release-badge" alt="badge"></a><br> <!-- start with an empty placeholder, src will be filled after fetching /json/info -->
+		<img class="release-badge" alt="View latest"></a><br>
+		<button type="button" id="autoUpdBtn" onclick="autoUpdate()">Auto update</button>
+		<span id="autoUpdStatus" style="display:block;margin-top:4px;font-size:13px;"></span>
 		</span>
 		</p>
+		<hr class="sml">
+		<h3>Manual upload</h3>
 		<input type="hidden" name="skipValidation" value="" id="sV">
 		<input type='file' name='update' required><br> <!--should have accept='.bin', but it prevents file upload from android app-->
 		<input type='checkbox' onchange="sV.value=checked?1:''" id="skipValidation">
 		<label for='skipValidation'>Ignore firmware validation</label><br>
-		<button type="submit">Update WLED!</button><br>
-		<span id="rev">
+		<button type="submit">Upload</button><br>
+		<span>
 			<hr class="sml">
-			<button type="button" onclick="cR()">Revert update</button><br>
+			<button id="rev" type="button" onclick="cR()">Revert update</button><br>
 		</span>
 	</div>
 	</form>
@@ -107,4 +169,4 @@
 	<div id="Noupd" class="hide sec"><b>Updating...</b><br>Please do not close or refresh the page :)</div>
 	<p><button id="backbtn" type="button" onclick="B()">Back</button></p>
 </body>
-</html>
+</html>

wled00/dmx_input.cpp

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ bool DMXInput::installDriver()
   return true;
 }
 
-void DMXInput::init(uint8_t rxPin, uint8_t txPin, uint8_t enPin, uint8_t inputPortNum)
+void DMXInput::init(int8_t rxPin, int8_t txPin, int8_t enPin, uint8_t inputPortNum)
 {
 
 #ifdef WLED_ENABLE_DMX_OUTPUT
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ void DMXInput::init(uint8_t rxPin, uint8_t txPin, uint8_t enPin, uint8_t inputPo
     return;
   }
 
-  if (rxPin > 0 && enPin > 0 && txPin > 0) {
+  if (rxPin >= 0 && enPin >= 0 && txPin >= 0) {
 
     const managed_pin_type pins[] = {
         {(int8_t)txPin, false}, // these are not used as gpio pins, thus isOutput is always false.

wled00/dmx_input.h

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 class DMXInput
 {
 public:
-  void init(uint8_t rxPin, uint8_t txPin, uint8_t enPin, uint8_t inputPortNum);
+  void init(int8_t rxPin, int8_t txPin, int8_t enPin, uint8_t inputPortNum);
   void update();
 
   /**disable dmx receiver (do this before disabling the cache)*/
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ private:
   friend void dmxReceiverTask(void * context);
 
   uint8_t inputPortNum = 255; 
-  uint8_t rxPin = 255;
-  uint8_t txPin = 255;
-  uint8_t enPin = 255;
+  int8_t rxPin = -1;
+  int8_t txPin = -1;
+  int8_t enPin = -1;
 
   /// is written to by the dmx receive task.
   byte dmxdata[DMX_PACKET_SIZE]; 
@@ -72,5 +72,5 @@ private:
   TaskHandle_t task;
   /// Guards access to dmxData
   std::mutex dmxDataLock;
-  
+
 };

wled00/dynarray.h

@@ -20,15 +20,4 @@ Macros for generating a "dynamic array", a static array of objects declared in d
 #define DYNARRAY_END(array_name) array_name##_end
 #define DYNARRAY_LENGTH(array_name) (&DYNARRAY_END(array_name)[0] - &DYNARRAY_BEGIN(array_name)[0])
 
-#ifdef ESP8266
-// ESP8266 linker script cannot be extended with a unique section for dynamic arrays.
-// We instead pack them in the ".dtors" section, as it's sorted and uploaded to the flash
-// (but will never be used in the embedded system)
-#define DYNARRAY_SECTION ".dtors"
-
-#else /* ESP8266 */
-
-// Use a unique named section; the linker script must be extended to ensure it's correctly placed.
 #define DYNARRAY_SECTION ".dynarray"
-
-#endif

wled00/e131.cpp

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #define MAX_CHANNELS_PER_UNIVERSE 512
 
 // forward declarations
-static void handleDDPPacket(e131_packet_t* p);
+static void handleDDPPacket(e131_packet_t* p, size_t packetLen);
 static void handleArtnetPollReply(IPAddress ipAddress);
 static void prepareArtnetPollReply(ArtPollReply *reply);
 static void sendArtnetPollReply(ArtPollReply *reply, IPAddress ipAddress, uint16_t portAddress);
@@ -17,19 +17,31 @@ static void sendArtnetPollReply(ArtPollReply *reply, IPAddress ipAddress, uint16
 
 //DDP protocol support, called by handleE131Packet
 //handles RGB data only
-static void handleDDPPacket(e131_packet_t* p) {
+static void handleDDPPacket(e131_packet_t* p, size_t packetLen) {
   static bool ddpSeenPush = false;  // have we seen a push yet?
   int lastPushSeq = e131LastSequenceNumber[0];
 
+  if (packetLen < DDP_HEADER_LEN) return; // too short to safely read any DDP header fields
+
   // reject unsupported color data types (only RGB and RGBW are supported)
-  if (p->dataType != DDP_TYPE_RGB24 && p->dataType != DDP_TYPE_RGBW32) return;
+  //uint8_t maskedType = p->dataType & 0x3F; // mask out custom and reserved flags, only type bits are relevant
+  //if (maskedType != DDP_TYPE_RGB24 && maskedType != DDP_TYPE_RGBW32) return;
 
-  // reject status and config packets (not implemented)
-  if (p->destination == DDP_ID_STATUS || p->destination == DDP_ID_CONFIG) return;
+  // note: for maximum compatibility we do not reject unknonw or malformed data types but simply default to RGB24 and check there is enough data available in the packet to do so
+  //       also we assume 8bit per channel and currently do not support other bit depths
 
-  //reject late packets belonging to previous frame (assuming 4 packets max. before push)
+  // reject control, status and config packets (not implemented)
+  if (p->destination == DDP_ID_CONTROL || p->destination == DDP_ID_STATUS || p->destination == DDP_ID_CONFIG) return;
+
+  // reject query and response packets (not implemented)
+  if (p->flags & (DDP_FLAGS_QUERY | DDP_FLAGS_REPLY)) return;
+
+  bool push = p->flags & DDP_FLAGS_PUSH; // push flag means "render now"
+  if (!push && (p->flags & DDP_FLAGS_STORAGE)) return; // reject "from storage" flag but still let the push flag pass if set along with it
+
+  //reject late packets belonging to previous frame (assuming 4 packets max. before push, if more are used and packets are very late, they are still accepted)
   if (e131SkipOutOfSequence && lastPushSeq) {
-    int sn = p->sequenceNum & 0xF;
+    int sn = p->sequenceNum & 0xF; // sequence number is 4 bits, 1-15, 0 means unused
     if (sn) {
       if (lastPushSeq > 5) {
         if (sn > (lastPushSeq -5) && sn < lastPushSeq) return;
@@ -39,7 +51,8 @@ static void handleDDPPacket(e131_packet_t* p) {
     }
   }
 
-  unsigned ddpChannelsPerLed = ((p->dataType & 0b00111000)>>3 == 0b011) ? 4 : 3; // data type 0x1B (formerly 0x1A) is RGBW (type 3, 8 bit/channel)
+  unsigned ddpChannelsPerLed = 3; // default to RGB
+  if ((p->dataType & 0b00111000)>>3 == 0b011) ddpChannelsPerLed = 4; // RGBW data type (see DDP protocol definition)
 
   uint32_t start =  htonl(p->channelOffset) / ddpChannelsPerLed;
   start += DMXAddress / ddpChannelsPerLed;
@@ -49,8 +62,14 @@ static void handleDDPPacket(e131_packet_t* p) {
   unsigned c = 0;
   if (p->flags & DDP_FLAGS_TIME) c = 4; //packet has timecode flag, we do not support it, but data starts 4 bytes later
 
+  // ensure the received packet is at least as long as the header claims
+  if (packetLen < DDP_HEADER_LEN + c + dataLen) {
+    DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("DDP packet incomplete"));
+    return;
+  }
+
   unsigned numLeds = stop - start; // stop >= start is guaranteed
-  unsigned maxDataIndex = c + numLeds * ddpChannelsPerLed; // validate bounds before accessing data array
+  unsigned maxDataIndex = numLeds * ddpChannelsPerLed; // validate bounds before accessing data array
   if (maxDataIndex > dataLen) {
     DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("DDP packet data bounds exceeded, rejecting."));
     return;
@@ -65,7 +84,6 @@ static void handleDDPPacket(e131_packet_t* p) {
     }
   }
 
-  bool push = p->flags & DDP_FLAGS_PUSH;
   ddpSeenPush |= push;
   if (!ddpSeenPush || push) { // if we've never seen a push, or this is one, render display
     e131NewData = true;
@@ -75,7 +93,7 @@ static void handleDDPPacket(e131_packet_t* p) {
 }
 
 //E1.31 and Art-Net protocol support
-void handleE131Packet(e131_packet_t* p, IPAddress clientIP, byte protocol){
+void handleE131Packet(e131_packet_t* p, IPAddress clientIP, byte protocol, size_t packetLen){
 
   int uni = 0, dmxChannels = 0;
   uint8_t* e131_data = nullptr;
@@ -83,24 +101,33 @@ void handleE131Packet(e131_packet_t* p, IPAddress clientIP, byte protocol){
 
   if (protocol == P_ARTNET)
   {
+    if (packetLen < 10) return; // need at least art_opcode (offset 8, 2 bytes)
     if (p->art_opcode == ARTNET_OPCODE_OPPOLL) {
       handleArtnetPollReply(clientIP);
       return;
     }
+    if (packetLen < 18) return; // need art_length (offset 16, 2 bytes) for DMX data
     uni = p->art_universe;
     dmxChannels = htons(p->art_length);
+    const int artNetMaxData = (packetLen >= 18) ? (int)(packetLen - 18) : 0; // art_data at offset 18; clamp so e131_data[dmxChannels] stays in bounds
+    if (dmxChannels > artNetMaxData) dmxChannels = artNetMaxData;
+    if (dmxChannels > MAX_CHANNELS_PER_UNIVERSE) dmxChannels = MAX_CHANNELS_PER_UNIVERSE;
     e131_data = p->art_data;
     seq = p->art_sequence_number;
     mde = REALTIME_MODE_ARTNET;
   } else if (protocol == P_E131) {
+    if (packetLen < 126) return; // need up to property_values[0] (offset 125) and property_value_count (offset 123)
     // Ignore PREVIEW data (E1.31: 6.2.6)
     if ((p->options & 0x80) != 0) return;
-    dmxChannels = htons(p->property_value_count) - 1;
+    dmxChannels = htons(p->property_value_count) - 1; // on malformed packets, this can become negative, checked below
     // DMX level data is zero start code. Ignore everything else. (E1.11: 8.5)
-    if (dmxChannels == 0 || p->property_values[0] != 0) return;
+    if (dmxChannels <= 0 || p->property_values[0] != 0) return;
     uni = htons(p->universe);
     e131_data = p->property_values;
     seq = p->sequence_number;
+    const int e131MaxData = (packetLen > 126) ? (int)(packetLen - 126) : 0; // property_values at offset 125; clamp so e131_data[dmxChannels] stays in bounds
+    if (dmxChannels > e131MaxData) dmxChannels = e131MaxData;
+    if (dmxChannels > MAX_CHANNELS_PER_UNIVERSE) dmxChannels = MAX_CHANNELS_PER_UNIVERSE;
     if (e131Priority != 0) {
       if (p->priority < e131Priority ) return;
       // track highest priority & skip all lower priorities
@@ -109,15 +136,17 @@ void handleE131Packet(e131_packet_t* p, IPAddress clientIP, byte protocol){
     }
   } else { //DDP
     realtimeIP = clientIP;
-    handleDDPPacket(p);
+    handleDDPPacket(p, packetLen);
     return;
   }
 
   #ifdef WLED_ENABLE_DMX
   // does not act on out-of-order packets yet
   if (e131ProxyUniverse > 0 && uni == e131ProxyUniverse) {
+    // Art-Net: art_data is 0-indexed (channel 1 at index 0)
+    // E1.31: property_values[0] is start code, (channel 1 at index 1)
     for (uint16_t i = 1; i <= dmxChannels; i++)
-      dmx.write(i, e131_data[i]);
+      dmx.write(i, mde == REALTIME_MODE_ARTNET ? e131_data[i-1] : e131_data[i]);
     dmx.update();
   }
   #endif

wled00/fcn_declare.h

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ void initDMXInput();
 void handleDMXInput();
 
 //e131.cpp
-void handleE131Packet(e131_packet_t* p, IPAddress clientIP, byte protocol);
+void handleE131Packet(e131_packet_t* p, IPAddress clientIP, byte protocol, size_t packetLen);
 void handleDMXData(uint16_t uni, uint16_t dmxChannels, uint8_t* e131_data, uint8_t mde, uint8_t previousUniverses);
 // void handleArtnetPollReply(IPAddress ipAddress);                                          // local function, only used in e131.cpp
 // void prepareArtnetPollReply(ArtPollReply* reply);                                         // local function, only used in e131.cpp
@@ -176,7 +176,6 @@ void serializeSegment(const JsonObject& root, const Segment& seg, byte id, bool
 void serializeState(JsonObject root, bool forPreset = false, bool includeBri = true, bool segmentBounds = true, bool selectedSegmentsOnly = false);
 void serializeInfo(JsonObject root);
 void serializeModeNames(JsonArray arr);
-void serializeModeData(JsonArray fxdata);
 void serializePins(JsonObject root);
 void serveJson(AsyncWebServerRequest* request);
 #ifdef WLED_ENABLE_JSONLIVE
@@ -525,10 +524,10 @@ inline size_t getFreeHeapSize() { return ESP.getFreeHeap(); } // returns free he
 inline size_t getContiguousFreeHeap() { return ESP.getMaxFreeBlockSize(); } // returns largest contiguous free block
 #endif
 #define BFRALLOC_NOBYTEACCESS    (1 << 0) // ESP32 has 32bit accessible DRAM (usually ~50kB free) that must not be byte-accessed
-#define BFRALLOC_PREFER_DRAM     (1 << 1) // prefer DRAM over PSRAM
-#define BFRALLOC_ENFORCE_DRAM    (1 << 2) // use DRAM only, no PSRAM
-#define BFRALLOC_PREFER_PSRAM    (1 << 3) // prefer PSRAM over DRAM
-#define BFRALLOC_ENFORCE_PSRAM   (1 << 4) // use PSRAM if available, otherwise uses DRAM
+#define BFRALLOC_PREFER_DRAM     (1 << 1) // prefer DRAM over PSRAM (can still use PSRAM for larger allocations if DRAM is starting to run low)
+#define BFRALLOC_ENFORCE_DRAM    (1 << 2) // use DRAM only, no PSRAM allowed
+#define BFRALLOC_PREFER_PSRAM    (1 << 3) // prefer PSRAM over DRAM (can still use DRAM if there is loads of free DRAM to optimize speed)
+#define BFRALLOC_ENFORCE_PSRAM   (1 << 4) // use PSRAM if available, falls back to DRAM if PSRAM fails
 #define BFRALLOC_CLEAR           (1 << 5) // clear allocated buffer after allocation
 void *allocate_buffer(size_t size, uint32_t type);
 

wled00/improv.cpp

@@ -116,8 +116,8 @@ void handleImprovPacket() {
             return;
           }
         } else if (packetByte > 9) { //RPC data
-          rpcData[packetByte - 10] = next;
           if (packetByte > 137) return; //prevent buffer overflow
+          rpcData[packetByte - 10] = next;
         }
       }
     }
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@ void handleImprovWifiScan() {
     bool isOpen = WiFi.encryptionType(i) == WIFI_AUTH_OPEN;
     #endif
 
-    char ssidStr[33];
-    strcpy(ssidStr, WiFi.SSID(i).c_str());
+    char ssidStr[33] = {'\0'};
+    strlcpy(ssidStr, WiFi.SSID(i).c_str(), sizeof(ssidStr));
     const char *str[3] = {ssidStr, rssiStr, isOpen ? "NO":"YES"};
     sendImprovRPCResult(ImprovRPCType::Request_Scan, 3, str);
   }
@@ -258,14 +258,13 @@ static void parseWiFiCommand(char* rpcData) {
 
   unsigned ssidLen = rpcData[1];
   if (ssidLen > len -1 || ssidLen > 32) return;
-  memset(multiWiFi[0].clientSSID, 0, 32);
+  memset(multiWiFi[0].clientSSID, 0, sizeof(multiWiFi[0].clientSSID));
   memcpy(multiWiFi[0].clientSSID, rpcData+2, ssidLen);
 
-  memset(multiWiFi[0].clientPass, 0, 64);
+  memset(multiWiFi[0].clientPass, 0, sizeof(multiWiFi[0].clientPass));
   if (len > ssidLen +1) {
     unsigned passLen = rpcData[2+ssidLen];
-    memset(multiWiFi[0].clientPass, 0, 64);
-    memcpy(multiWiFi[0].clientPass, rpcData+3+ssidLen, passLen);
+    memcpy(multiWiFi[0].clientPass, rpcData+3+ssidLen, min(size_t(passLen), sizeof(multiWiFi[0].clientPass)));
   }
 
   sendImprovStateResponse(0x03); //provisioning

wled00/json.cpp

@@ -520,7 +520,9 @@ bool deserializeState(JsonObject root, byte callMode, byte presetId)
     if (root["win"].isNull() && getVal(root["ps"], presetCycCurr, 1, 250) && presetCycCurr > 0 && presetCycCurr < 251 && presetCycCurr != currentPreset) {
       DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("Preset select: %d\n"), presetCycCurr);
       // b) preset ID only or preset that does not change state (use embedded cycling limits if they exist in getVal())
-      applyPreset(presetCycCurr, callMode); // async load from file system (only preset ID was specified)
+      // async load from file system (only preset ID was specified)
+      // avoid propogating CALL_MODE_INIT, which may cause accidental recursion
+      applyPreset(presetCycCurr, callMode == CALL_MODE_INIT ? CALL_MODE_DIRECT_CHANGE : callMode);
       return stateResponse;
     } else presetCycCurr = currentPreset; // restore presetCycCurr
   }
@@ -761,6 +763,7 @@ void serializeInfo(JsonObject root)
     case REALTIME_MODE_ARTNET:   root["lm"] = F("Art-Net"); break;
     case REALTIME_MODE_TPM2NET:  root["lm"] = F("tpm2.net"); break;
     case REALTIME_MODE_DDP:      root["lm"] = F("DDP"); break;
+    case REALTIME_MODE_DMX:      root["lm"] = F("DMX"); break;
   }
 
   root[F("lip")] = realtimeIP[0] == 0 ? "" : realtimeIP.toString();
@@ -773,8 +776,18 @@ void serializeInfo(JsonObject root)
 
   root[F("fxcount")] = strip.getModeCount();
   root[F("palcount")] = getPaletteCount();
-  root[F("cpalcount")] = customPalettes.size();   // number of custom palettes
+  root[F("cpalcount")] = customPalettes.size();   // number of user custom palettes (includes gray placeholders)
+  root[F("umpalcount")] = usermodPalettes.size(); // number of usermod-registered palettes
   root[F("cpalmax")] = WLED_MAX_CUSTOM_PALETTES;  // maximum number of custom palettes
+  // send usermod palette names so the UI can label them correctly
+  if (usermodPalettes.size() > 0) {
+    JsonArray umpalnames = root.createNestedArray(F("umpalnames"));
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < usermodPalettes.size(); j++) {
+      char buf[34];
+      extractModeName(WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE - j, JSON_palette_names, buf, sizeof(buf) - 1);
+      umpalnames.add(buf);
+    }
+  }
 
   JsonArray ledmaps = root.createNestedArray(F("maps"));
   for (size_t i=0; i<WLED_MAX_LEDMAPS; i++) {
@@ -945,19 +958,28 @@ void serializePalettes(JsonObject root, int page)
   #endif
 
   const int customPalettesCount = customPalettes.size();
+  const int umPalettesCount     = usermodPalettes.size();
   const int palettesCount = FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT; // palettesCount is number of palettes, not palette index
 
-  const int maxPage = (palettesCount + customPalettesCount) / itemPerPage;
+  const int maxPage = (palettesCount + umPalettesCount + customPalettesCount) / itemPerPage;
   if (page > maxPage) page = maxPage;
 
   const int start = itemPerPage * page;
-  int end = min(start + itemPerPage, palettesCount + customPalettesCount);
+  int end = min(start + itemPerPage, palettesCount + umPalettesCount + customPalettesCount);
 
   root[F("m")] = maxPage; // inform caller how many pages there are
   JsonObject palettes  = root.createNestedObject("p");
 
   for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
-    JsonArray curPalette = palettes.createNestedArray(String(i >= palettesCount ? 255 - i + palettesCount : i));
+    // compute the palette ID for this sequential index
+    int paletteId;
+    if (i >= palettesCount + umPalettesCount) // user custom palette (IDs 200, 199, ...)
+      paletteId = WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE - (i - palettesCount - umPalettesCount);
+    else if (i >= palettesCount)              // usermod palette (IDs 255, 254, ...)
+      paletteId = WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE - (i - palettesCount);
+    else
+      paletteId = i;                          // fixed palette
+    JsonArray curPalette = palettes.createNestedArray(String(paletteId));
     switch (i) {
       case 0: //default palette
         setPaletteColors(curPalette, PartyColors_gc22);
@@ -986,9 +1008,13 @@ void serializePalettes(JsonObject root, int page)
         curPalette.add("c1");
         break;
       default:
-        if (i >= palettesCount) // custom palettes
-          setPaletteColors(curPalette, customPalettes[i - palettesCount]);
-        else if (i < DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT + FASTLED_PALETTE_COUNT) // palette 6 - 12, fastled palettes
+        if (i >= palettesCount + umPalettesCount) { // user custom palettes (lowest IDs in the custom range)
+          int custIdx = i - palettesCount - umPalettesCount;
+          setPaletteColors(curPalette, customPalettes[custIdx]);
+        } else if (i >= palettesCount) { // usermod palettes (IDs 255, 254, ...)
+          int umIdx = i - palettesCount;
+          setPaletteColors(curPalette, usermodPalettes[umIdx].palette);
+        } else if (i < DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT + FASTLED_PALETTE_COUNT) // palette 6 - 12, fastled palettes
           setPaletteColors(curPalette, *fastledPalettes[i - DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT]);
         else {
           memcpy_P(tcp, (byte*)pgm_read_dword(&(gGradientPalettes[i - (DYNAMIC_PALETTE_COUNT + FASTLED_PALETTE_COUNT)])), sizeof(tcp));
@@ -1160,21 +1186,6 @@ void serializePins(JsonObject root)
   }
 }
 
-// deserializes mode data string into JsonArray
-void serializeModeData(JsonArray fxdata)
-{
-  char lineBuffer[256];
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < strip.getModeCount(); i++) {
-    strncpy_P(lineBuffer, strip.getModeData(i), sizeof(lineBuffer)/sizeof(char)-1);
-    lineBuffer[sizeof(lineBuffer)/sizeof(char)-1] = '\0'; // terminate string
-    if (lineBuffer[0] != 0) {
-      char* dataPtr = strchr(lineBuffer,'@');
-      if (dataPtr) fxdata.add(dataPtr+1);
-      else         fxdata.add("");
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 // deserializes mode names string into JsonArray
 // also removes effect data extensions (@...) from deserialised names
 void serializeModeNames(JsonArray arr)
@@ -1191,6 +1202,78 @@ void serializeModeNames(JsonArray arr)
   }
 }
 
+// Writes a JSON-escaped string (with surrounding quotes) into dest[0..maxLen-1].
+// Returns bytes written, or 0 if the buffer was too small.
+static size_t writeJSONString(uint8_t* dest, size_t maxLen, const char* src) {
+  size_t pos = 0;
+
+  auto emit = [&](char c) -> bool {
+    if (pos >= maxLen) return false;
+    dest[pos++] = (uint8_t)c;
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  if (!emit('"')) return 0;
+
+  for (const char* p = src; *p; ++p) {
+    char esc = ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE::EscapeSequence::escapeChar(*p);
+    if (esc) {
+      if (!emit('\\') || !emit(esc)) return 0;
+    } else {
+      if (!emit(*p)) return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!emit('"')) return 0;
+  return pos;
+}
+
+// Writes ,"<escaped_src>" into dest[0..maxLen-1] (no null terminator).
+// Returns bytes written, or 0 if the buffer was too small.
+static size_t writeJSONStringElement(uint8_t* dest, size_t maxLen, const char* src) {
+  if (maxLen == 0) return 0;
+  dest[0] = ',';
+  size_t n = writeJSONString(dest + 1, maxLen - 1, src);
+  if (n == 0) return 0;
+  return 1 + n;
+}
+
+// Generate a streamed JSON response for the mode data
+// This uses sendChunked to send the reply in blocks based on how much fit in the outbound
+// packet buffer, minimizing the required state (ie. just the next index to send).  This
+// allows us to send an arbitrarily large response without using any significant amount of
+// memory (so no worries about buffer limits).
+void respondModeData(AsyncWebServerRequest* request) {
+  size_t fx_index = 0;
+  request->sendChunked(FPSTR(CONTENT_TYPE_JSON),
+    [fx_index](uint8_t* data, size_t len, size_t) mutable {
+      size_t bytes_written = 0;
+      char lineBuffer[256];
+      while (fx_index < strip.getModeCount()) {
+        strncpy_P(lineBuffer, strip.getModeData(fx_index), sizeof(lineBuffer)-1); // Copy to stack buffer for strchr
+        if (lineBuffer[0] != 0) {
+          lineBuffer[sizeof(lineBuffer)-1] = '\0'; // terminate string (only needed if strncpy filled the buffer)
+          const char* dataPtr = strchr(lineBuffer,'@'); // Find '@', if there is one
+          size_t mode_bytes = writeJSONStringElement(data, len, dataPtr ? dataPtr + 1 : "");
+          if (mode_bytes == 0) break;  // didn't fit; break loop and try again next packet
+          if (fx_index == 0) *data = '[';
+          data += mode_bytes;
+          len -= mode_bytes;
+          bytes_written += mode_bytes;
+        }
+        ++fx_index;        
+      }
+
+      if ((fx_index == strip.getModeCount()) && (len >= 1)) {
+        *data = ']';
+        ++bytes_written;
+        ++fx_index; // we're really done
+      }
+
+      return bytes_written;
+  });
+}
+
 // Global buffer locking response helper class (to make sure lock is released when AsyncJsonResponse is destroyed)
 class LockedJsonResponse: public AsyncJsonResponse {
   bool _holding_lock;
@@ -1218,7 +1301,7 @@ class LockedJsonResponse: public AsyncJsonResponse {
 void serveJson(AsyncWebServerRequest* request)
 {
   enum class json_target {
-    all, state, info, state_info, nodes, effects, palettes, fxdata, networks, config, pins
+    all, state, info, state_info, nodes, effects, palettes, networks, config, pins
   };
   json_target subJson = json_target::all;
 
@@ -1229,7 +1312,7 @@ void serveJson(AsyncWebServerRequest* request)
   else if (url.indexOf(F("nodes")) > 0) subJson = json_target::nodes;
   else if (url.indexOf(F("eff"))   > 0) subJson = json_target::effects;
   else if (url.indexOf(F("palx"))  > 0) subJson = json_target::palettes;
-  else if (url.indexOf(F("fxda"))  > 0) subJson = json_target::fxdata;
+  else if (url.indexOf(F("fxda"))  > 0) { respondModeData(request); return; }
   else if (url.indexOf(F("net"))   > 0) subJson = json_target::networks;
   else if (url.indexOf(F("cfg"))   > 0) subJson = json_target::config;
   else if (url.indexOf(F("pins"))  > 0) subJson = json_target::pins;
@@ -1254,7 +1337,7 @@ void serveJson(AsyncWebServerRequest* request)
   }
   // releaseJSONBufferLock() will be called when "response" is destroyed (from AsyncWebServer)
   // make sure you delete "response" if no "request->send(response);" is made
-  LockedJsonResponse *response = new LockedJsonResponse(pDoc, subJson==json_target::fxdata || subJson==json_target::effects); // will clear and convert JsonDocument into JsonArray if necessary
+  LockedJsonResponse *response = new LockedJsonResponse(pDoc, subJson==json_target::effects); // will clear and convert JsonDocument into JsonArray if necessary
 
   JsonVariant lDoc = response->getRoot();
 
@@ -1270,8 +1353,6 @@ void serveJson(AsyncWebServerRequest* request)
       serializePalettes(lDoc, request->hasParam(F("page")) ? request->getParam(F("page"))->value().toInt() : 0); break;
     case json_target::effects:
       serializeModeNames(lDoc); break;
-    case json_target::fxdata:
-      serializeModeData(lDoc); break;
     case json_target::networks:
       serializeNetworks(lDoc); break;
     case json_target::config:

wled00/network.cpp

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ const ethernet_settings ethernetBoards[] = {
 
   // ESP32-ETHERNET-KIT-VE
   {
-    0,                    // eth_address,
+    1,                    // eth_address,
     5,                    // eth_power,
     23,                   // eth_mdc,
     18,                   // eth_mdio,
@@ -155,8 +155,34 @@ const ethernet_settings ethernetBoards[] = {
     ETH_PHY_LAN8720,      // eth_type,
     ETH_CLOCK_GPIO0_IN	 // eth_clk_mode
   },
+ 
+ // WLED_ETH_QUINLED_V4 (14) - QuinLED Dig-Uno/Quad v4
+  {
+    0,                   // eth_address
+    -1,                  // eth_power
+    7,                   // eth_mdc
+    8,                   // eth_mdio
+    ETH_PHY_LAN8720,     // eth_type
+    ETH_CLOCK_GPIO0_IN   // eth_clk_mode
+  },
+ 
+ // WLED_ETH_QUINLED_OCTA_V4 (15) - QuinLED Dig-Octa 32-8L v4
+  {
+    0,                   // eth_address
+    -1,                  // eth_power
+    23,                  // eth_mdc
+    18,                  // eth_mdio
+    ETH_PHY_LAN8720,     // eth_type
+    ETH_CLOCK_GPIO0_IN   // eth_clk_mode
+  },
 };
 
+// sanity checks for ethernet config table and WLED_ETH_DEFAULT
+static_assert((sizeof(ethernetBoards)/sizeof(ethernetBoards[0])) == WLED_NUM_ETH_TYPES, "WLED_NUM_ETH_TYPES does not match size of ethernetBoards[] table.");
+#ifdef WLED_ETH_DEFAULT
+  static_assert(((WLED_ETH_DEFAULT) >= WLED_ETH_NONE) && ((WLED_ETH_DEFAULT) < WLED_NUM_ETH_TYPES), "WLED_ETH_DEFAULT is out of range.");
+#endif
+
 bool initEthernet()
 {
   static bool successfullyConfiguredEthernet = false;
@@ -422,10 +448,26 @@ void WiFiEvent(WiFiEvent_t event)
       }
       break;
   #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
+    case ARDUINO_EVENT_WIFI_READY:
+      DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("WiFi-E: driver ready."));
+      break;
     case ARDUINO_EVENT_WIFI_SCAN_DONE:
       // also triggered when connected to selected SSID
       DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("WiFi-E: SSID scan completed."));
       break;
+    case ARDUINO_EVENT_WIFI_STA_START:
+      DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("WiFi-E: STA Started"));
+      break;
+    case ARDUINO_EVENT_WIFI_STA_STOP:
+      DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("WiFi-E: STA Stopped"));
+      break;
+    case ARDUINO_EVENT_WIFI_STA_AUTHMODE_CHANGE:
+      DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("WiFi-E: STA authentication mode change."));
+      break;
+    case ARDUINO_EVENT_WIFI_STA_LOST_IP:
+      DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("WiFi-E: IP address lost."));
+      break;
+
     case ARDUINO_EVENT_WIFI_AP_START:
       DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("WiFi-E: AP Started"));
       break;

wled00/ota_update.cpp

@@ -6,10 +6,8 @@
 #include <esp_ota_ops.h>
 #include <esp_flash.h>
 #include <mbedtls/sha256.h>
-#endif
 
 // Platform-specific metadata locations
-#ifdef ESP32
 constexpr size_t METADATA_OFFSET = 256;          // ESP32: metadata appears after Espressif metadata
 #define UPDATE_ERROR errorString
 
@@ -31,16 +29,43 @@ constexpr size_t BOOTLOADER_SIZE   = 0x8000; // 32KB, typical bootloader size
 #elif defined(ESP8266)
 constexpr size_t METADATA_OFFSET = 0x1000;     // ESP8266: metadata appears at 4KB offset
 #define UPDATE_ERROR getErrorString
+#define SUPPORT_GZIPPED_OTA
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SUPPORT_GZIPPED_OTA
+#include <uzlib.h>  // ArduinoUZlib library: gzipped firmware uploads are decoded by eboot at boot,
+                    // so the upload stream itself can arrive compressed; we decompress just enough
+                    // to find the metadata for OTA validation.
 #endif
 
 constexpr size_t METADATA_SEARCH_RANGE = 512;  // bytes
 
+// State structure for update process
+namespace {
+  struct UpdateContext {
+    // State flags
+    // FUTURE: the flags could be replaced by a state machine
+    bool replySent = false;
+    bool needsRestart = false;
+    bool updateStarted = false;
+    bool uploadComplete = false;
+    bool releaseCheckPassed = false;
+    String errorMessage;
+
+    // Buffer to hold block data across posts, if needed
+    std::vector<uint8_t> releaseMetadataBuffer;
+
+    #ifdef SUPPORT_GZIPPED_OTA
+    bool gzipDetected         = false;  // upload is a gzip stream (eboot will decompress at boot)
+    #endif
+  };
+}
 
 /**
  * Check if OTA should be allowed based on release compatibility using custom description
  * @param binaryData Pointer to binary file data (not modified)
  * @param dataSize Size of binary data in bytes
- * @param errorMessage Buffer to store error message if validation fails 
+ * @param errorMessage Buffer to store error message if validation fails
  * @param errorMessageLen Maximum length of error message buffer
  * @return true if OTA should proceed, false if it should be blocked
  */
@@ -67,20 +92,104 @@ static bool validateOTA(const uint8_t* binaryData, size_t dataSize, char* errorM
   }
 }
 
-struct UpdateContext {
-  // State flags
-  // FUTURE: the flags could be replaced by a state machine
-  bool replySent = false;
-  bool needsRestart = false;
-  bool updateStarted = false;
-  bool uploadComplete = false;
-  bool releaseCheckPassed = false;
-  String errorMessage;
+#ifdef SUPPORT_GZIPPED_OTA
+constexpr size_t GZIP_DECOMPRESSED_SIZE = METADATA_OFFSET + METADATA_SEARCH_RANGE;
+// We use the JSON buffer to hold the decompressed metadata, so we need to ensure it's large enough
+static_assert(JSON_BUFFER_SIZE >= GZIP_DECOMPRESSED_SIZE, "JSON_BUFFER_SIZE must be at least GZIP_DECOMPRESSED_SIZE to support gzipped OTA updates");
 
-  // Buffer to hold block data across posts, if needed
-  std::vector<uint8_t> releaseMetadataBuffer;  
-};
+// File-static flash source context for the uzlib source_read_cb.
+// The 256-byte read buffer must be 4-byte aligned for ESP.flashRead().
+static struct {
+  uint32_t flashBase;
+  uint32_t flashOffset;
+  uint8_t  buf[256] __attribute__((aligned(4)));
+} s_gzipFlashSrc;
 
+static int gzip_flash_read_cb(struct uzlib_uncomp* d)
+{
+  if (!ESP.flashRead(s_gzipFlashSrc.flashBase + s_gzipFlashSrc.flashOffset,
+                     reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(s_gzipFlashSrc.buf),
+                     sizeof(s_gzipFlashSrc.buf))) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+  s_gzipFlashSrc.flashOffset += sizeof(s_gzipFlashSrc.buf);
+  d->source       = s_gzipFlashSrc.buf;
+  d->source_limit = s_gzipFlashSrc.buf + sizeof(s_gzipFlashSrc.buf);
+  return *d->source++;
+}
+
+static bool unzipFlash(uint32_t flashBase, uint8_t* outBuf, char* errorMessage, size_t errorMessageLen)
+{
+  uzlib_uncomp uncomp_ctx;  // large, but we can get away with this since we're on the system stack
+
+  s_gzipFlashSrc.flashBase   = flashBase;
+  s_gzipFlashSrc.flashOffset = 0;
+  uncomp_ctx.source         = s_gzipFlashSrc.buf;
+  uncomp_ctx.source_limit   = s_gzipFlashSrc.buf;   // empty: first byte triggers callback
+  uncomp_ctx.source_read_cb = gzip_flash_read_cb;
+  uzlib_uncompress_init(&uncomp_ctx, nullptr, 0);
+
+  bool ok = false;
+  if (uzlib_gzip_parse_header(&uncomp_ctx) != TINF_OK) {
+    strncpy_P(errorMessage, PSTR("Invalid gzip header in OTA firmware"), errorMessageLen - 1);
+    errorMessage[errorMessageLen - 1] = '\0';
+  } else {
+    uncomp_ctx.dest_start = uncomp_ctx.dest = outBuf;
+    uncomp_ctx.dest_limit = outBuf + GZIP_DECOMPRESSED_SIZE;
+    int res = TINF_OK;
+    while (res == TINF_OK && uncomp_ctx.dest < uncomp_ctx.dest_limit) res = uzlib_uncompress(&uncomp_ctx);
+    if (uncomp_ctx.dest >= uncomp_ctx.dest_limit) {
+      ok = true;
+    } else {
+      strncpy_P(errorMessage, PSTR("Not enough decompressed data for validation"), errorMessageLen - 1);
+      errorMessage[errorMessageLen - 1] = '\0';
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ok;
+}
+
+static void validateGzippedOTA(UpdateContext* context) {
+  // Compute the flash address to read from based on the expected update size and the location of the FS partition, and then decompress just enough of the firmware to find the metadata for validation.
+  extern uint32_t _FS_start;
+  const size_t updateSize = Update.size();
+  // Logic borrowed from ESP8266 Updater.cpp
+  const size_t roundedSize = (updateSize + FLASH_SECTOR_SIZE - 1) & ~(FLASH_SECTOR_SIZE - 1);
+  const uintptr_t fsPhysAddr = (uintptr_t)&_FS_start - 0x40200000;
+  const uint32_t flashBase = (fsPhysAddr > roundedSize) ? (fsPhysAddr - roundedSize) : 0;
+  uint8_t* compressionBuf = static_cast<uint8_t*>(pDoc->memoryPool().buffer()); // borrow JSON buffer
+
+  char errorMessage[128];
+  bool ok = unzipFlash(flashBase, compressionBuf, errorMessage, sizeof(errorMessage));
+  if (!ok) {
+    DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("OTA unzip failed: %s\n"), errorMessage);
+    context->errorMessage = errorMessage;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  ok = validateOTA(compressionBuf, GZIP_DECOMPRESSED_SIZE, errorMessage, sizeof(errorMessage));
+  if (!ok) {
+    DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("OTA declined: %s\n"), errorMessage);
+    context->errorMessage = errorMessage;
+    context->errorMessage += F(" Enable 'Ignore firmware validation' to proceed anyway.");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("OTA allowed: Release compatibility check passed (gzipped)"));
+  context->releaseCheckPassed = true;
+
+  // Write the final block
+  if (!Update.hasError()) {
+    const auto& buf = context->releaseMetadataBuffer;
+    if (Update.write(const_cast<uint8_t*>(buf.data()), buf.size()) != buf.size()) {
+      DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("OTA write failed on final chunk: %s\n"), Update.UPDATE_ERROR());
+    }
+  }
+
+  DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("OTA Update End")); // for symmetry with the non-gzip path
+  context->uploadComplete = true;   // Final block was passed to Update.write()
+}
+#endif
 
 static void endOTA(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {
   UpdateContext* context = reinterpret_cast<UpdateContext*>(request->_tempObject);
@@ -116,7 +225,7 @@ static bool beginOTA(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, UpdateContext* context)
 {
   #ifdef ESP8266
   Update.runAsync(true);
-  #endif  
+  #endif
 
   if (Update.isRunning()) {
       request->send(503);
@@ -128,7 +237,7 @@ static bool beginOTA(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, UpdateContext* context)
   WLED::instance().disableWatchdog();
   #endif
   UsermodManager::onUpdateBegin(true); // notify usermods that update is about to begin (some may require task de-init)
-  
+
   strip.suspend();
   backupConfig(); // backup current config in case the update ends badly
   strip.resetSegments();  // free as much memory as you can
@@ -141,15 +250,15 @@ static bool beginOTA(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, UpdateContext* context)
     context->releaseCheckPassed = true;
     DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("OTA validation skipped by user"));
   }
-  
+
   // Begin update with the firmware size from content length
   size_t updateSize = request->contentLength() > 0 ? request->contentLength() : ((ESP.getFreeSketchSpace() - 0x1000) & 0xFFFFF000);
-  if (!Update.begin(updateSize)) {    
+  if (!Update.begin(updateSize)) {
     context->errorMessage = Update.UPDATE_ERROR();
     DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("OTA Failed to begin: %s\n"), context->errorMessage.c_str());
     return false;
   }
-  
+
   context->updateStarted = true;
   return true;
 }
@@ -158,7 +267,7 @@ static bool beginOTA(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, UpdateContext* context)
 // Returns true if successful, false on failure.
 bool initOTA(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {
   // Allocate update context
-  UpdateContext* context = new (std::nothrow) UpdateContext {};  
+  UpdateContext* context = new (std::nothrow) UpdateContext {};
   if (context) {
     request->_tempObject = context;
     request->onDisconnect([=]() { endOTA(request); });  // ensures we restart on failure
@@ -174,29 +283,43 @@ void setOTAReplied(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {
   context->replySent = true;
 };
 
-// Returns pointer to error message, or nullptr if OTA was successful.
-std::pair<bool, String> getOTAResult(AsyncWebServerRequest* request) {
+// Returns the OTA outcome as an OTAResultStatus plus an optional error string.
+// TryAgain: JSON lock busy; caller must call deferResponse() and retry.
+// Replied:  response already sent; no action needed.
+// Ready:    result available; empty string = success (200), non-empty = failure (500).
+std::pair<OTAResultStatus, String> getOTAResult(AsyncWebServerRequest* request) {
   UpdateContext* context = reinterpret_cast<UpdateContext*>(request->_tempObject);
-  if (!context) return { true, F("OTA context unexpectedly missing") };
-  if (context->replySent) return { false, {} };
-  if (context->errorMessage.length()) return { true, context->errorMessage };
+  if (!context) return { OTAResultStatus::Ready, F("OTA context unexpectedly missing") };
+  if (context->replySent) return { OTAResultStatus::Replied, {} };
+
+  #ifdef SUPPORT_GZIPPED_OTA
+  if (context->gzipDetected && !context->errorMessage.length()) {
+    JSONBufferGuard jsonGuard(JSON_LOCK_OTA);
+    if (!jsonGuard) return { OTAResultStatus::TryAgain, {} };  // busy — caller will deferResponse()
+    validateGzippedOTA(context); // Stores error in context->errorMessage if there's a problem
+    context->gzipDetected = false;  // all done
+  }
+  #endif
+
+  if (context->errorMessage.length()) return { OTAResultStatus::Ready, context->errorMessage };
 
   if (context->updateStarted) {
     // Release the OTA context now.
     endOTA(request);
     if (Update.hasError()) {
-      return { true, Update.UPDATE_ERROR() };
+      return { OTAResultStatus::Ready, Update.UPDATE_ERROR() };
     } else {
-      return { true, {} };
+      return { OTAResultStatus::Ready, {} };
     }
   }
 
   // Should never happen
-  return { true, F("Internal software failure") };
+  return { OTAResultStatus::Ready, F("Internal software failure") };
 }
 
 
 
+
 void handleOTAData(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, size_t index, uint8_t *data, size_t len, bool isFinal)
 {
   UpdateContext* context = reinterpret_cast<UpdateContext*>(request->_tempObject);
@@ -208,69 +331,89 @@ void handleOTAData(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, size_t index, uint8_t *data,
 
   if (index == 0) {
     if (!beginOTA(request, context)) return;
+
+    #ifdef SUPPORT_GZIPPED_OTA
+    if (len >= 2 && data[0] == 0x1F && data[1] == 0x8B) {
+      DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("OTA: gzipped firmware detected"));
+      context->gzipDetected = true;
+    }
+    #endif
   }
 
-  // Perform validation if we haven't done it yet and we have reached the metadata offset
-  if (!context->releaseCheckPassed && (index+len) > METADATA_OFFSET) {
-    // Current chunk contains the metadata offset
-    size_t availableDataAfterOffset = (index + len) - METADATA_OFFSET;
+  // Perform plain-firmware validation as data arrives.
+  // Gzip validation is deferred to the end of the upload; skip this path for gzip.
+  if (!context->releaseCheckPassed
+      #ifdef SUPPORT_GZIPPED_OTA
+      && !context->gzipDetected
+      #endif
+  ) {
+    if ((index+len) > METADATA_OFFSET) {
+      // Current chunk contains the metadata offset
+      size_t availableDataAfterOffset = (index + len) - METADATA_OFFSET;
 
-    DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("OTA metadata check: %d in buffer, %d received, %d available\n"), context->releaseMetadataBuffer.size(), len, availableDataAfterOffset);
+      DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("OTA metadata check: %d in buffer, %d received, %d available\n"), context->releaseMetadataBuffer.size(), len, availableDataAfterOffset);
 
-    if (availableDataAfterOffset >= METADATA_SEARCH_RANGE) {
-      // We have enough data to validate, one way or another
-      const uint8_t* search_data = data;
-      size_t search_len = len;
-      
-      // If we have saved data, use that instead
-      if (context->releaseMetadataBuffer.size()) {
-        // Add this data
-        context->releaseMetadataBuffer.insert(context->releaseMetadataBuffer.end(), data, data+len);
-        search_data = context->releaseMetadataBuffer.data();
-        search_len = context->releaseMetadataBuffer.size();
-      }
+      if (availableDataAfterOffset >= METADATA_SEARCH_RANGE) {
+        // We have enough data to validate, one way or another
+        const uint8_t* search_data = data;
+        size_t search_len = len;
 
-      // Do the checking
-      char errorMessage[128];
-      bool OTA_ok = validateOTA(search_data, search_len, errorMessage, sizeof(errorMessage));
-      
-      // Release buffer if there was one
-      context->releaseMetadataBuffer = decltype(context->releaseMetadataBuffer){};
-      
-      if (!OTA_ok) {
-        DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("OTA declined: %s\n"), errorMessage);
-        context->errorMessage = errorMessage;
-        context->errorMessage += F(" Enable 'Ignore firmware validation' to proceed anyway.");
-        return;
+        // If we have saved data, use that instead
+        if (context->releaseMetadataBuffer.size()) {
+          // Add this data
+          context->releaseMetadataBuffer.insert(context->releaseMetadataBuffer.end(), data, data+len);
+          search_data = context->releaseMetadataBuffer.data();
+          search_len = context->releaseMetadataBuffer.size();
+        }
+
+        // Do the checking
+        char errorMessage[128];
+        bool OTA_ok = validateOTA(search_data, search_len, errorMessage, sizeof(errorMessage));
+
+        // Release buffer if there was one
+        context->releaseMetadataBuffer = decltype(context->releaseMetadataBuffer){};
+
+        if (!OTA_ok) {
+          DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("OTA declined: %s\n"), errorMessage);
+          context->errorMessage = errorMessage;
+          context->errorMessage += F(" Enable 'Ignore firmware validation' to proceed anyway.");
+          return;
+        } else {
+          DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("OTA allowed: Release compatibility check passed"));
+          context->releaseCheckPassed = true;
+        }
       } else {
-        DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("OTA allowed: Release compatibility check passed"));
-        context->releaseCheckPassed = true;
-      }        
-    } else {
-      // Store the data we just got for next pass
-      context->releaseMetadataBuffer.insert(context->releaseMetadataBuffer.end(), data, data+len);
+        // Store the data we just got for next pass
+        context->releaseMetadataBuffer.insert(context->releaseMetadataBuffer.end(), data, data+len);
+      }
     }
   }
 
+#ifdef SUPPORT_GZIPPED_OTA
+  // Gzip: stash the final chunk and defer validation to getOTAResult(), where
+  // deferResponse() can be used if the JSON lock is not yet available.
+  if (isFinal && context->gzipDetected && !context->releaseCheckPassed) {
+    context->releaseMetadataBuffer.assign(data, data + len);
+    return;  // getOTAResult() will validate, write this chunk, and complete the update
+  }
+#endif
+
   // Check if validation was still pending (shouldn't happen normally)
-  // This is done before writing the last chunk, so endOTA can abort 
+  // This is done before writing the last chunk, so endOTA can abort
   if (isFinal && !context->releaseCheckPassed) {
     DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("OTA failed: Validation never completed"));
-    // Don't write the last chunk to the updater: this will trip an error later
     context->errorMessage = F("Release check data never arrived?");
     return;
   }
 
-  // Write chunk data to OTA update (only if release check passed or still pending)
   if (!Update.hasError()) {
     if (Update.write(data, len) != len) {
       DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("OTA write failed on chunk %zu: %s\n"), index, Update.UPDATE_ERROR());
     }
   }
 
-  if(isFinal) {
+  if (isFinal) {
     DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("OTA Update End"));
-    // Upload complete
     context->uploadComplete = true;
   }
 }
@@ -331,7 +474,7 @@ public:
           return true;  // needs more bytes for the header
         }
 
-        //DEBUG_PRINTF("BLS parsed segment [%08X %08X=%d], segment count %d, is %d\n", segmentHeader.load_addr, segmentHeader.data_len, segmentHeader.data_len, segmentsLeft, imageSize);        
+        //DEBUG_PRINTF("BLS parsed segment [%08X %08X=%d], segment count %d, is %d\n", segmentHeader.load_addr, segmentHeader.data_len, segmentHeader.data_len, segmentsLeft, imageSize);
 
         // Validate segment size
         if (segmentHeader.data_len > BOOTLOADER_SIZE) {
@@ -345,16 +488,16 @@ public:
         --segmentsLeft;
         if (segmentsLeft == 0) {
           // all done, actually; we don't need to read any more
- 
+
           // Round up to nearest 16 bytes.
           // Always add 1 to account for the checksum byte.
           imageSize = ((imageSize/ 16) + 1) * 16;
 
-          //DEBUG_PRINTF("BLS complete, is %d\n", imageSize);        
+          //DEBUG_PRINTF("BLS complete, is %d\n", imageSize);
           return false;
-        }        
+        }
       }
-      
+
       // If we don't have enough bytes ...
       if (len < segmentHeader.data_len) {
         //DEBUG_PRINTF("Needs more bytes\n");
@@ -393,12 +536,12 @@ static uint8_t bootloaderSHA256Cache[32];
 /**
  * Calculate and cache the bootloader SHA256 digest
  * Reads the bootloader from flash and computes SHA256 hash
- * 
- * Strictly speaking, most bootloader images already contain a hash at the end of the image; 
+ *
+ * Strictly speaking, most bootloader images already contain a hash at the end of the image;
  * we could in theory just read it.  The trouble is that we have to parse the structure anyways
  * to find the actual endpoint, so we might as well always calculate it ourselves rather than
  * handle a special case if the hash isn't stored.
- * 
+ *
  */
 static void calculateBootloaderSHA256() {
   // Calculate SHA256
@@ -537,7 +680,7 @@ static bool verifyBootloaderImage(const uint8_t* &buffer, size_t &len, String& b
   if (imageHeader.hash_appended == 1) {
     actualBootloaderSize += 32;
   }
- 
+
   if (actualBootloaderSize > len) {
     // Same as above
     bootloaderErrorMsg = "Too small";
@@ -635,7 +778,7 @@ bool initBootloaderOTA(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {
 
   context->bytesBuffered = 0;
   return true;
-#endif  
+#endif
 }
 
 // Set bootloader OTA replied flag

wled00/ota_update.h

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //  WLED OTA update interface
 
 #include <Arduino.h>
+
 #ifdef ESP8266
   #include <Updater.h>
 #else
@@ -32,12 +33,18 @@ bool initOTA(AsyncWebServerRequest *request);
  */
 void setOTAReplied(AsyncWebServerRequest *request);
 
+
 /**
  *  Retrieve the OTA result.
  * @param request Pointer to web request object
- * @return bool indicating if a reply is necessary; string with error message if the update failed.
+ * @return OTAResultStatus indicating result state; string with error message if the update failed.
  */
-std::pair<bool, String> getOTAResult(AsyncWebServerRequest *request);
+enum class OTAResultStatus {
+  TryAgain,  // caller must deferResponse() and retry - need additional resources (JSON lock) to complete validation
+  Replied,   // response already sent; no action needed
+  Ready,     // result available; send response based on error string
+};
+std::pair<OTAResultStatus, String> getOTAResult(AsyncWebServerRequest *request);
 
 /**
  *  Process a block of OTA data.  This is a passthrough of an ArUploadHandlerFunction.

wled00/pin_manager.h

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ enum struct PinOwner : uint8_t {
   Relay         = 0x87,   // 'Rly'       == Relay pin from configuration
   SPI_RAM       = 0x88,   // 'SpiR'      == SPI RAM
   DebugOut      = 0x89,   // 'Dbg'       == debug output always IO1
-  DMX           = 0x8A,   // 'DMX'       == hard-coded to IO2
+  DMX           = 0x8A,   // 'DMX'       == DMX output, hard-coded to IO2
   HW_I2C        = 0x8B,   // 'I2C'       == hardware I2C pins (4&5 on ESP8266, 21&22 on ESP32)
   HW_SPI        = 0x8C,   // 'SPI'       == hardware (V)SPI pins (13,14&15 on ESP8266, 5,18&23 on ESP32)
   DMX_INPUT     = 0x8D,   // 'DMX_INPUT' == DMX input via serial

wled00/presets.cpp

@@ -194,8 +194,8 @@ void handlePresets()
     changePreset = true;
   } else {
     if (!fdo["seg"].isNull() || !fdo["on"].isNull() || !fdo["bri"].isNull() || !fdo["nl"].isNull() || !fdo["ps"].isNull() || !fdo[F("playlist")].isNull()) changePreset = true;
-    if (!(tmpMode == CALL_MODE_BUTTON_PRESET && fdo["ps"].is<const char *>() && strchr(fdo["ps"].as<const char *>(),'~') != strrchr(fdo["ps"].as<const char *>(),'~')))
-      fdo.remove("ps"); // remove load request for presets to prevent recursive crash (if not called by button and contains preset cycling string "1~5~")
+    if (!(tmpMode == CALL_MODE_INIT || (tmpMode == CALL_MODE_BUTTON_PRESET && fdo["ps"].is<const char *>() && strchr(fdo["ps"].as<const char *>(),'~') != strrchr(fdo["ps"].as<const char *>(),'~'))))
+      fdo.remove("ps"); // remove load request for presets to prevent recursive crash (if not called by boot preset or button which contains preset cycling string "1~5~")
     deserializeState(fdo, CALL_MODE_NO_NOTIFY, tmpPreset); // may change presetToApply by calling applyPreset()
   }
   if (!errorFlag && tmpPreset < 255 && changePreset) currentPreset = tmpPreset;

wled00/set.cpp

@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ void handleSettingsSet(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, byte subPage)
       char ld[4] = "LD"; ld[2] = offset+s; ld[3] = 0; //driver type (RMT=0, I2S=1)
       char hs[4] = "HS"; hs[2] = offset+s; hs[3] = 0; //hostname (for network types, custom text for others)
       if (!request->hasArg(lp)) {
-        DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("# of buses: %d\n"), s+1);
+        DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("# of buses: %d\n"), s);
         break;
       }
       for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

wled00/src/dependencies/e131/ESPAsyncE131.cpp

@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@
 #include "../network/Network.h"
 #include <string.h>
 
-// E1.17 ACN Packet Identifier
+// E1.17 ACN Packet Identifier "ASC-E1.17"
 const byte ESPAsyncE131::ACN_ID[12] = { 0x41, 0x53, 0x43, 0x2d, 0x45, 0x31, 0x2e, 0x31, 0x37, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 };
 
-// Art-Net Packet Identifier
+// Art-Net Packet Identifier "Art-Net"
 const byte ESPAsyncE131::ART_ID[8]  = { 0x41, 0x72, 0x74, 0x2d, 0x4e, 0x65, 0x74, 0x00 };
 
 // Constructor
@@ -99,36 +99,43 @@ bool ESPAsyncE131::initMulticast(uint16_t port, uint16_t universe, uint8_t n) {
 
 void ESPAsyncE131::parsePacket(AsyncUDPPacket _packet) {
   bool error = false;
-  uint8_t protocol = P_E131;
+  uint8_t protocol = P_ARTNET;
+  const size_t pktLen = _packet.length();
 
   e131_packet_t *sbuff = reinterpret_cast<e131_packet_t *>(_packet.data());
-	
-	//E1.31 packet identifier ("ACS-E1.17")
-  if (memcmp(sbuff->acn_id, ESPAsyncE131::ACN_ID, sizeof(sbuff->acn_id)))
-    protocol = P_ARTNET;
-	
-	if (protocol == P_ARTNET) {
-		if (memcmp(sbuff->art_id, ESPAsyncE131::ART_ID, sizeof(sbuff->art_id)))
-			error = true; //not "Art-Net"
-		if (sbuff->art_opcode != ARTNET_OPCODE_OPDMX && sbuff->art_opcode != ARTNET_OPCODE_OPPOLL)
-			error = true; //not a DMX or poll packet
-	} else { //E1.31 error handling
-		if (htonl(sbuff->root_vector) != ESPAsyncE131::VECTOR_ROOT)
-			error = true;
-		if (htonl(sbuff->frame_vector) != ESPAsyncE131::VECTOR_FRAME)
-			error = true;
-		if (sbuff->dmp_vector != ESPAsyncE131::VECTOR_DMP)
-			error = true;
-		if (sbuff->property_values[0] != 0)
-			error = true;
-	} 
-  
+
+  // E1.31 packet identifier (ACN_ID = "ASC-E1.17"), need at least 16 bytes to safely read acn_id (offset 4, length 12).
+  if (pktLen >= 16) {
+    if (!memcmp(sbuff->acn_id, ESPAsyncE131::ACN_ID, sizeof(sbuff->acn_id)))
+      protocol = P_E131;
+  }
+
+  if (protocol == P_ARTNET) {
+    if (memcmp(sbuff->art_id, ESPAsyncE131::ART_ID, sizeof(sbuff->art_id)))
+      error = true; //not ART_ID = "Art-Net"
+    if (sbuff->art_opcode != ARTNET_OPCODE_OPDMX && sbuff->art_opcode != ARTNET_OPCODE_OPPOLL)
+      error = true; //not a DMX or poll packet
+  } else { //E1.31 error handling
+    if (pktLen < 126) { // need up to property_values[0] at offset 125
+      error = true;
+    } else {
+      if (htonl(sbuff->root_vector) != ESPAsyncE131::VECTOR_ROOT)
+        error = true;
+      if (htonl(sbuff->frame_vector) != ESPAsyncE131::VECTOR_FRAME)
+        error = true;
+      if (sbuff->dmp_vector != ESPAsyncE131::VECTOR_DMP)
+        error = true;
+      if (sbuff->property_values[0] != 0)
+        error = true;
+    }
+  }
+
   if (error && _packet.localPort() == DDP_DEFAULT_PORT) { //DDP packet
     error = false;
     protocol = P_DDP;
   }
 
   if (!error) {
-    _callback(sbuff, _packet.remoteIP(), protocol);
+    _callback(sbuff, _packet.remoteIP(), protocol, pktLen);
   }
 }

wled00/src/dependencies/e131/ESPAsyncE131.h

@@ -55,19 +55,24 @@ typedef struct ip_addr ip4_addr_t;
 #define DDP_FLAGS_VER     0xc0    // version mask
 #define DDP_FLAGS_VER1    0x40    // version=1
 #define DDP_FLAGS_PUSH    0x01
-#define DDP_FLAGS_QUERY   0x02
-#define DDP_FLAGS_REPLY   0x04
-#define DDP_FLAGS_STORAGE 0x08
+#define DDP_FLAGS_QUERY   0x02    // unsupported - used by XLights for auto-discovery
+#define DDP_FLAGS_REPLY   0x04    // unsupported - response packet from another display
+#define DDP_FLAGS_STORAGE 0x08    // unsupported - show data from a storage unit instead of from packet data field. Data field defines storage unit (by name, number, URL or whatever mechanism wanted).
 #define DDP_FLAGS_TIME    0x10
 
 #define DDP_CHANNELS_PER_PACKET 1440 // 480 leds
 
 #define DDP_TYPE_RGB24  0x0B // 00 001 011 (RGB , 8 bits per channel, 3 channels)
 #define DDP_TYPE_RGBW32 0x1B // 00 011 011 (RGBW, 8 bits per channel, 4 channels)
+#define DDP_TYPE_LEGACY 0x01 // 00 000 001 legacy RGB 8bit definition
+#define DDP_TYPE_UNDEF  0x00 // type and bit depth undefined
 
-#define DDP_ID_DISPLAY  1
-#define DDP_ID_CONFIG   250
-#define DDP_ID_STATUS   251
+// DDP Source or Destination ID (header byte 3)
+#define DDP_ID_DISPLAY  1    // default output device
+#define DDP_ID_CONTROL  246  // JSON control (not implemented)
+#define DDP_ID_CONFIG   250  // JSON config (not implemented)
+#define DDP_ID_STATUS   251  // JSON status (not implemented)
+#define DDP_ID_ALL      255  // all devices
 
 #define ARTNET_OPCODE_OPDMX 0x5000
 #define ARTNET_OPCODE_OPPOLL 0x2000
@@ -212,7 +217,7 @@ typedef union {
 } ArtPollReply;
 
 // new packet callback
-typedef void (*e131_packet_callback_function) (e131_packet_t* p, IPAddress clientIP, byte protocol);
+typedef void (*e131_packet_callback_function) (e131_packet_t* p, IPAddress clientIP, byte protocol, size_t packetLen);
 
 class ESPAsyncE131 {
  private:
@@ -267,4 +272,4 @@ class E131Priority {
     }
 };
 
-#endif  // ESPASYNCE131_H_
+#endif  // ESPASYNCE131_H_

wled00/src/dependencies/espalexa/Espalexa.h

@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ private:
   IPAddress ipMulti;
   uint32_t mac24; //bottom 24 bits of mac
   String escapedMac=""; //lowercase mac address
+  String bridgeId="";   //uppercase EUI-64 bridge ID (16 hex chars)
   
   //private member functions
   const char* modeString(EspalexaColorMode m)
@@ -297,13 +298,13 @@ private:
 
     snprintf_P(buf, sizeof(buf), PSTR("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
       "EXT:\r\n"
-      "CACHE-CONTROL: max-age=100\r\n" // SSDP_INTERVAL
+      "CACHE-CONTROL: max-age=86400\r\n" // SSDP_INTERVAL
       "LOCATION: http://%s:80/description.xml\r\n"
       "SERVER: FreeRTOS/6.0.5, UPnP/1.0, IpBridge/1.17.0\r\n" // _modelName, _modelNumber
       "hue-bridgeid: %s\r\n"
-      "ST: urn:schemas-upnp-org:device:basic:1\r\n"  // _deviceType
-      "USN: uuid:2f402f80-da50-11e1-9b23-%s::upnp:rootdevice\r\n" // _uuid::_deviceType
-      "\r\n"),s,escapedMac.c_str(),escapedMac.c_str());
+      "ST: urn:schemas-upnp-org:device:Basic:1\r\n"  // _deviceType
+      "USN: uuid:2f402f80-da50-11e1-9b23-%s::urn:schemas-upnp-org:device:Basic:1\r\n" // _uuid::_deviceType
+      "\r\n"),s,bridgeId.c_str(),escapedMac.c_str());
 
     espalexaUdp.beginPacket(espalexaUdp.remoteIP(), espalexaUdp.remotePort());
     #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
@@ -333,6 +334,11 @@ public:
     escapedMac.replace(":", "");
     escapedMac.toLowerCase();
 
+    // Compute EUI-64 bridge ID from MAC-48: insert standard "FFFE" padding between
+    // the first 6 hex chars (OUI/manufacturer) and last 6 hex chars (device), then uppercase
+    bridgeId = escapedMac.substring(0, 6) + "fffe" + escapedMac.substring(6);
+    bridgeId.toUpperCase();
+
     String macSubStr = escapedMac.substring(6, 12);
     mac24 = strtol(macSubStr.c_str(), 0, 16);
 

wled00/udp.cpp

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 #define UDP_SEG_SIZE 36
 #define SEG_OFFSET (41)
-#define WLEDPACKETSIZE (41+(WS2812FX::getMaxSegments()*UDP_SEG_SIZE)+0)
+static constexpr size_t WLEDPACKETSIZE = 41+(WS2812FX::getMaxSegments()*UDP_SEG_SIZE);  // make sure this is known at compile-time
 #define UDP_IN_MAXSIZE 1472
 #define PRESUMED_NETWORK_DELAY 3 //how many ms could it take on avg to reach the receiver? This will be added to transmitted times
 
@@ -268,6 +268,7 @@ static void parseNotifyPacket(const uint8_t *udpIn) {
     size_t inactiveSegs = 0;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < numSrcSegs && i < WS2812FX::getMaxSegments(); i++) {
       unsigned ofs = 41 + i*udpIn[40]; //start of segment offset byte
+      if (ofs + 36 > UDP_IN_MAXSIZE) break; // avoid reading outside of array
       unsigned id = udpIn[0 +ofs];
       DEBUG_PRINTF_P(PSTR("UDP segment received: %u\n"), id);
       if      (id >  strip.getSegmentsNum()) break;
@@ -499,7 +500,7 @@ void handleNotifications()
     packetSize = rgbUdp.parsePacket();
     if (packetSize) {
       if (!receiveDirect) return;
-      if (packetSize > UDP_IN_MAXSIZE || packetSize < 3) return;
+      if (packetSize > UDP_IN_MAXSIZE || packetSize < 3) return;  // packetSize must not exceed buffersize (UDP_IN_MAXSIZE)
       realtimeIP = rgbUdp.remoteIP();
       DEBUG_PRINTLN(rgbUdp.remoteIP());
       uint8_t lbuf[packetSize];
@@ -587,7 +588,9 @@ void handleNotifications()
 
       unsigned id = (tpmPayloadFrameSize/3)*(packetNum-1); //start LED
       unsigned totalLen = strip.getLengthTotal();
-      for (size_t i = 6; i < tpmPayloadFrameSize + 4U && id < totalLen; i += 3, id++) {
+      // Clamp to prevent buffer overread: loop accesses up to udpIn[tpmPayloadFrameSize + 5]
+      size_t currentPayloadFrameSize = (packetSize >= 5) ? min(tpmPayloadFrameSize, uint16_t(packetSize - 5)) : 0;
+      for (size_t i = 6; i < currentPayloadFrameSize + 4U && id < totalLen; i += 3, id++) {
         setRealtimePixel(id, udpIn[i], udpIn[i+1], udpIn[i+2], 0);
       }
       if (tpmPacketCount == numPackets) { //reset packet count and show if all packets were received
@@ -804,6 +807,7 @@ uint8_t realtimeBroadcast(uint8_t type, IPAddress client, uint16_t length, const
 
         // write the header
         /*0*/ddpUdp.write(flags);
+        // TODO: sequence number should be 1-15 as 0 means "unused", it has no bad consequences other than out of sequence packet may be accepted
         /*1*/ddpUdp.write(sequenceNumber++ & 0x0F); // sequence may be unnecessary unless we are sending twice (as requested in Sync settings)
         /*2*/ddpUdp.write(isRGBW ?  DDP_TYPE_RGBW32 : DDP_TYPE_RGB24);
         /*3*/ddpUdp.write(DDP_ID_DISPLAY);

wled00/util.cpp

@@ -317,10 +317,36 @@ uint8_t extractModeName(uint8_t mode, const char *src, char *dest, uint8_t maxLe
     } else return 0;
   }
 
-  if (src == JSON_palette_names && mode > 255-customPalettes.size()) {
-    snprintf_P(dest, maxLen, PSTR("~ Custom %d ~"), 255-mode);
-    dest[maxLen] = '\0';
-    return strlen(dest);
+  if (src == JSON_palette_names) {
+    if (mode > WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE) {
+      // usermod palette (IDs 201-255)
+      uint8_t umIdx = WLED_USERMOD_PALETTE_ID_BASE - mode;
+      if (umIdx >= usermodPalettes.size()) {
+        dest[0] = '\0'; // empty string if requested index is out of bounds
+        return 0;
+      }
+      const UsermodPalette &ump = usermodPalettes[umIdx];
+      char base[33];
+      strncpy_P(base, ump.name, sizeof(base) - 1);
+      base[sizeof(base) - 1] = '\0';
+      if (ump.palName) {
+        // usermod supplied a specific display name — prefix with the usermod name (e.g. "AudioReactive: Hue")
+        char palName[33];
+        strncpy_P(palName, ump.palName, sizeof(palName) - 1);
+        palName[sizeof(palName) - 1] = '\0';
+        snprintf(dest, maxLen + 1, "%s: %s", base, palName);
+      } else {
+        // fallback: "UMName index" (e.g. "AudioReactive 1")
+        snprintf(dest, maxLen + 1, "%s %u", base, (unsigned)ump.palIndex);
+      }
+      return strlen(dest);
+    }
+    if (mode >= FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT && mode <= WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE) {
+      // user custom palette (IDs FIXED_PALETTE_COUNT up to WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE=200)
+      snprintf_P(dest, maxLen, PSTR("~ Custom %d ~"), WLED_CUSTOM_PALETTE_ID_BASE - mode);
+      dest[maxLen] = '\0';
+      return strlen(dest);
+    }
   }
 
   unsigned qComma = 0;
@@ -894,7 +920,7 @@ void *allocate_buffer(size_t size, uint32_t type) {
       buffer = p_malloc(size); // prefer PSRAM
   }
   else if (type & BFRALLOC_ENFORCE_PSRAM)
-    buffer = heap_caps_malloc(size, MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM | MALLOC_CAP_8BIT); // use PSRAM only, otherwise return nullptr
+    buffer = p_malloc(size); // use PSRAM if available, fall back to DRAM if not (safeguard for boards without PSRAM #5629)
   buffer = validateFreeHeap(buffer);
   #endif
   if (buffer && (type & BFRALLOC_CLEAR))
@@ -1270,6 +1296,9 @@ String computeSHA1(const String& input) {
 
 #ifdef ESP32
 #include "esp_adc_cal.h"
+#if ESP_IDF_VERSION < ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(4,4,7) // backwards compatibility patch
+  #define ADC_ATTEN_DB_12 ADC_ATTEN_DB_11
+#endif
 String generateDeviceFingerprint() {
   uint32_t fp[2] = {0, 0}; // create 64 bit fingerprint
   esp_chip_info_t chip_info;

wled00/wled.cpp

@@ -369,8 +369,10 @@ void WLED::setup()
   #endif
 
   #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
-  pinMode(hardwareRX, INPUT_PULLDOWN); delay(1);        // suppress noise in case RX pin is floating (at low noise energy) - see issue #3128
+  gpio_pulldown_en((gpio_num_t)hardwareRX); delay(1); // suppress noise in case RX pin is floating (at low noise energy) - see issue #3128
+  // note: can not use pinMode(): it routes GPIO through the GPIO matrix and detaches UART0 RX
   #endif
+
   #ifdef WLED_BOOTUPDELAY
   delay(WLED_BOOTUPDELAY); // delay to let voltage stabilize, helps with boot issues on some setups
   #endif
@@ -501,6 +503,12 @@ void WLED::setup()
 
   if (needsCfgSave) serializeConfigToFS(); // usermods required new parameters; need to wait for strip to be initialised #4752
 
+  if (bootPreset > 0) {
+    handlePresets();  // handle boot preset
+    handlePlaylist(); // handle playlist if preset queued one
+    handlePresets();  // handle presets again to give a chance for anything queued by the boot preset or playlist
+  }
+  
   if (strcmp(multiWiFi[0].clientSSID, DEFAULT_CLIENT_SSID) == 0 && !configBackupExists())
     showWelcomePage = true;
 
@@ -649,6 +657,7 @@ void WLED::initAP(bool resetAP)
   WiFi.softAPConfig(IPAddress(4, 3, 2, 1), IPAddress(4, 3, 2, 1), IPAddress(255, 255, 255, 0));
   WiFi.softAP(apSSID, apPass, apChannel, apHide);
   #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
+  DEBUG_PRINT(F("access point maxTxPower set to ")); DEBUG_PRINTLN(txPower);
   WiFi.setTxPower(wifi_power_t(txPower));
   #endif
 
@@ -689,6 +698,7 @@ void WLED::initConnection()
   }
 #endif
 
+  DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("WiFi disconnect."));
   WiFi.disconnect(true); // close old connections
   delay(5);              // wait for hardware to be ready
 #ifdef ESP8266
@@ -701,6 +711,7 @@ void WLED::initConnection()
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
   // Reset mode to NULL to force a full STA mode transition, so that WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA) below actually applies the hostname (and TX power, etc.).
   // This is required on reconnects when mode is already WIFI_STA.
+  DEBUG_PRINTLN(F("WiFi mode_null: driver teardown / re-init."));
   WiFi.mode(WIFI_MODE_NULL);
   apActive = false;           // the AP is physically torn down by WIFI_MODE_NULL
   delay(5);                   // give the WiFi stack time to complete the mode transition
@@ -784,9 +795,12 @@ void WLED::initConnection()
 #endif // WLED_ENABLE_WPA_ENTERPRISE
 
 #ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32
+    DEBUG_PRINT(F("WiFi maxTxPower set to ")); DEBUG_PRINT(txPower);
+    DEBUG_PRINT(F("; WiFi sleep ")); DEBUG_PRINTLN(noWifiSleep ? F("disabled."):F("enabled."));
     WiFi.setTxPower(wifi_power_t(txPower));
     WiFi.setSleep(!noWifiSleep);
 #else // ESP8266 accepts a hostname set after WiFi interface initialization
+    DEBUG_PRINT(F("WiFi sleep ")); DEBUG_PRINTLN(noWifiSleep ? F("disabled."):F("enabled."));
     wifi_set_sleep_type((noWifiSleep) ? NONE_SLEEP_T : MODEM_SLEEP_T);
     WiFi.hostname(hostname);
 #endif

wled00/wled.h

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  */
 
 // version code in format yymmddb (b = daily build)
-#define VERSION 2602141
+#define VERSION 2605011
 
 //uncomment this if you have a "my_config.h" file you'd like to use
 //#define WLED_USE_MY_CONFIG
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ using PSRAMDynamicJsonDocument = BasicJsonDocument<PSRAM_Allocator>;
 #define STRINGIFY(X) #X
 #define TOSTRING(X) STRINGIFY(X)
 
-#define WLED_CODENAME "Niji"
+#define WLED_CODENAME "Kagayaki"
 
 // AP and OTA default passwords (for maximum security change them!)
 WLED_GLOBAL char apPass[65]  _INIT(WLED_AP_PASS);
@@ -469,9 +469,9 @@ WLED_GLOBAL bool arlsForceMaxBri _INIT(false);                    // enable to f
   WLED_GLOBAL uint16_t DMXStartLED _INIT(0);      // LED from which DMX fixtures start
 #endif
 #ifdef WLED_ENABLE_DMX_INPUT
-  WLED_GLOBAL int dmxInputTransmitPin _INIT(0);
-  WLED_GLOBAL int dmxInputReceivePin _INIT(0);
-  WLED_GLOBAL int dmxInputEnablePin _INIT(0);
+  WLED_GLOBAL int dmxInputTransmitPin _INIT(-1);
+  WLED_GLOBAL int dmxInputReceivePin _INIT(-1);
+  WLED_GLOBAL int dmxInputEnablePin _INIT(-1);
   WLED_GLOBAL int dmxInputPort _INIT(2);
   WLED_GLOBAL DMXInput dmxInput;
 #endif
@@ -599,7 +599,8 @@ WLED_GLOBAL bool wasConnected _INIT(false);
 
 // color
 WLED_GLOBAL byte lastRandomIndex _INIT(0);        // used to save last random color so the new one is not the same
-WLED_GLOBAL std::vector<CRGBPalette16> customPalettes;  // custom palettes
+WLED_GLOBAL std::vector<CRGBPalette16> customPalettes;  // custom palettes (file-based, IDs grow downwards starting at 200)
+WLED_GLOBAL std::vector<UsermodPalette> usermodPalettes; // usermod-registered palettes (IDs 255, 254, 253...)
 WLED_GLOBAL uint8_t paletteBlend _INIT(0);        // determines blending and wrapping of palette: 0: blend, wrap if moving (SEGMENT.speed>0); 1: blend, always wrap; 2: blend, never wrap; 3: don't blend or wrap
 
 // transitions